DOCSLIB.ORG

Toponyms As Culturally Significant Language Units. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09 (89), 442-447

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toponyms As Culturally Significant Language Units. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09 (89), 442-447 ISRA (India) = 4.971 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.126 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.997 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 5.667 OAJI (USA) = 0.350 QR – Issue QR – Article SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) Year: 2020 Issue: 09 Volume: 89 Published: 30.09.2020 http://T-Science.org Sanjar Iskandarovich Anorqulov Samarkand state institut of foreign languages researcher TOPONYMS AS CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT LANGUAGE UNITS Abstract: Modern linguistics is characterized by interdisciplinary approach to the investigation of language phenomena within the framework of anthropocentric paradigm that focuses on the study of “human factor” reflected in language. Such approach caused the emergence of new linguistic trends at the junction of several disciplines such as cultural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, gender linguistics, pragmalinguistics, as well as reconsideration and changing scientific focus of many traditional disciplines, in particular toponymy. Key words: toponym, knowledge structures, proper noun, onomastic, extralinguistic factors, religious, historical. Language: English Citation: Anorqulov, S. I. (2020). Toponyms as culturally significant language units. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09 (89), 442-447. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-09-89-59 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.09.89.59 Scopus ASCC: 1203. Introduction II.Literature review As is known, toponymy studies the names of The origins of this understanding of language geographical objects. Toponym from traditional goes back to the ideas of W. von Humboldt, A.A. linguistics point of view is defined as a name of Potebnya, E. Sapir, B.L. Whorf and others, the main geographical object that serves for identification some conception of which can be illustrated by the phenomena from the others. However, from the following thesis: “... Language is, as it were, the perspective of cognitive and cultural linguistics a external manifestation of the minds of peoples. Their toponym is regarded as a means of cognition, a language is their soul, and their soul is their language. cognitive structure, conveying different types of It is impossible to conceive them ever sufficiently knowledge structures (encyclopedic, religious, identical... “Man lives in the world about him historical, mythological, etc.). Proceeding from this principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents assumption, we consider toponym to be a multifold it to him” (Humboldt, 1988). Later, W. von conceptually significant language units that represents Humboldt’s idea that was further promoted by many different knowledge structures of religious, famous linguists all over the world. So, the mythological, historical, cultural character. understanding of the language as a means of that Nowadays, the problems of interaction of reflects, expresses and conveys the culture and language and thinking, language and culture, language cognition of a certain ethnic group led to the and society are one of the central ones in linguistics. emergence of a number of interdisciplinary linguistic This is due to the development of the anthropocentric disciplines, such as cognitive linguistics, cultural paradigm, which focuses on the study of the “human linguistics, pragmalinguistics, gender linguistics, etc. factor” reflected in the language. Modern linguistics Onomastics, one of the branches of linguistics, is is characterized by the fact that language is considered the science about proper names. It deals with the study to be a main tool of communication and cognition, a of the problems of semantics and typology of proper means of storing and transmission of information and names, their origin and functions, national-cultural different types of knowledge structures, a cultural specifics, typology of proper names, classification of code of a nation that are externalized in different names. The huge interest to this science caused the linguistic expressions (Ashurova, Galieva, 2018, emergence of numerous works not only in the field of 2019). linguistics, but also literature, cultural studies, Philadelphia, USA 442 ISRA (India) = 4.971 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.126 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.997 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 5.667 OAJI (USA) = 0.350 geography, etc. Many prominent scientists, such as V. objects), horonyms (a set of names of any territories, Blanär, R. Fischer, A.H. Gardiner, W. Schmidt V. regions, districts), etc. [LES, 