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MATERIALS TO THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE NEGLECTED EVANGELICAL CEMETERIES OF THE WESTERN PART OF THE DRAWSKO LANDSCAPE PARK POLAND
ANNA SIGIEL-DOPIERAŁA, ANDRZEJ M. JAGODZIŃSKI
A. Sigiel-Dopierała, Regional Directorate of Environmental Protection in Szczecin, Department in Złocieniec, Dworcowa , - Złocieniec, Poland A.M. Jagodziński, corresponding author, Department of Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego C, - Poznań, Poland; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa , - Kórnik, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
(Received: May , . Accepted: June , )
ABSTRACT. Old cemeteries link historical, architectural and natural values and are considered to be some of the most interesting elements of Polish rural landscape. In the Drawsko Landscape Park area, which is situated in the north-western part of Poland, there exist ca. neglected Evangelical cemeteries and they are very suitable habitats for vascular plants. We inventoried fi ve abandoned Evangelical cemeteries of the western part of the Drawsko Landscape Park, i.e. in Lipno, Toporzyk, Śmidzięcino, Cieminko and Uraz. The survey showed relatively poor fl ora with the total number of taxa of vascular plants derived from families. The richest in species were the following families: Rosaceae ( ), Liliaceae ( ), Ranunculaceae ( ), Asteraceae ( ), Carypohyllaceae ( ), Lamiaceae ( ) and Poaceae ( ). The number of species occurring in individual families ranged from to and the number of species per cemetery ranged from in Lipno to in Cieminko, with an average of species per cemetery. The native fl ora is represented by % of total taxa with apophytes outnumbering spontaneophytes. The examined fl ora is dominated by hemic- ryptophytes ( %) with signifi cant proportion of phanerophytes ( %). The cemeteries are habitats for relatively numerous plant species which are protected in Poland, i.e. Convallaria majalis, Frangula alnus, Galanthus nivalis, Galium odoratum, Hedera helix, Hepatica nobilis, Leucoium vernum, Lilium bulbiferum, Lilium martagon, Lonicera periclymenum, Polypodium vulgare, Primula veris, Ribes nigrum, Viburnum opulus, and Vinca minor, however most of these species were most likely planted by local inhabitants.
KEY WORDS: vascular fl ora, dendrofl ora, cemetery, nature protection
INTRODUCTION ANTKOWIAK and HEINE ). In general, the herba- ceous fl ora of cemeteries is not extensively researched. Old cemeteries are some of the most signifi cant ele- Moreover, publications concerning other groups of or- ments of the Polish rural landscape and are also integral ganisms, such as lichens, growing on the territories parts of architecture and green areas in cities, linking of cemeteries, are very rare (e.g. KISZKA and LIPNICKI historical, architectural, cultural and natural values. Old , GROCHOWSKI , JASTRZĘBSKA , MATWIE- cemeteries provide with some of the earliest written lo- JUK , ). cal history (USLU ). The arrangement, architecture Most of the cemeteries are planted with trees and and fl ora diversity of cemeteries are the result of many generally are highly shaded. They are also subjected to factors – both geographical (i.e. the geographical region, long lasting human impact on the environment, espe- topographic features, climate conditions) and histori- cially when situated in cities (SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA and cal and social factors (i.e. the date of the establishment, GALERA ). Trees in old cemeteries are particularly the time the cemetery was used, religious practices and valuable because they perform many important func- customs of inhabitants, management practices, etc.) tions, especially in deforested rural areas where they (CZARNA et AL. b). Old cemeteries may contain modify the local climate and diversify the landscape. a surprising number of plant species – both native and They are generally of great importance not only for local exotic, that includes a high proportion of generally population (ANTKOWIAK and HEINE ). Cemeteries ‘infrequent’ species in rural areas (MCBARRON et AL. were recognized as an important centre for alien plant ). However, research of the vegetation of cemeter- invasions (GUDŽINSKAS ). The occurrence of some ies is very uncommon (ŠILC ), most of fl oristical species within the areas of cemeteries might be related studies on cemeteries generally pertain to inventories to their symbolism, aesthetic reasons and practical roles of woody species (trees and shrubs), while herbaceous (KOLBUSZEWSKI , ANTKOWIAK and HEINE ). studies are less frequent (STYPIŃSKI , DORDA , Moreover, the design form of a particular cemetery may A. Sigiel-Dopierała, A.M. Jagodziński be also determined by the surface features of the sur- . The Evangelical Cemetery in Lipno ( ° ' rounding area (CZARNA et AL. a). According to . "N, ° ' . "E): it was established in the second CZARNA ( ) cemeteries may also play an important half of the XIX century and it covers . ha. It belongs role as refuge for native plant species. to the Agricultural Property Agency (previously: the Agri- There are - thousand cemeteries (both mu- cultural Property Stock of the State Treasury). It is located nicipal and religious) in Poland and they cover from in the forest, on a small hill in the south-eastern direc- to thousands ha of land (SICIŃSKI ). After tion from buildings of Lipno, ca. m