ISRA (India) = 4.971 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.126 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.997 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 5.667 OAJI (USA) = 0.350 QR – Issue QR – Article SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) Year: 2020 Issue: 09 Volume: 89 Published: 30.09.2020 http://T-Science.org Sanjar Iskandarovich Anorqulov Samarkand state institut of foreign languages researcher TOPONYMS AS CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT LANGUAGE UNITS Abstract: Modern linguistics is characterized by interdisciplinary approach to the investigation of language phenomena within the framework of anthropocentric paradigm that focuses on the study of “human factor” reflected in language. Such approach caused the emergence of new linguistic trends at the junction of several disciplines such as cultural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, gender linguistics, pragmalinguistics, as well as reconsideration and changing scientific focus of many traditional disciplines, in particular toponymy. Key words: toponym, knowledge structures, proper noun, onomastic, extralinguistic factors, religious, historical. Language: English Citation: Anorqulov, S. I. (2020). Toponyms as culturally significant language units. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09 (89), 442-447. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-09-89-59 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.09.89.59 Scopus ASCC: 1203. Introduction II.Literature review As is known, toponymy studies the names of The origins of this understanding of language geographical objects. Toponym from traditional goes back to the ideas of W. von Humboldt, A.A. linguistics point of view is defined as a name of Potebnya, E. Sapir, B.L. Whorf and others, the main geographical object that serves for identification some conception of which can be illustrated by the phenomena from the others. However, from the following thesis: “... Language is, as it were, the perspective of cognitive and cultural linguistics a external manifestation of the minds of peoples. Their toponym is regarded as a means of cognition, a language is their soul, and their soul is their language. cognitive structure, conveying different types of It is impossible to conceive them ever sufficiently knowledge structures (encyclopedic, religious, identical... “Man lives in the world about him historical, mythological, etc.). Proceeding from this principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents assumption, we consider toponym to be a multifold it to him” (Humboldt, 1988). Later, W. von conceptually significant language units that represents Humboldt’s idea that was further promoted by many different knowledge structures of religious, famous linguists all over the world. So, the mythological, historical, cultural character. understanding of the language as a means of that Nowadays, the problems of interaction of reflects, expresses and conveys the culture and language and thinking, language and culture, language cognition of a certain ethnic group led to the and society are one of the central ones in linguistics. emergence of a number of interdisciplinary linguistic This is due to the development of the anthropocentric disciplines, such as cognitive linguistics, cultural paradigm, which focuses on the study of the “human linguistics, pragmalinguistics, gender linguistics, etc. factor” reflected in the language. Modern linguistics Onomastics, one of the branches of linguistics, is is characterized by the fact that language is considered the science about proper names. It deals with the study to be a main tool of communication and cognition, a of the problems of semantics and typology of proper means of storing and transmission of information and names, their origin and functions, national-cultural different types of knowledge structures, a cultural specifics, typology of proper names, classification of code of a nation that are externalized in different names. The huge interest to this science caused the linguistic expressions (Ashurova, Galieva, 2018, emergence of numerous works not only in the field of 2019). linguistics, but also literature, cultural studies, Philadelphia, USA 442 ISRA (India) = 4.971 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.126 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.997 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 5.667 OAJI (USA) = 0.350 geography, etc. Many prominent scientists, such as V. objects), horonyms (a set of names of any territories, Blanär, R. Fischer, A.H. Gardiner, W. Schmidt V. regions, districts), etc. [LES, 1991, p.347]. A. Nikonov, A. V. Superanskaya, N. I. Tolstoy, V. N. Onomastics also studies the history of the emergence Toporov. of proper nouns and the motives for nomination, various transitions of onyms from one row to another, III.Analysis territorial and linguistic areas [Bondaletov, 1970, p. The main unit of study of onomastics is a proper 17-23]. All proper nouns existing in a particular era in name. As is known, all names can be divided into two a particular people are interpreted as its onomastic groups: common nouns, as generalizing, and proper, space. as distinguishing individual objects from a number of Among the aforementioned onomastic units, one others. Proper names, which have their own specific of the most significant is toponym, which constitute a characteristics, form a special category and are usually very extensive layer in onomastics. A wide range of opposed to common nouns. The common name, as A. problems devoted to the study of toponyms led to the V. Superanskaya emphasizes, correlates the named development of toponymy as a separate direction of object with the class, having the main connotation (the onomastics. connection with the named object is carried out Toponymy is an interdisciplinary scientific through the concept) and the additional one. The discipline that arose at the junction of several sciences named object is indefinite and unlimited (except for – linguistics, history and geography. The specific speech situations). In turn, an object interdisciplinary essence of toponymy is due to the designated by a proper name is always defined and fact that toponymy is closely related to cultural strictly limited [Superanskaya 1973, p. 135]. studies, history, geography, sociology, theology, As many researchers note, the fundamental philosophy, etc., and thus turns out to be associated characteristics of a proper name is the identification with a complex of linguistic and other humanities. function (Gardiner, 1954; Blaner, 1971; Ullman, This is due to the fact that "many facts of toponymy 1951; Superanskaya, 1973; Benkendorf 1991). So, receive a proper explanation only when attracting a according to A.V. Superanskaya, a proper name very significant and diverse material – linguistic, represents an individual object or several objects of historical and geographical" [Popov, 1965, p. 24]. the same name, each of which is perceived This is the complexity of toponymy, its complex individually and therefore it is not combined with a interdisciplinary essence. concept ... An object designated by a proper name is A toponym is understood as “the proper name of definite and specific [Superanskaya 2007, p. 113]. The a separate geographical place (settlement, river, land, name is not directly related to the concept and at the etc.)” [Ozhegov 1999, p. 803]; “the proper name of a language level does not have a clear, unambiguous natural object on Earth, as well as an object created by connotation [Superanskaya, 2007, p. 324]. A. A. man on Earth, which is clearly recorded in this region Reformatsky also notes that “the transformation of a (city, village, cultivated plot of land, territory as part common name into a proper one means, first of all, the of the state, communication, etc.)” [Podolskaya 1988, loss of a concept and the transformation of a word into p. ... 127], “historically, socially and culturally a nickname; on the contrary, the transformation of a determined geographical names of any natural or proper name into a common noun is associated with artificial objects created by man on the land or water filling the word with a new concept with new territory of the Earth” (Davletkulova, 2014, p. 33). "essential features", and this concept can be V.A. Nikonov distinguishes three functions of completely different from the concept associated with toponyms: 1) the addressing function (obligatory the original common noun "[Reformatsky 2005, p. 67 one); 2) the descriptive function (optional one); 3) the - 68]. ideological function (Independence Square) V. Schmidt singles out anthroponymy and [Nikonov, 1965, 62-63]. toponymy as the main objects of onomastics research: The topicality of such disciplines as cognitive “... Anthroponyms include the names of people linguistic and cultural linguistics aimed at the study of (Rufnamen) and their surnames (Familiennamen); knowledge systems and cultural factors reflected in names of settlements (Siedlungsnamen) are the language, mental processes occurring during the considered as toponyms in a narrow sense, and in a perception, comprehension and cognition of reality, broad sense, these include the names of countries and the relationship and interaction of culture and lands (Landernamen), the names of mountains language made a significant impact on proper noun (Bergnamen), rivers (Flufinamen), forests