Historical Review

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI txxxxxxxxxt COVER DESCRIPTION: A recent ac­ quisition of the State Historical Society is Thomas Hart Benton's lith­ ograph of "County Politics," com­ pleted this past summer. The lith­ ograph is taken from Benton's oil tempra painting of the same subject in the mid-1950s, now in the collec­ tion of Rita P. Benton. Some of Benton's latest lithographic efforts are included in the exhibit "Mis­ souri Art: Past, Present and for the Future," presently on display in Society Art Gallery. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The1 State Historical VOLUME LXVIII Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 2 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JANUARY 1974 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1971-1974 WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Second Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Third Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fourth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Fifth Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society

RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1974 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City W. W. DALTON, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1975 GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1976 WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JAMES OLSON, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

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State Historical Society of Missouri Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

RIOT AND REACTION IN ST. LOUIS, 1854-1856. By John C. Schneider 171

''YOURS VERY TRULY, THOS. T. CRITTENDEN": A MISSOURI DEMOCRAT'S OBSER­ VATIONS OF THE ELECTION OF 1896. By P. Joseph Powers 186

"THE PUBLIC IS AROUSED": THE MISSOURI CHILDREN'S CODE COMMISSION, 1915- 1919. By Peter Romanofsky 204

THE SOCIETY OF BETHEL: A VISITOR'S ACCOUNT. By LI. Roger Grant 223

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Celebrates 75th Anniversary 232

Editorial Policy 235

Views from the Past: Missouri Courthouses 236

Local Historical Societies 238

Gifts 248

Missouri History in Newspapers 253

Missouri History in Magazines 256

Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 258

In Memoriam 259

Erratum 260

BOOK REVIEW 261

BOOK NOTES 263

OLD MCKENDREE CHAPEL Inside Back Cover

Riot and Reaction in St. Louis 1854-1856

BY JOHN C. SCHNEIDER*

In the 1840s and 1850s St. Louis shared with most other large American cities the experience of political nativism. A native- American movement made substantial inroads into the city govern­ ment in the mid-1840s, and city politics continued thereafter to reflect the division between the native-born and the large numbers of Irish and Germans pouring into St. Louis. A new peak was reached in 1854 when a Know-Nothing society was organized and then sought to increase the political fortunes of antiforeignism by endorsing a slate of candidates for the state and congressional elections in August. As it turned out, many of the Know-Nothing choices were also candidates on the Whig ticket, reflecting the

*John C. Schneider received the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. He is assistant professor of History at the Uni­ versity of Nebraska-Lincoln, where he teaches American urban history and American history in the Jacksonian era. 171 172 Missouri Historical Review

deterioration of the Whig party as a consequence of the current Kansas-Nebraska debate and the slavery issue. The Democrats, who had traditional ties to the Irish and German elements in the city, took the counteroffensive as soon as the Whig-nativist fusion became clear.1 The principal contest in the city was the congressional race between the Whig, Luther Martin Kennett, and the renowned Democrat, Thomas Hart Benton. As the campaign wore on, Ken­ neths candidacy on both the Whig and Know-Nothing tickets came in for sharp attacks from the Democrats, who contended that he was trying to cater to nativists as well as to the foreign-born within traditional Whig ranks. Kennett had been a native-American St. Louis alderman in the mid-1840s and an Irish-courting Whig mayor from 1850 to 1853, and the Missouri Democrat accused him of "having changed his forefathers so often there is no telling how long he will remain an American." The Whig press concen­ trated much of its attack on Heinrich Boernstein, the editor of the city's anti-Kennett German daily, the Anzeiger des Western. Boern­ stein was a Forty-Eighter who argued on behalf of religious tol­ erance and the customs of the immigrants. A local Whig paper characterized him as a radical trying to Germanize St. Louis. "The American people/' boasted the Missouri Republican, "will not stand innovations upon their rights, their principles, their institutions."2 As the election approached, tactics became more desperate. The Democrat charged that there was a purposeful delay by the judge in charge of issuing naturalization papers to immigrants in an effort to minimize the potential Democratic vote. The paper went out of its way to publicize the closing date for the filing of natural­ ization applications, thereby advertising the close link it assumed between the Democratic vote and recent immigration. The Ken­ nett forces countered that the Democrats would ultimately herd illegal immigrant voters to the polls, and there was a call for volunteers to watch the polls and protect "the purity of the ballot box." As a further precaution, the Republican announced it was drawing up a list of unnaturalized aliens for the use of the election judges.

i George McHugh, "Political Nativism in Saint Louis, 1840-1857" (un­ published Master's thesis, St. Louis University, 1939), 1-99; St. Louis Daily Mis­ souri Democrat, June 29, August 7, 1854. 2 Ibid., July 11, 27, 31, August 1, 3, 5, 1854; St. Louis Daily Missouri Re­ publican, July 28, 30, August 2-5, 1854. On Boernstein, see Carl Wittke, The German-Language Press in America (Lexington, Ky., 1957), 95. Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854-1856 173