east from Nowe the Second World War some old Evangelical cemeter- Worowo – Połczyn Zdrój road. The cemetery is adjacent ies, especially in the cities, were taken over by Catholics to a fi eld road (western and northern boarder), and a for- and converted into their own needs; however, some of est (southern and eastern boarder). The cemetery is sur- them were destroyed and converted into green areas rounded by fi eldstones. In the unpublished records from and parks. The cemeteries situated in small towns and Połczyn Zdrój District (dated on ), it was stated that villages or in their vicinities were often plundered for old trees were present in the cemetery, i.e. six oaks, seven valuable objects. Moreover, elements of gravestones spruces and one pine. Moreover, it was mentioned in that were sometimes used by local inhabitants as building record that there exists an iron churchyard cross from material on farms. However, the old cemeteries, even . Based on the current investigation, the churchyard when destroyed, are still very interesting from many cross was not found, but the old pine-spruce-oak stand points of view. still exists. The graves were razed to the ground; the ar- In the Drawsko Landscape Park area, which is sit- rangement of paths and sections is invisible at present. uated in the north-western part of Poland (West Po- . The Evangelical Cemetery in Toporzyk ( ° ' meranian Voivodeship), there exist ca. abandoned . "N, ° ' . "E): it was established in the fi rst cemeteries and most of them are Evangelical cemeteries. half of the XIX century and it covers . ha. At present, They have never been studied as habitats for vascular it is the northern part of a municipal cemetery. The cem- plants. Thus, the aim of our study was to determine the etery is situated in the north-eastern direction ca. list of vascular plant species in the most valuable and m from Toporzyk village. The arrangement and borders well preserved, abandoned Evangelical cemeteries in the (an avenue of spruce trees) of the Evangelical Cemetery western part of Drawsko Landscape Park. are well preserved. There are many gravestones, graves and iron churchyards dated both to the fi rst and the sec- ond half of the XIX century and the fi rst half of the XX MATERIALS AND METHODS century. The oldest churchyard is dated back to . . The Evangelical Cemetery in Śmidzięcino The inventory was conducted in fi ve abandoned ( ° ' . "N, ° ' . "E): the area of the cem- Evangelical cemeteries. The cemeteries are situated in etery is . ha. It is situated on a small hill behind the following locations: Lipno and Toporzyk – Połczyn the pond in the abandoned Śmidzięcino village, on the Zdrój District, Śmidzięcino and Cieminko – Ostrowice right side of the road from Bolegorzyn. The cemetery is District and Uraz – Czaplinek District. surrounded by wastelands (meadows). The borders of The investigations were conducted between March the cemetery, made of fi eldstones, are still visible. The and October in two consecutive growing seasons of gravestones and graves are devastated and plundered. and . The cemeteries are not fenced (ex- . The Evangelical Cemetery in Cieminko ( ° ' cept Toporzyk cemetery), but their borders are clearly . "N, ° ' . "E): the area of the cemetery is marked by stones and the area of the cemeteries may . ha. It is situated ca. m east from Cieminko be more or less precisely determined by the line of old village, on a small hill. It is surrounded by arable lands trees growing around cemetery. Thus, since the borders (north, east and west) and a mixed forest (south). Grave- were clearly visible, we listed all vascular plant species stones and churchyards are not very numerous. The growing in the area of each cemetery, excluding spe- cemetery is not fenced. cies growing outside the borders. Plant species grow- . The Evangelical Cemetery in Uraz ( ° ' ing outside the cemeteries were not included in the list . "N, ° ' . "E): the area of the cemetery is . of taxa. Nomenclature of species was based on MIREK ha, it is located ca. m north-east from Uraz village, et AL. ( ). Diameters at breast height ( . m above on the steep Drawsko lake shore. Form east, west and ground) of trees were measured with caliper with cm north it is adjacent to agricultural wastelands (mead- accuracy (two perpendicular measurements). ows). Only concrete fence elements, completely de- The analysis of geographical-historical groups stroyed gravestones and gravestone with a plate from was presented according to CHMIEL ( ) with a few still remain today. Shortly after the World War II, modifi cations; the spectrum of life forms according to the cemetery was used by local inhabitants (fi ve Poles Raunkiaer’s system was based on RUTKOWSKI ( ). were buried there). We determined that the ‘special care’ species are these which are under legal protection in Poland (ROZPORZĄ- DZENIE... ) or listed as threatened in Poland (ZA- RESULTS RZYCKI et AL. ) and in the West Pomerania region (ŻUKOWSKI and JACKOWIAK ). The general characteristics of the fl ora We characterised the studied cemeteries using the The survey showed relatively poor fl ora with a total unpublished data from the Drawsko Landscape Park number of taxa of vascular plants derived from Protection Plan (CMENTARZE... , DRAWSKO... ): families (Table ). Rosaceae ( species), Liliaceae ( ), Materials to the vascular fl ora of the neglected Evangelical cemeteries of the western part of the Drawsko ...