1991, p.347]. A. Nikonov, A. V. Superanskaya, N. I. Tolstoy, V. N. Onomastics also studies the history of the emergence Toporov. of proper nouns and the motives for nomination, various transitions of onyms from one row to another, III.Analysis territorial and linguistic areas [Bondaletov, 1970, p. The main unit of study of onomastics is a proper 17-23]. All proper nouns existing in a particular era in name. As is known, all names can be divided into two a particular people are interpreted as its onomastic groups: common nouns, as generalizing, and proper, space. as distinguishing individual objects from a number of Among the aforementioned onomastic units, one others. Proper names, which have their own specific of the most significant is toponym, which constitute a characteristics, form a special category and are usually very extensive layer in onomastics. A wide range of opposed to common nouns. The common name, as A. problems devoted to the study of toponyms led to the V. Superanskaya emphasizes, correlates the named development of toponymy as a separate direction of object with the class, having the main connotation (the onomastics. connection with the named object is carried out Toponymy is an interdisciplinary scientific through the concept) and the additional one. The discipline that arose at the junction of several sciences named object is indefinite and unlimited (except for – linguistics, history and geography. The specific speech situations). In turn, an object interdisciplinary essence of toponymy is due to the designated by a proper name is always defined and fact that toponymy is closely related to cultural strictly limited [Superanskaya 1973, p. 135]. studies, history, geography, sociology, theology, As many researchers note, the fundamental philosophy, etc., and thus turns out to be associated characteristics of a proper name is the identification with a complex of linguistic and other humanities. function (Gardiner, 1954; Blaner, 1971; Ullman, This is due to the fact that "many facts of toponymy 1951; Superanskaya, 1973; Benkendorf 1991). So, receive a proper explanation only when attracting a according to A.V. Superanskaya, a proper name very significant and diverse material – linguistic, represents an individual object or several objects of historical and geographical" [Popov, 1965, p. 24]. the same name, each of which is perceived This is the complexity of toponymy, its complex individually and therefore it is not combined with a interdisciplinary essence. concept ... An object designated by a proper name is A toponym is understood as “the proper name of definite and specific [Superanskaya 2007, p. 113]. The a separate geographical place (settlement, river, land, name is not directly related to the concept and at the etc.)” [Ozhegov 1999, p. 803]; “the proper name of a language level does not have a clear, unambiguous natural object on Earth, as well as an object created by connotation [Superanskaya, 2007, p. 324]. A. A. man on Earth, which is clearly recorded in this region Reformatsky also notes that “the transformation of a (city, village, cultivated plot of land, territory as part common name into a proper one means, first of all, the of the state, communication, etc.)” [Podolskaya 1988, loss of a concept and the transformation of a word into p. ... 127], “historically, socially and culturally a nickname; on the contrary, the transformation of a determined geographical names of any natural or proper name into a common noun is associated with artificial objects created by man on the land or water filling the word with a new concept with new territory of the Earth” (Davletkulova, 2014, p. 33). "essential features", and this concept can be V.A. Nikonov distinguishes three functions of completely different from the concept associated with toponyms: 1) the addressing function (obligatory the original common noun "[Reformatsky 2005, p. 67 one); 2) the descriptive function (optional one); 3) the - 68]. ideological function (Independence Square) V. Schmidt singles out anthroponymy and [Nikonov, 1965, 62-63]. toponymy as the main objects of onomastics research: The topicality of such disciplines as cognitive “... Anthroponyms include the names of people linguistic and cultural linguistics aimed at the study of (Rufnamen) and their surnames (Familiennamen); knowledge systems and cultural factors reflected in names of settlements (Siedlungsnamen) are the language, mental processes occurring during the considered as toponyms in a narrow sense, and in a perception, comprehension and cognition of reality, broad sense, these include the names of countries and the relationship and interaction of culture and lands (Landernamen), the names of mountains language made a significant impact on proper noun (Bergnamen), rivers (Flufinamen), forests
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Perils of Periodization: Roman Ceramics in Britain After 400 CE KEITH J