Talk of possible violence, especially by the Republican, only served to fuel the notion that indeed there would be violence. City authorities, however, remained compla­ cent and there seemed to be no special precautions taken for the election except for the usual few extra policemen to watch over the polls. The weekend before the balloting turned out to be one of the hottest of the summer, and the citizens' nerves were further frazzled by a series of destructive fires in the down­ Luther M. Kennett town area. There was a round of preelection corner rallies on Saturday night, August 5, and the intensity of the campaign began to show as scuffling broke out on at least one occasion. The Democrat reported on Monday morning that it had expected a "regular blow up" over the weekend.3 The "blow up" came on the day of the election, August 7, and probably few were surprised. "The strong feeling aroused by the importance of the election, the experience of one riot here two years ago, and the extremely ill-judged course of the Re­ publican especially, just previous to the election," reflected one St. Louisan, "had set people to looking for a riot." It all started in the afternoon in the heavily Irish Fifth Ward when an election judge slowed the voting by scrupulously surveying the papers of naturalized persons. As the crowd of waiting voters began to swell, there was some pushing and shoving and someone was stabbed. Precisely what had happened is unclear, but within minutes a mob broke from the crowds around the poll and charged down Morgan and Second streets through a predominantly Irish neigh­ borhood. Some houses were attacked, the occupants responded with gunfire and the mob fell back. Now numbering a thousand or more, the rioters headed down Morgan Street to the levee and

3 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, July 15, 22, 24, August 7, 1854; St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 30, August 1, 7, 1854; St. Louis Anzeiger des Westens, August 2, 1854; St. Louis Intelligencer, August 7, 1854. 174 Missouri Historical Review the principal Irish slum, where they met a phalanx of Irishmen. A fierce battle ensued, at least two men were killed and the Irish force gave way. The mob stormed along the levee, demolishing every coffee house or tenement suspected of containing foreigners while shots continued to rain down on them from windows and rooftops along the way. Armed with axes and other tools taken from steamboats along the levee, the crowds headed up Locust Street where an Irish force sent them retreating along Second Street to Green, Morgan and Cherry. They then filtered up these avenues assaulting houses and hurling stones and brickbats.4 At dusk the mob began to splinter into small groups, some of which continued up Green, Morgan and Franklin streets to Seventh, where they focused their attention on several large Irish saloons. Others advanced on St. Louis University, the Catholic school near Ninth and Green, while still another group headed for the office of the Anzeiger des Westens at Third and Chestnut. Up to this point, the authorities had not been conspicuous, but now Mayor John How and a body of policemen began to scatter some of the crowds. The mayor had also called out six units of the city's volun­ teer militia, numbering about four or five hundred men. The troops were not on the streets until late in the evening, but they did ap­ pear in time to disperse the crowds outside the Anzeiger office and St. Louis University. Scattered pockets of disorder continued through the night. Eight people had been killed so far, and the Democrat reported that it "is a wonder to us, when we remember

4 Henry Hitchcock to Ellen Ervin, August 7-8, 1854, in Hitchcock Family Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 9, 1854; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, August 8, 1854; St. Louis Intel­ ligencer, August 8, 1854.

Ss&SsSfiiiaSr sa~*ar;r ' Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854-1856 175 the number of shots fired and the exposed position of the mob, that there were not double the persons killed and wounded."5 Tuesday, August 8, dawned amid rumors that Irishmen were arming themselves for attack, aided by a force of their countrymen waiting across the Mississippi River. St. Louis University was alleged to be a storehouse of arms and ammunition for Catholics. The rumors kept the mobs on the streets, and violence flared up again late that night on Green Street between Fifth and Sixth. The militia repaired to the scene and was fired upon, apparently by the Irish, but when the troops responded with their own fire, the area was cleared. Just after midnight, a mob encountered fierce resistance from Irish dwellings at Biddle and Ninth. The shooting attracted throngs to the area, and there was another attempt to storm St. Louis University. The Democrat reported that the "spectacle of the infuriated masses moving swiftly along, firing pistols in the air and venting the loudest oaths and exclamations against the Irish, while the fire bells of the city were ringing and shouts were heard from all parts of the city, was a most exciting and terrifying one." Crowds roamed the streets until daybreak, but no serious violence erupted. The mob heading toward St. Louis University broke up before entering the grounds. In the words of one frightened priest, "Divine Providence averted a bloody slaughter."6 On the morning of the 9th, there was still considerable excite­ ment, and groups gathered menacingly on streetcorners, but the violence was ended. The final death toll was ten, with over twenty seriously wounded and many others less critically injured. There were rumors that many deaths went unreported. Scores of homes and shops had been damaged, and several whole blocks of build­ ings were destroyed by fires set by the mobs. Property damage was mostly to Irish saloons and coffee houses, but casualties were numerous on both sides.7 The violent election of August 1854, was actually the culmina­ tion of a decade of disorder in St. Louis. It had begun with an election riot in 1844 that also involved nativist-Irish confrontation In that same year, a mob attacked the medical school affiliated with St. Louis University because of the use of cadavers by students.