TABLE . List of vascular plant species found in the cemeteries studied
Cemetery Species Lipno Toporzyk Śmidzięcino Cieminko Uraz Abies alba Mill. .+...
Acer platanoides L.++.++
Acer pseudoplatanus L..++..
Adoxa moschatellina L..++.+
Aegopodium podagraria L. +++++
Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande . . . . +
Allium vineale L....++
Anemone nemorosa L. +++++
Anemone ranunculoides L..++.+
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoff m..+.++
Aquilegia vulgaris L.++.++
Artemisia vulgaris L...+++
Betula pendula Roth ++++ .
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth.+...
Campanula rapunculoides L....+.
Campanula trachelium L....+.
Carpinus betulus L. +++++
Cerastium arvense L. s. s. . . . + .
Cerasus avium (L.) Moench ++...
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl..+...
Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl..+...
Chelidonium majus L..++..
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. .+...
Convallaria majalis L. +++++
Corylus avellana L.+.+..
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. + . + + .
Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. . . . . +
Dactylis glomerata L....+.
Deschampsia fl exuosa (L.) Trin. . + . . +
Dianthus barbatus L. s. s. . + . + .
Dryopteris cartusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs+....
Dryopteris fi lix-mas (L.) Schott + . + + .
Equisetum arvense L. .+...
Euonymus europaeus L. . ++++
Fagus sylvatica L. +++++
Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. . . + . .
Ficaria verna Huds. . . . + .
Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne . + . + . A. Sigiel-Dopierała, A.M. Jagodziński
TABLE – cont.
Fragaria vesca L.....+
Frangula alnus Mill. . . + + +
Fraxinus excelsior L. +++++
Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. . .+.+
Gagea spathacea (Hayne) Salisb. . . . . +
Galanthus nivalis L.++++.
Galeobdolon luteum Huds. +....
Galeopsis pubescens Besser . .+. .
Galium aparine L. .++.+
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. + + . . +
Geranium robertianum L.....+
Geum rivale L. . .+. .
Geum urbanum L..+++.
Glechoma hederacea L.....+
Hedera helix L. +++++
Hemerocallis fulva L..+..+
Hepatica nobilis Schreb. . . + + +
Hieracium murorum L.....+
Humulus lupulus L. . .+. .
Hypericum perforatum L....+.
Leucoium vernum L. . .+. .
Ligustrum vulgare L..+.+.
Lilium bulbiferum L..++..
Lilium martagon L.+..+.
Lonicera periclymenum L....+.
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt + . . + +
Malus sylvestris Mill. . . . + .
Melampyrum pratense L....+.
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv..++.+
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. . . + + +
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. . .+.+
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoff m. . + + + +
Narcissus poëticus L..+++.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. +....
Omphalodes verna Moench . . . + .
Oxalis acetosella L. . .+. .
Paeonia offi cinalis L. .+...
Phyteuma spicatum L....+.
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. + + + . . Materials to the vascular fl ora of the neglected Evangelical cemeteries of the western part of the Drawsko ...
TABLE – cont.
Pinus sylvestris L. +....
Poa nemoralis L..+.+.
Polypodium vulgare L. +....
Populus tremula L. +++ . +
Primula veris L..+.++
Padus avium Mill. . . . + +
Pulmonaria obscura Dumort..+...
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. . . . + .
Quercus robur L. +++++
Ranunculus auricomus L. s. l. . + + . +
Ranunculus repens L....+.
Ribes nigrum L...+..
Ribes uva-crispa L. . ++++
Rubus idaeus L. .+...