    The Perils of Periodization: Roman Ceramics in Britain after 400 CE KEITH J. FITZPATRICK-MATTHEWS North Hertfordshire Museum [email protected] ROBIN FLEMING Boston College [email protected] Abstract: The post-Roman Britons of the fifth century are a good example of people invisible to archaeologists and historians, who have not recognized a distinctive material culture for them. We propose that this material does indeed exist, but has been wrongly characterized as ‘Late Roman’ or, worse, “Anglo-Saxon.” This pottery copied late-Roman forms, often poorly or in miniature, and these pots became increasingly odd over time; local production took over, often by poorly trained potters. Occasionally, potters made pots of “Anglo-Saxon” form using techniques inherited from Romano-British traditions. It is the effect of labeling the material “Anglo-Saxon” that has rendered it, its makers, and its users invisible. Key words: pottery, Romano-British, early medieval, fifth-century, sub-Roman Archaeologists rely on the well-dated, durable material culture of past populations to “see” them. When a society exists without such a mate- rial culture or when no artifacts are dateable to a period, its population effectively vanishes. This is what happens to the indigenous people of fifth-century, lowland Britain.1 Previously detectable through their build- ings, metalwork, coinage, and especially their ceramics, these people disappear from the archaeological record c. 400 CE. Historians, for their part, depend on texts to see people in the past. Unfortunately, the texts describing Britain in the fifth-century were largely written two, three, or even four hundred years after the fact.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads of Britain
    Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
    [Show full text]
  • The Defended Vici of Roman Britain: Recent Research and New Agendas
    The defended Vici of Roman Britain: recent research and new agendas Article Accepted Version Smith, A. and Fulford, M. (2019) The defended Vici of Roman Britain: recent research and new agendas. Britannia, 50. pp. 109-147. ISSN 1753-5352 doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000151 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/84551/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000151 Publisher: Cambridge University Press All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Defended vici paper tables Records Post-1990 Settlement county included Published Grey lit records Alcester Warwickshire 29 24 5 15 Alchester Oxfordshire 9 8 1 3 Ancaster Lincolnshire 6 6 0 0 Bath BANES 25 23 3 11 Bitterne Hampshire 6 3 4 4 Brampton Norfolk 1 1 0 0 Caistor Lincolnshire 1 1 0 0 Cambridge Cambridgeshire 14 5 12 16 Carlisle Cumbria 8 3 6 9 Catterick Yorkshire 10 10 0 9 Caves' Inn Warwickshire 1 1 0 0 Chelmsford Essex 10 7 5 9 Chesterton-on- Fosse Warwickshire 1 1 0 0 Dorchester on Thames Oxfordshire 9 8 2 4 Dorn Gloucestershire 1 1 0 0 Godmanchester Cambridgeshire 16 14 5 11 Great Casterton Rutland 2 1 1 1 Great Chesterford Essex 1 1 0 0 Horncastle Lincolnshire 12 5 8 8 Irchester Northamptonshire 6 3 3 3 Rochester Kent 17 12 6 9 Water Newton Cambridgeshire 4 4 0 2 Worcester Worcestershire 24 16 12 25 TOTAL 213 158 73 139 Table 1: Number of records of archaeological investigations included for selected defended vici Mean no.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT HAMMERSEN, LAUREN ALEXANDRA MICHELLE. The
    ABSTRACT HAMMERSEN, LAUREN ALEXANDRA MICHELLE. The Control of Tin in Southwestern Britain from the First Century AD to the Late Third Century AD. (Under the direction of Dr. S. Thomas Parker.) An accurate understanding of how the Romans exploited mineral resources of the empire is an important component in determining the role Romans played in their provinces. Tin, both because it was extremely rare in the ancient world and because it remained very important from the first to third centuries AD, provides the opportunity to examine that topic. The English counties of Cornwall and Devon were among the few sites in the ancient world where tin was found. Archaeological evidence and ancient historical sources prove tin had been mined extensively in that region for more than 1500 years before the Roman conquest. During the period of the Roman occupation of Britain, tin was critical to producing bronze and pewter, which were used extensively for both functional and decorative items. Despite the knowledge that tin was found in very few places, that tin had been mined in the southwest of Britain for centuries before the Roman invasion, and that tin remained essential during the period of the occupation, for more than eighty years it has been the opinion of historians such as Aileen Fox and Sheppard Frere that the extensive tin mining of the Bronze Age was discontinued in Roman Britain until the late third or early fourth centuries. The traditional belief has been that the Romans were instead utilizing the tin mines of Spain (i.e., the Roman province of Iberia).