5 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 9-10, 1854; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, August 8, 1854; St. Louis Intelligencer, August 8, 1854. 6 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 9, 1854; St. Louis Missouri Demo­ crat, August 9-10, 1854; McHugh, "Political Nativism in St. Louis," 162-163. 7 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 8-9, 1854; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, August 9-10, 1854; St. Louis Intelligencer, August 10-12, 1854. 176 Missouri Historical Review

Political Market but nativist feelings entered in as well. Scuffling between native- American volunteer fire companies and Irish residents along the levee turned a wharf fire into a major riot in 1849. The next year saw a mob ransack a row of brothels in the vicinity of Third and Almond just south of the heart of the city. Then in April 1852, there was another election riot, this time involving Germans and native-Americans in the heavily German First Ward. Finally, a bloody disturbance erupted in May 1853, at a corner dog fight in the Irish community near the levee between Green and Cherry.8 Thus, the serious violence in the period occurred mostly in the Irish or German communities in the peripheral First, Fourth and Fifth wards, and generally reflected the tension between native- Americans and the increasing immigrant population. In short, vio­ lence was a tool of group conflict in St. Louis just as it was in so many large American cities in this period.9

8 J. Thomas Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County From the Earliest Periods to the Present Day (Philadelphia, 1883), II, 1835-1841; on the 1844 medical school riot see especially, William B. Fahefty, "Nativism and Mid­ western Education: The Experience of St. Louis University, 1832-1856," History of Education Quarterly, VIII (Winter, 1968), 452-453. 9 For example, see Oscar Handlin, Boston's Immigrants: A Study in Ac­ culturation (Cambridge, Mass., 1959); James F. Richardson, The New York Police: From Colonial Times to 1901 (New York, 1970) ; Sam Bass Warner, Jr., The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth (Philadelphia, 1968) ; Leon Soule, The Know-Nothing Party in New Orleans: A Reappraisal (Baton Rouge, La., 1961) . Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854-1856 177

Three of the serious riots in the decade after 1844 were election-day disorders. Given the desire of the native-Americans and Know-Nothings to limit immigrant political power, the election not only brought out heated rhetoric between nativists and the immigrants, but it also stood as a symbol of the issue itself. St. Louis had yet to regulate its elections so as to minimize the in­ herent potential for hostility and disorder. City, state and na­ tional elections were held separately in April, August and Novem­ ber, with the result that the city was a constant scene of campaign excitement and tensions. There were still no voter registration procedures, and this encouraged any number of irregularities. Each city ward had only one or two polling places despite the increase in population, and this led to unnecessary crowding. Electioneering was even permitted on election days, as was the selling of liquor. In the end, the election was a signal for fraud, street rallies, carous­ ing and a cult of bravado. Despite the level of disorder in the 1840s and early 1850s, the city did not respond by instituting a strong, professional police. It seemed to prefer the elements of the volunteer age, with its em­ phasis on the civilian basis of public order. The police system was reorganized by ordinance in 1846, 1850 and 1852, but on balance these were not significant developments. The force still remained separated between a small day patrol and a loosely structured night watch. Although the city's population went from around 40,000 to 100,000 in the decade from 1845 to 1854, occasional increases in police personnel had failed to keep pace. Additional police could be appointed on a temporary basis for emergencies, but this re­ vealed an unwillingness to create a permanent, visible deterrent. As late as 1854, policemen were not uniformed to distinguish them from the rest of the population, and the mayor was still generally expected to supervise police operations in the field. An ordinance in 1850, as well as the police ordinance of 1852, gave the authorities the power to call on the citizenry to help quell disorder, a remnant of the posse comitatus tradition. In late 1853, Mayor How believed that on the whole the police were "now in a very effective state." He based his opinion on a reported decrease in the crime rate, but made no mention of the city's order, almost as though he did not see this as a measure of police success.10

10 John M. Krum, The Revised Ordinances of the City of St. Louis (St. Louis, 1850) , 326-334; S.V. Papin, The Revised Ordinances of the City of St. Louis (St. Louis, 1853), 550-561; Thomas C. Chester, Ordinances of the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, Digested and Revised by the City Council of 178 Missouri Historical Review