Salix caprea L....+.
Sambucus nigra L..++..
Saponaria offi cinalis L..+.+.
Scilla sibirica Haw. . + . . +
Sorbus aucuparia L. em. Hedl.++...
Stachys offi cinalis (L.) Trev. . . . + .
Stachys sylvatica L.....+
Stellaria holostea L.+.++.
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake . + + . .
Syringa vulgaris L..+++.
Tanacetum vulgare L.....+
Taraxacum offi cinale F.H. Wigg. . + + + +
Thuja occidentalis L..+.+.
Tilia cordata Mill. . + + . +
Ulmus glabra Huds. ....+
Ulmus laevis Pall. . . . . +
Urtica dioica L. . ++++
Veronica chamaedrys L. . .+.+
Viburnum opulus L.+..+.
Vicia sepium L....+.
Vinca minor L. +++++
Viola hirta L.+.+++
Viola odorata L....+.
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau . + + . +
Viscum album L...+.. A. Sigiel-Dopierała, A.M. Jagodziński
Ranunculaceae ( ), Asteraceae ( ), Carypohyllaceae ( ), Chamaecyparis pisifera ( cm; monument of nature) Lamiaceae ( ) and Poaceae ( ) were the families richest and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ( cm). The shrub lay- in species. species derive from these seven families, er is very sparse and composited mainly by Euonymus which constitutes . % of all vascular plants of the ex- europaeus, Syringa vulgaris and Sambucus nigra. In the amined area. The number of species occurring in indi- western part of the cemetery, a clump of Symphoricar- vidual families ranges from to . The majority, i.e. pos albus grows. On one gravestone we found seedling families, is represented by to species, with fami- of Abies alba that was . m of height. There are many lies being represented by only one species. The number Hedera helix climbing up the trees. The tree layer is of species per cemetery ranged from in Lipno to very dense and the light conditions are not favorable for in Cieminko, with an average of species per cemetery. herbaceous plant species. In the summer time the pre- The native fl ora is represented by % of total taxa dominant species is Aegopodium podagraria which cov- with apophytes outnumbering spontaneophytes. The ers ca. % of the cemetery. The fl ora of the cemetery alien species constitute % of the total fl ora. The ex- is dominated by native plant species, however numer- amined fl ora is dominated by hemicryptophytes ( %) ous alien plant species occur there (i.e. Chamaecyparis with signifi cant proportion of phanerophytes ( %). In lawsoniana, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Dianthus barbatus, phanerophytes, tree forms predominated over shrub- Hemerocallis fulva, Narcissus poëticus, Paeonia offi cina- like ones. lis, Scilla sibirica, Symphoricarpos albus, Syringa vulgaris, Some of the species found in the area of the cem- and Thuja occidentalis). In the cemetery, there are two eteries studied, are considered as threatened on natu- species strictly protected in Poland (i.e. Galanthus nivalis ral sites in the West Pomerania region and in Poland. and Lilium bulbiferum) and four partially protected (i.e. For example Gagea spathacea, Leucoium vernum and Convallaria majalis, Galium odoratum, Hedera helix and Lilium bulbiferum are listed as vulnerable in Poland. In Primula veris), however it is probably anthropogenic site the West Pomerania region, Gagea spathacea is consid- of these species. ered endangered, Lilium martagon and Stachys offi ci- In the area of the Evangelical Cemetery in Śmidzię- nalis as vulnerable, whereas Crataegus rhipidophylla as cino, we found vascular plant species and of that, rare species. However, these species were most likely woody plant species. The stand is composed of Quercus planted and cultivated in the cemeteries studied by lo- robur ( - cm), Populus tremula ( - cm), Fraxinus cal inhabitants. excelsior ( - cm), Picea abies ( - cm), Acer pseu- doplatanus ( - cm), Fagus sylvatica ( - cm), Carpi- The detailed characteristics of the cemeteries fl ora nus betulus ( - cm) and Betula pendula ( cm). We In the area of the Evangelical Cemetery in Lipno, we found two monuments of nature – Quercus robur in the found vascular plant species and of that, woody north-eastern part of the cemetery and Acer pseudopla- species. The stand is composed of Quercus robur (DBH tanus in the south-western part of the cemetery. The range: - cm), Fagus sylvatica ( - cm), Picea abies dense shrub layer is composed of Crataegus monogyna, ( - cm), Carpinus betulus ( - cm), Populus tremu- Euonymus europaeus, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplata- la ( - cm), Betula pendula ( - ), Fraxinus excelsior nus, Sambucus nigra, Frangula alnus and Corylus avel- ( - cm), Acer platanoides ( - cm), Cerasus avium lana. In the northern part of the cemetery, a clump of ( - cm) and Pinus sylvestris ( cm). The shrub