Nikola Tesla

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Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla (n.10 iulie 1856, satul Smiljan, în apropiere de Gospic, Croatia, pe atunci în Imperul Austro-Ungar - d. 7 ianuarie 1943, New York) a fost un inventator, fizician, inginer mecanic, inginer electrician și unul dintre promotorii cei mai importan ț i ai electricită ț ii comerciale. Tesla este considerat ca fiind unul dintre cei mai mari oameni de știin ț ă ai sfâr ș itului de secol XIX și începutului de secol XX. Invenț iile, precum și munca teoretica ale lui Tesla au pus bazele cunoș tin ț elor moderne despre curentul alternativ, puterea electrica, sistemele de curent alternativ, incluzând sistemele polifazice, sistemele de distribuț ie a puterii și motorul pe curent alternativ, care au determinat cea de-a doua Revolutie Industriala. Tesla era etnic sârb, fiind născut în satul Smilijan, în Imperiul Austro-Ungar (actual Croaț ia). Era cetăț ean al Imperiului Austriac prin na ș tere și mai târziu a devenit cetă ț ean american. Prin demonstraț ia lui de comunicare fără fir prin intermediul undelor radio în 1894 și după victoria în „războiul curenț ilor”, a fost recunoscut ca fiind unul dintre cei mai mari ingineri electricieni ai S.U.A. Mare parte din munca sa iniț ială a fost pionierat în ingineria electrică modernă și multe dintre descoperirile lui au fost de foarte mare importanț ă. În toată această perioadă, în Statele Unite faima lui Tesla rivaliza cu a oricărui inventator sau om de știin ț ă al vremii, dar din cauza afirmaț iilor sale aparent incredibile și în unele cazuri aproape neverosimile despre dezvoltarea invenț iilor și inova ț iilor știin ț ifice și tehnologice, Tesla a fost în final etichetat drept un om de știin ț ă nebun. Amprenta lui Tesla poate fi observată în civilizatia moderna oriunde este folosita electricitatea. Pe lângă descoperirile sale despre electromagnetism și inginerie, Tesla este considerat un pionier în domeniile roboticii, balisticii, stiintei calculatoarelor, fizicii nucleare și fizicii teoretice. Tesla consideră cercetarea diferitelor întrebări ridicate de către știin ț ă drept cea mai nobila metoda de îmbunătăț ire a conditiei umane cu ajutorul principiilor știin ț ei și progresului industrial și una care sa fie compatibila cu natura. Totuș i, o parte din munca să a fost ultilizata într-un mod mai pu ț in ortodox și într-un mod controversat, pentru a sus ț ine pseudo-teorii știin ț ifice, teorii despre OZN -uri și ocultismul New Age. Cu numele sau a fost botezată unitatea de măsură a inducț iei magnetice din Sistemul Internaț ional (1 Tesla = 1T). Certificatul de botez al lui Nikola Tesla atestă că dată a naș terii 28 iunie 1856. Tatăl sau a fost Milutin Tesla, preot ortodox sârb (de origine istroromana) și mama, Duka Mandici. Nikola Tesla a fost al patrulea fiu dintr-o familie cu cinci copii, având un frate mai mare, Dane, care a murit într-un accident de echitaț ie când Nikola avea 9 ani și trei surori(Milka, Angelina și Marica). Familia lui s-a mutat la Gospić în 1862. Tesla a urmat cursurile școlii „Gymnasium Karlovac” în Karlovac, unde a terminat în doar trei ani ciclul de învăț ământ de patru ani. Ulterior a început studiile de inginerie electrică la Universitatea din Graz în 1875, în timpul căreia a experimentat unele utilităț i ale curentului alternativ. Unele surse afirmă că a fost licen ț iat al Universităț ii din Graz, cu toate acestea, universitatea afirmă că nu a obț inut nicio diploma și că nu a trecut mai departe de al doilea semestru al anului trei, în timpul căruia a renunț at la cursuri. În decembrie 1878 a plecat din Graz și a întrerupt legăturile cu familia. Apropia ț ii credeau că se înecase în Raul Mur. S-a îndreptat către Maribor,(astăzi în Slovenia), unde a obț inut primă să slujba că subinginer, post pe care l-a ocupat timp de un an. În timpul acestei perioade a suferit o criza nervoasă. Tesla a fost apoi convins de către tatăl sau să se înscrie la cursurile Universităț ii Carolina în Praga, la care a asistat în vara anului 1880. Aici a fost influenț at de către Ernst Mach. Cu toate acestea, după moartea tatălui sau a abandonat universitatea, terminând doar un curs. Tesla îș i petrecea mult timp citind cărti, pe care le memora în întregime, având memorie fotografică. Tesla a relatat în autobiografia sa că în numeroase ocazii a experimentat momente detaliate de inspiraț ie. În timpul copilăriei a avut mai multe episoade de boală. Avea o afec ț iune foarte ciudată, care se manifestă prin apariț ia unor fascicule de lumina orbitoare în fata ochilor, adesea însoț ite de halucina ț ii. Aceste halucina ț ii erau asociate unui cuvânt sau idee care îl urmărea. Uneori, aceste halucinaț ii îi dădeau solu ț ia la problemele care îl