    [Show full text]
  • The Romans & Their Roads
    Pave Israel 96 THE, ROMANS AND THEIR ROADS THE ORIGINAL SMALL ELEMENT PAVEMENT TECHNOLOGISTS J. Knapton University of New Castle Newcastle upon Tyne. UK 1 Introduction French lawyer Bergier published the first work on Roman roads in 162210 having discovered the remains of Roman roads near Rheims. He was so taken with his finds that he began to investigate classical literature and monuments. Bergier's work influenced 17th and 18th century French roadbuilding which in turn influenced British roadbuilders Metcalf, MacAdam and Telford who adopted a scientific approach in developing road construction techniques in the 19th century which are essentially unchanged today. For this reason, an understanding of Roman road engineering is crucial in understanding how present day UK road construction technology evolved. The introduction of flexibly bedded pavers as a road surfacing material during the second half of the 20th century coupled with the rediscovery of Roman roadbuilding during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries has brought us to a point where it is more important than ever to look back at how, where, why and by whom Romans roads were built. 17 2 The Peoples ofItaly Roman roads comprised a crucial part of the development of Roman civilisation and it may be no exaggeration to state that the Roman Empire comprised a network of roads unifYing many disparate cultures from Newcastle to North Africa, from Portugal to Arabia. Indeed, one theory has it that the location of. Rome is at the cross-roads of two pre Roman roads - the Via Salaria (,The Salt Way') and the Via Latina3 The Via Salaria followed the course of the Tiber into the central Italian mountains and was originally built in pre-Roman times to transport rock salt quarried in the mountains to the centres of population near the coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Economía, Logística Y Factores Sociales En El Suministro De Tejas a Dorchester En El Támesis, Oxfordshire
    ARQUEOLOGÍA DE LA ARQUITECTURA, 13, enero-diciembre 2016, e046 Madrid / Vitoria ISSN-L: 1695-2731 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arq.arqt.2016.164 MONOGRÁFICO: Materiales, transporte y producción. Pósters del Workshop Internacional de Arqueología de la Construcción V, (Universidad de Oxford, 11-12 Abril 2015 / MONOGRAPH: Materials, transport and production. Posters of the 5th International Workshop on the Archaeology of Roman Construction, (University of Oxford, April 11-12, 2015) Reassessing Roman ceramic building materials: economics, logistics and social factors in the supply of tile to Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire Reconsideraciones sobre materiales cerámicos romanos de construcción: economía, logística y factores sociales en el suministro de tejas a Dorchester en el Támesis, Oxfordshire Edward C. Peveler University of Oxford [email protected] ABSTRACT This research explores the supply of Roman ceramic building materials to Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire. Mineralogy and bulk chemistry of tile fabrics were analysed by thin-section and scanning electron microscopy. The assemblage from this Roman ‘small town’ has shown, besides the existence of local manufacture, that tegulae were on occasion transported c. 50 km by road to the site. The ‘pink grog-tempered ware’ fabric in which some tegulae were made is analogous to a fabric used to produce large storage jars in the vicinity of Stowe Park, Buckinghamshire. Analysis and discussion of the mechanisms and logistics which facilitated the production and long-distance transport of these tiles and jars is undertaken. Social and economic factors involved in their production and purchase are proposed. This study demonstrates the importance of greater levels of analysis of building materials, with the potential to inform us about social strata beneath those most visible in the historical and archaeological record, and a significant, often neglected aspect of the Roman economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads in Britain
    ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN c < t < r c ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN BY THE LATE THOMAS CODRINGTON M, INST.C. E., F. G S. fFITH LARGE CHART OF THE ROMAN ROADS AND SMALL MAPS IN THE TEXT REPRINT OF THIRD EDITION LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1919 . • r r 11 'X/^i-r * ' Ci First Edition^ 1903 Second Edition, Revised, 1905 Tliird Edition, Revised, 1918 (.Reprint), 19 „ ,, 19 PREFACE The following attempt to describe the Roman roads of Britain originated in observations made in all parts of the country as opportunities presented themselves to me from time to time. On turning to other sources of information, the curious fact appeared that for a century past the litera- ture of the subject has been widely influenced by the spurious Itinerary attributed to Richard of Cirencester. Though that was long ago shown to be a forgery, statements derived from it, and suppositions founded upon them, are continually repeated, casting suspicion sometimes unde- served on accounts which prove to be otherwise accurate. A wide publicity, and some semblance of authority, have been given to imaginary roads and stations by the new Ordnance maps. Those who early in the last century, under the influence of the new Itinerary, traced the Roman roads, unfortunately left but scanty accounts of the remains which came under their notice, many of which have since been destroyed or covered up in the making of modern roads; and with the evidence now available few Roman roads can be traced continuously. The gaps can often be filled with reasonable certainty, but more often the precise course is doubtful, and the entire course of some roads connecting known stations of the Itinerary of Antonine can only be guessed at.