layer Symphoricarpos albus grows which covers ca. one third is composed of Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana, Fagus of the cemetery area. In the eastern part, Viscum album sylvatica, Crataegus monogyna, Acer platanoides and Sor- was found growing on Populus tremula tree. There are bus aucuparia, and it is the thickest in the northern part many Hedera helix climbing up the trees. The natural of the cemetery. Woody species cover is rather dense, regeneration of woody species is very numerous and thus the herbaceous cover is generally shaded and more composed of Populus tremula, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer or less evenly distributed. In the places where light con- pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Quercus robur, Fran- ditions are better, thick natural regeneration of Fraxi- gula alnus, Sambucus nigra and Euonymus europaeus. nus excelsior and Acer platanoides develops. The fl ora of The tree layer is very dense and the herbaceous layer the cemetery is dominated by native plant species; only is deeply shaded. In the summer, the predominant spe- one alien plant species occurs there (i.e. Narcisus pseu- cies in the herbaceous cover is Aegopodium podagraria. donarcissus). There are three species strictly protected The fl ora of the cemetery is dominated by native plant (i.e. Galanthus nivalis, Lilium martagon, and Polypodium species, however a few alien plant species occur there vulgare) and fi ve partially protected (i.e. Convallaria ma- (e.g. Narcissus poëticus, Symphoricarpos albus, and Sy- jalis, Galium odoratum, Hedera helix, Viburnum opulus, ringa vulgaris). In the cemetery, there are four species and Vinca minor), however it might be suspected that strictly protected in Poland (i.e. Galanthus nivalis, He- there is an anthropogenic site for most of the species patica nobilis, Leucoium vernum, Lilium bulbiferum) and listed above. fi ve partially protected (i.e. Convallaria majalis, Frangula In the area of the Evangelical Cemetery in Topo- alnus, Hedera helix, Ribes nigrum and Vinca minor). Most rzyk, we found vascular plant species and of that, likely, these plants were planted and cultivated here by woody plant species. The stand is composed of Picea local inhabitants. abies ( - cm), Acer pseudoplatanus ( - cm), Po- In the area of the Evangelical Cemetery in Cieminko pulus tremula ( - cm), Betula pendula ( - cm), vascular plant species were found (of that woody Fagus sylvatica ( - cm), Carpinus betulus ( - cm), plant species). The stand layer is composed of Quercus Acer platanoides ( - cm), Quercus robur ( - cm), robur ( - cm), Carpinus betulus ( - cm), Betula Tilia cordata ( - cm), Thuja occidentalis ( - cm), pendula ( - cm), Fagus sylvatica ( - cm), Fraxinus Materials to the vascular fl ora of the neglected Evangelical cemeteries of the western part of the Drawsko ... excelsior ( - cm), Padus avium ( - cm), Acer plata- species, such as: Robinia pseudoaccacia, Quercus robur, noides ( cm), and Pyrus pyraster ( cm). The shrub Fraxinus excelsior and Tilia cordata. In another study, layer is composed of Frangula alnus, Euonymus euro- STYPIŃSKI ( ) have found taxa of trees and paeus, Fraxinus excelsior, Viburnum opulus, Acer plata- shrubs in municipal cemeteries in Olsztyn, and the noides, Fagus sylvatica, Thuja occidentalis and Carpinus most frequent were broadleaved tree species such as: betulus. There are Hedera helix climbing up the trees. Acer pseudoplatanus, Tilia cordata, Acer negundo and The fl ora of the cemetery is also dominated by native Quercus robur. Our data has revealed that woody spe- plant species, however a few alien species occur there cies are not very numerous in the fl ora of the cemeteries, (i.e. Dianthus barbatus, Narcissus poëticus, Omphalo- however play a dominant role in their vegetation struc- des verna, Syringa vulgaris, Thuja occidentalis, and Viola ture. The number and total area of cemeteries studied odorata). In the cemetery, there are four species strictly by ANTKOWIAK and HEINE ( ) and STYPIŃSKI ( ) protected in Poland (i.e. Galanthus nivalis, Hepatica no- were higher than in the present study, and it might be bilis, Lonicera periclymenum, Lilium martagon) and six a reason of more numerous woody plant species found partially protected (i.e. Convallaria majalis, Frangula al- in the cited papers. nus, Hedera helix, Primula veris, Viburnum opulus, and Old cemeteries may contain an unexpected number Vinca minor). It also might be assumed that most of of plant species – both native and alien. For example these species were planted and cultivated here in the CZARNA et AL. ( ) studied vascular fl ora of sev- distant past. en Catholic