preocupau. Putea vizualiza în formă reală orice obiect al cărui nume îl auzea. În prezent, afecț iunea numită sinestezie prezintă simptome similare. Tesla putea vizualiza o invenț ie cu o precizie incredibilă, incluzând toate dimensiunile, înainte de a începe să o construiască, tehnică pe care azi o cunoaș tem că gândire vizuală. Nu obi ș nuia să deseneze schi ț e ale inven ț iilor, concepea totul din minte. De asemenea, avea premoniț ii ale evenimentelor care aveau să se întâmple, premoni ț ii care au început încă din timpul copilăriei. În 1880 s-a mutat la Budapesta pentru a munci în Compania Naț ională de Telegrafie, devenită ulterior Compania Naț ională de Telefonie. Acolo l-a cunoscut pe Nebojša Petrovič, un tânăr inventator sârb care trăia în Austria. În ciuda faptului că întâlnirea celor doi a fost de scurtă durata, au lucrat împreună la un proiect care folosea turbine gemene pentru a genera energie continuă. În momentul în care s-a deschis centrală telefonică în 1881 în Budapesta, Tesla devenise șeful electricienilor din companie și a fost mai târziu inginer pentru primul sistem telefonic al țării. De asemenea a inovat un dispozitiv care, conform unora, era un amplificator telefonic, însă pentru alț ii ar fi fost primă boxa de amplificare a sunetului. În 1882 Tesla s-a mutat la Paris, Franta, pentru a lucra că inginer în Continental Edison Company(una din companiile luiThomas Edison), proiectând îmbunătăț iri pentru echipamentele electrice aduse de pe celălalt mal al oceanului, datorită ideilor lui Edison. Conform biografiei sale, în acelaș i an, Tesla a inventat motorul de induc ț ie și a început să lucreze la mai multe dispozitive care foloseau câmpul magnetic rotativ, pentru care a primit patentele în 1888. Puț in după aceea, Tesla s-a trezit dintr-un vis în care mama să murise și trezindu-se din somn a știut că, de fapt, moartea mamei sale se produsese în realitate. După aceea, Tesla s-a îmbolnăvit, petrecând trei săptămâni pentru a se recupera în satul Tomingaj, aproape de Gračac, locul de naș tere al mamei sale. În iunie 1884, Tesla a ajuns pentru primă dată în Statele Unite ale Americii, în oraș ul New York, cu o scrisoare de recomandare din partea lui Charles Batchelor, un vechi angajat, către Thomas Edison, în care Batchelor a scris: "Cunosc doi mari oameni, tu eș ti unul dintre ei; celălalt este acest tânăr". Edison l-a angajat pe Tesla pentru a munci în compania să că simplu inginer electrician, unde a progresat rapid, rezolvând mai multe probleme tehnice foarte dificile pe care le aveau produsele companiei. Astfel că, i s-a oferit să reproiecteze complet toate generatoarele de curent continuu ale companiei lui Edison. Tesla afirmă că i s-au oferit 50.000$(1.1 milioane de dolari în 2007, ajustaț i de infla ț ie) pentru reproiectarea motoarelor și generatoarelor ineficiente ale lui Edison, îmbunătă ț ind astfel serviciile și produsele oferite de compania acestuia, dar și veniturile financiare. În 1885, când Tesla a întrebat despre plată promisă, Edison i-a răspuns: "Tesla, tu nu înț elegi umorul nostru american", rupând astfel înț elegerea verbală. Cu un salariu de 18$ pe săptămână, Tesla ar fi trebuit să muncească 53 de ani pentru a strânge banii promiș i. Oferta era egală cu capitalul ini ț ial al companiei. Tesla a renunț at imediat la slujba când i s-a refuzat o mărire de salariu la 25$ pe săptămână. În 1899, Tesla se mută într-un laborator din Colorado Springs, Statele Unite ale Americii, pentru a-ș i începe experimentele și măsurătorile cu înaltă tensiune. Obiectivele lui Tesla în acest laborator erau construirea unui transmiț ător de mare putere, perfec ț ionarea mediilor pentru a individualiza și izola puterea transmisă și determinarea legilor de propagare a curen ț ilor prin pământ și prin atmosfera. În timpul celor 8 luni petrecute în Colorado Springs, Tesla a scris note zilnice cu o descriere detaliată a investigaț iilor sale. Acolo și-a dedicat timpul atât pentru a măsură și probă enormă să bobina Tesla, cat și pentru a îmbunătă ț i receptori de mici semnale și a măsură capacitatea unei antene verticale. De asemenea, a realizat experimente despre mingile de foc, cele pe care afirmă că le-ar fi produs. Într-o zi, Tesla a observat și semnalat un comportament neobi ș nuit al unui instrument care înregistră furtunile. Era vorba de înregistrări periodice când o furtuna se apropia și se depărtă de laborator. El a concluzionat că apăreau unde staț ionare care puteau fi create de oscilatorul sau. Cu echipamente foarte fiabile a putut realiza măsurători ale razelor care cădeau la mare distantă de laboratorul sau, observând că undele de descărcare creș teau până la un vârf și apoi descre ș teau înainte de a se repetă ciclul complet.
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