    [Show full text]
  • Amen Corner, Moat Lane, Towcester, Northamptonshire
    Amen Corner, Moat Lane, Towcester, Northamptonshire An Archaeological Evaluation and Desk-Based Assessment for Mr Paul Smith by Sarah Coles and Lisa‐Maree Hardy Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code MLT02/94 November 2002 Summary Site name: Amen corner, Moat Lane, Towcester, Northamptonshire Grid reference: SP 6938 4871 Site activity: Evaluation Date and duration of project: 31st October–1st November 2002 Project manager: Steve Ford Site supervisor: Sarah Coles Site code: MLT 02/94 Area of site: 455 sq m Summary of results: A 19th/20th century buried soil seals a series of medieval pits and a gully, which cut Roman pits. Monuments identified: Medieval pits, a medieval gully, two certain and three possible Roman pits. Location and reference of archive: The archive is currently held by Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, 47-49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 5NR and will be deposited with an approved local museum in due course. This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford9 12.11.02 Steve Preston9 12.11.02 i Amen Corner, Moat Lane, Towcester An Archaeological Evaluation and Desk-Based Assessment by Sarah Coles and Lisa-Maree Hardy Report 02/94 Introduction This report documents the results of a desk-based assessment and archaeological field evaluation carried out at Amen Corner, Moat Lane, Towcester, Northamptonshire (SP 6938 4871) (Fig. 1). The work was commissioned by Mr Dave Collins, 25 West Street, Ecton, Northampton, NN6 0QF, on behalf of Mr Paul Smith.
    [Show full text]
  • Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S
    Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S. Esmonde-Cleary, 1996 with the assistance of R. Warner (Ireland) Introduction Britain has a long tradition of antiquarian and archaeological investigation and recording of its Roman past, reaching back to figures such as Leland in the sixteenth century. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the classically-educated aristocracy and gentry of a major imperial and military power naturally felt an affinity with the evidence for Rome’s presence in Britain. In the twentieth century, the development of archaeology as a discipline in its own right reinforced this interest in the Roman period, resulting in intense survey and excavation on Roman sites and commensurate work on artifacts and other remains. The cartographer is therefore spoiled for choice, and must determine the objectives of a map with care so as to know what to include and what to omit, and on what grounds. British archaeology already has a long tradition of systematization, sometimes based on regions as in the work of the Royal Commissions on (Ancient and) Historic Monuments for England (Scotland and Wales), but also on types of site or monument. Consequently, there are available compendia by Rivet (1979) on the ancient evidence for geography and toponymy; Wacher (1995) on the major towns; Burnham (1990) on the “small towns”; Margary (1973) on the roads that linked them; and Scott (1993) on villas. These works give a series of internally consistent catalogs of the major types of site. Maps of Roman Britain conventionally show the island with its modern coastline, but it is clear that there have been extensive changes since antiquity, and that the conventional approach risks understating the differences between the ancient and the modern.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Tbe following publications of local interest have appeared since our last volume up to the end of 1954:' AntiquaritS Journal, xxxm (1953), 184-92, 'The Price family of glass-painters', by J. A. Knowles (reference to work in Christ Church, Merton, Queen's, ew College and Magdalen). 10., XXXIV (1954), 68-70, 'Some fragmentary flan-moulds in the Silch."ter collection at Reading Museum', by G. C. Boon; 70-3,' The Ancient British coins found at Silchester " by G. C. Boon. Arcluuological Journal, CIX (1952), 23-8, 'The Roman Conquest of the Cots­ wolds', by B. H. St.J. and H. E. O'Neil; 54-131,' Oxford masons 1370- 1530 " by E. A. Gee (companion paper to ' Oxford carpenters', Oxonimsia, xvu,lxvm, 112 ff.). Archaeological Ntws £eller, rv, no. II (jan./Feb. 1953), 165 'Chinese coins at Oxford " by C. H. V. Sutherland. Berks. Arcluuological Journal, LOI (1952-3), 1-20, ' The Church bells of Berkshire, pt. xiii', by F. harpe; 21-64, . Excavations on Blewburton Hill, 1948 and 1949', by A. E. P. Collins; 65-99,' The re-building and repair of Berkshire churches during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries', by B. F. L. Clarke and H. M. Colvin; 100-10,' The arms of Wytham of \VYlham', by A. C. Cole; 1 10-15, I The Sparsholt Nine rvlen's Morris I, by A. G. Shirreff; 116-20,' Archaeological Notes', (Bray Lyche gate; the Grim's Ditch fibula; bronze spearhead from Caversham; Roman pottery from the Bath Road housing-estate, Reading). Bodllian Library Rtcord, rv, no.
