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Evolutionsstadien Der Kaufunktionen Früher Artiodactyla

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Evolutionsstadien Der Kaufunktionen Früher Artiodactyla Evolutionsstadien der Kaufunktionen früher Artiodactyla Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Leonie C. Schwermann, geb. Lenssen aus Münster Bonn 2016 Anfertigung mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Martin 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. em. Wighart von Koenigswald Tag der Promotion: 12.07.2016 Erscheinungsjahr: 2016 Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Kurzfassung ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Zielsetzung ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 3. Einleitung........................................................................................................................................................ 14 3.1. Rezente und fossile (Cet)Artiodactyla und ihre Phylogenie ......................................... 14 3.1.1. Untersuchte Taxa ................................................................................................................. 18 3.2. Zahnform‐ und ‐funktion der Mammalia und speziell der Artiodactyla ................. 33 3.3. Facetten ............................................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1. Abrasion und Attrition ...................................................................................................... 39 3.3.2. Facettennomenklatur ........................................................................................................ 42 3.4. Mastikation ........................................................................................................................................ 44 3.4.1. Der Mastikationszyklus ..................................................................................................... 47 3.4.2. Funktionen der Mastikation ........................................................................................... 51 4. Material ........................................................................................................................................................... 53 5. Methoden ........................................................................................................................................................ 54 5.1. Erstellen von Formen und Abgüssen ...................................................................................... 54 5.2. Digitalisierung von Fossilien und Abgüssen ........................................................................ 56 5.3. Software .............................................................................................................................................. 57 5.4. Orientierung von Modellen in PolyWorks ............................................................................ 58 5.5. Virtuelle Simulation der Kaubewegung im OFA ................................................................ 59 5.6. Terminologie ..................................................................................................................................... 61 5.7. Analyse, Quantifizierung und Darstellung von Ergebnissen ........................................ 64 5.7.1. Facetten ................................................................................................................................... 64 5.7.2. Der Okklusale Kompass .................................................................................................... 65 5.7.3. Quantifizierung des rekonstruierten Kaupfades ................................................... 67 5.7.4. Der Mastikationskompass ............................................................................................... 70 5.7.5. Schmelzkanten‐Index ........................................................................................................ 71 6. Ergebnisse ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 6.1. Dentale Morphotypen der frühen Artiodactyla.................................................................. 73 6.2. Dentaler Morphotyp 1 ................................................................................................................... 75 6.2.1. Diacodexis ................................................................................................................................ 76 6.3. Dentaler Morphotyp 2 ................................................................................................................... 89 6.3.1. Dichobune ................................................................................................................................ 90 6.3.2. Helohyus ................................................................................................................................ 101 Kaufunktion früher Artiodactyla 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6.4. Dentaler Morphotyp 3 ................................................................................................................ 112 6.4.1. Gobiohyus ............................................................................................................................. 113 6.5. Dentaler Morphotyp 4 ................................................................................................................ 125 6.5.1. Elomeryx ............................................................................................................................... 126 6.6. Dentaler Morphotyp 5 ................................................................................................................ 139 6.6.1. Caenomeryx ......................................................................................................................... 140 6.7. Dentaler Morphotyp 6 ................................................................................................................ 154 6.7.1. Agriochoerus ....................................................................................................................... 155 6.8. Dentaler Morphotyp 7 ................................................................................................................ 169 6.8.1. Poebrotherium .................................................................................................................... 170 7. Diskussion ................................................................................................................................................... 183 7.1. Kaufunktion der dentalen Morphotypen im Vergleich ................................................ 183 7.1.1. Stereotypie des Kauschlages ....................................................................................... 183 7.1.2. Funktionelle Analyse des power stroke der untersuchten Taxa ................... 185 7.1.3. Entwicklung und Wirkung funktioneller Strukturen ........................................ 198 7.2. Hypsodontie und Kaubewegung moderner Artiodactyla ........................................... 212 7.3. Der Hypocon – oder: der distolinguale Höcker ............................................................... 216 7.4. Ökologie und Ernährung ........................................................................................................... 220 7.5. Vergleich zu den frühen Hippomorpha .............................................................................. 230 7.5.1. Hyracotherium versus Diacodexis .............................................................................. 231 7.5.2. Lophodontie versus Selenodontie ............................................................................. 233 7.6. Das Konzept der dentalen Morphotypen ........................................................................... 235 7.6.1. Morphotypen innerhalb der Artiodactyla .............................................................. 238 8. Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerungen ................................................................................ 242 9. Danksagung ................................................................................................................................................ 249 10. Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................. 251 11. Anhang ....................................................................................................................................................... 266 11.1. Materialliste ................................................................................................................................. 266 11.2. Farbkonzept Adobe Illustrator ............................................................................................ 269 11.3. Farbkonzept PolyWorks ......................................................................................................... 271 11.4. Messwerte Okklusaler Kompass ......................................................................................... 272 11.5. Messungen Schmelzkanten‐Index ...................................................................................... 275 Schwermann 2016 Kurzfassung
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