cemeteries in Jelenia Góra and its surround- In the area of the Evangelical Cemetery in Uraz, ings, and described spontaneously occurring and vascular plant species were found and of that woody cultivated plant species. CZARNA and PISKORZ ( ) plant species. The stand is composed of Quercus robur have found species of wild and naturalized vascular ( - cm), Fagus sylvatica ( - cm), Carpinus betulus plants in the two cemeteries in Zakopane. It is worth ( - cm), Populus tremula ( - cm), Fraxinus excel- mentioning, that CZARNA ( ) studied fl ora diversity sior ( cm), Acer platanoides ( - cm), Ulmus laevis of two Evangelical cemeteries in Koźmin and Koźminiec ( - cm) and Ulmus glabra ( cm). The shrub layer is (Wielkopolska Lowland) and found species of vas- not very dense; it is composed of Carpinus betulus, Cra- cular fl ora in both cemeteries ( taxa were present in taegus rhipidophylla, Tilia cordata, Padus avium, Fran- both cemeteries). It was also found that hardly any plant gula alnus and Euonymus europaeus. The fl ora of the species cultivated within the cemetery spread outside, cemetery is also dominated by native plant species, how- however many plant species were considered as expan- ever two alien plant species occur there (i.e. Hemerocal- sive plant species, i.e. Allium scorodoprasum, Hesperis lis fulva and Scilla sibirica). The herbaceous plant cover matronalis, Campanula rapunculoides, Lamium macula- is rather shaded and more or less evenly distributed. tum, Galanthus nivalis, Viola odorata and Ornithogalum In the cemetery, there is one species strictly protected umbellatum. CZARNA and NOWIŃSKA ( ) have found in Poland (Hepatica nobilis) and six partially protected species of vascular plants in four Jewish cemeteries (i.e. Convallaria majalis, Frangula alnus, Galium odora- of Western Carpathians. In all cemeteries, the highest tum, Hedera helix, Primula veris and Vinca minor). Some cover displayed: Aegopodium podagraria, Arrhenatherum of these species (e.g. Convallaria majalis, Hedera helix, elatius, Chaerophyllum aromaticum, Geranium palustre Primula veris and Vinca minor) were probably cultivated and Geranium pratense. The analysis of the geograph- here in the distant past. ical-historical status of the species inventoried in the cited study has shown that native vascular plant spe- cies, i.e. apophytes and spontaneophytes, form the most SUMMARY numerous group while the alien species were generally rare. Our study gave similar results – although we have All the cemeteries studied are abandoned and ne- found some alien plant species, the predominating spe- glected, and they are no longer used for burying. The cies were native. cemeteries are not fenced (except Toporzyk cemetery), The neglected Evangelical cemeteries described in but their borders are clearly marked by stones. More- our study need extensive restoration. The protection, over, the area of the cemeteries may be more or less restoration and preservation of gravestones and other precisely determined by the line of old trees growing structural elements in the cemeteries are signifi cant around cemetery. All the cemeteries are covered by from historical, architectural and aesthetic point of dense vegetation, sometimes very expansive shrubs, and view. The stands of cemeteries we studied should be thus, they are diffi cult to explore, especially during the sanitary thinned (trees and shrubs) to remove dead and growing season. Trees and shrubs are not pruned and weak trees and to preserve their unique character – the dying or dead trees are not removed from the cemetery. woody plants cover should not be removed completely. Our study has shown a relatively low number of vas- It is of great importance, to protect the remaining grave- cular plant species growing in the cemeteries, and it stones and crosses against further degradation and dev- might be an eff ect of relatively small area of each ceme- astation. As shown above, and in many other research tery studied. There were plant species in total and of papers, cemeteries are signifi cant places for native veg- that, woody plant species. For example, in the study etation. The remnants of the native vegetation in rural conducted in historic cemeteries of the Koło District cemeteries can support threatened plant species that (Central Poland), ANTKOWIAK and HEINE ( ) have may have disappeared in adjacent areas as land usage found tree taxa and shrub species of families. has changed. In our opinion these cemeteries deserve Among the trees, the most dominant were broadleaved to be included in educational and cultural programs. A. Sigiel-Dopierała, A.M. Jagodziński
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