    [Show full text]
  • Dying Young – a Palaeopathological Analysis of Child Health in Roman Britain
    UNIVERSITY OF READING DYING YOUNG – A PALAEOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CHILD HEALTH IN ROMAN BRITAIN Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY – SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ANNA ROHNBOGNER SEPTEMBER 2015 DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP “I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged.” Anna Rohnbogner ABSTRACT Children represent the most vulnerable members of society, and as such provide valuable insight into past lifeways. Adverse environmental conditions translate more readily into the osteological record of children, making them primary evidence for the investigation of ill- health in the past. To date, most information on growing up in Roman Britain has been based on the Classical literature, or discussed in palaeopathological studies with a regional focus, e.g. Dorset or Durnovaria. Thus, the lifestyles and everyday realities of children throughout Britannia remained largely unknown. This study sets out to fill this gap by providing the first large scale analysis of Romano-British children from town and country. The palaeopathological analysis of 1643 non-adult (0-17 years) skeletons, compiled from the literature (N=690) and primary osteological analysis (N=953), from 27 urban and rural settlements has highlighted diverse patterns in non-adult mortality and morbidity. The distribution of ages-at-death suggest that older children and adolescents migrated from country to town, possibly for commencing their working lives. True prevalence rates suggest that caries (1.8%) and enamel hypoplasia (11.4%) were more common in children from major urban towns, whereas children in the countryside displayed higher frequencies of scurvy (6.9%), cribra orbitalia (27.7%), porotic hyperostosis (6.2%) and endocranial lesions (10.9%).
    [Show full text]
  • A Bioarchaeolgical Approach to the Romano-British Female Life Course
    UNIVERSITY OF READING A WOMAN’S WORLD: A BIOARCHAEOLGICAL APPROACH TO THE ROMANO-BRITISH FEMALE LIFE COURSE Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CANDACE MCGOVERN JUNE 2019 DECLARATION OF ORIGIONAL AUTHORSHIP “I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. “ Candace McGovern ABSTRACT This thesis examines Romano-British women using a life course approach and from a holistic perspective by combining archaeological, historical and biological information. Within the female life course three physical events or transitions occur which directly relate to shifts within society: puberty, childbirth and menopause. These transitions were explored using 436 females between the ages of 10.0 and 44.9 from 11 southern Romano-British urban centres. These sites are of different legal status and size, with some examples bordering between urban and rural, providing insights into the lower status and local populations as well as towns of higher legal status. All individuals are dated to the later (2nd – 5th century) Roman period. The Females between 10.0 and 24.9 years of age were included within the puberty subsample (n=136) and placed into six categories ranging from Initiation to Completion. Puberty primarily took place over 5 years with a mean age for menarche of 14.1 years. The shape and development of the pelvis also directly impacts a successful pregnancy and vaginal birth. Based on measurements of the pelvic inlet, midplane and outlet, 398 females were assigned to three categories: no contraction, at-risk and high risk.
    [Show full text]