It was, then, a city with a history of disorder, poorly regulated elections, and weak formal policing that experienced the violence of August 1854. The rioting was the bloodiest in the city's history, and part of the reason for this was the unusual vigor of the Irish counterattack. The mobs did much more damage than any pre­ viously, and, according to Mayor How and Luther Kennett, were at once larger and more unpredictable, making them especially hard to control.11 In previous rioting, the local military units com­ manded respect and could limit the violence when that was de­ sired. Just before the rioting of 1854, John Hogan, a prominent businessman and future Whig mayoral candidate, reflected the confidence in the militia by arguing that the city's "citizen-soldiers" would awe any "turbulent spirits" into submission. But in the vio­ lence two weeks later, the Democrat reported that some troops were insulted and mocked as they marched through the streets. On at least one occasion, they encountered stiff opposition, and though none were killed in the course of the rioting, militiamen were among the serious casualties. Respected outfits such as the St. Louis Grays and National Guards, whose ranks were made up of shopkeepers, craftsmen and business and professional men, were not singled out for their effectiveness any more than the less prestigious, Irish- dominated Washington Guards. They all found themselves as soldiers in battle, and not just differentiated social clubs. The Washington Guards even fought against their own Irish country-

Said City, in the Years 1855-6 (St. Louis, 1856) , 549; Mayor's Message, With Accompanying Documents, Submitted to the City Council of the City of St. Louis, At the Opening of the Second Stated Session, October 10, 1853 (St. Louis, 1853), 3. For a general survey of St. Louis policing in this period, see George A. Ketcham, "Municipal Police Reform: A Comparative Study of Law En­ forcement in Cincinnati, Chicago, New Orleans, New York, and St. Louis, 1844- 1877" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1967) . 11 Mayor's Message, With Accompanying Documents, Submitted to the City Council of the City of St. Louis, At the Opening of the Second Stated Session, October 9, 1854 (St. Louis, 1854) , 3; St. Louis Intelligencer, August 10, 1854; St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 10, 1854. 12 Hogan's comments were part of a series he wrote for the Republican entitled "Thoughts About St. Louis." It was mainly a description of business and commerce, and was later published as a book, used by the city council as a reference. See St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 25, 1854; St. Louis Mis­ souri Democrat, March 24, 1855, April 16, 1856. The National Guards were organized in 1852 by leading businessmen, and one would have to suspect the rank and file reflected its leadership. See Charles Van Ravenswaay, "Years of Turmoil, Years of Growth: St. Louis in the 1850's," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XXIII (July, 1967) , 312. The socioeconomic composition of the St. Louis Grays was deduced by using the city directory for 1854 to identify as many as possible of those listed in St. Louis Grays. Record Book, May-August, 1854, Missouri Historical Society. Less complete, but still useful, was St. Louis Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854-1856 179

The impact of the rioting was revealed on August 9 when, after two days of disorder, Mayor How issued an unprecedented call for a noon meeting of the citizenry outside the courthouse to discuss the excitement raging in the city and to propose measures to deal more effectively with the turmoil. Even before this meeting got underway, the city's businessmen had devoted their usual morning conclave at the Merchants' Exchange to the riot matters. The citizens' meeting was well attended despite a heavy rain falling throughout. The meeting was led by a bipartisan group of prominent citizens, in­ cluding John How, Luther Kennett, and the eminent financier James H. Lucas. The businessmen had passed a series of resolu­ tions at their meeting, and these resolutions were also those of the citizens' meeting. They called for the early closing of saloons until further notice and the banning of street-corner assemblages. The most enthusiastically supported resolution was the suspension of the regular police, which had proved helpless against the mobs. In a bold move that evidenced the extent of concern, the meeting created a special volunteer citizen police. The force was organized in short order and numbered over seven hundred men, ten times as many as the regular police. It was officered by many of the city's best-known and prominent citizens. The volunteers patrolled the city in small squads for several days and impressed both the Democrat and Republican with their organization and efficiency. It was this force that put an end to the disorder.13 The special police was disbanded after the threat of disorder was gone, but policing was now viewed from a different perspective. When the regular force was reorganized and reactivated, Mayor How increased its numbers and called for more diligence in the selection of policemen. He was not entirely sold on a stronger professional police and still argued for citizen volunteers in emer­ gency situations such as elections. Nonetheless a move toward professionalism continued. In October 1855, the city's new mayor, Washington King, made a strong request for a remodeled and enlarged police, and in April of the following year, the city re­ sponded with a new police ordinance. The force was increased to 167 officers and men, and even though a later amendment lowered

Washington Guards, Roll Call, 1853-1861, also at Missouri Historical Society. Ofi the militia and the rioting, see especially St. Louis Missouri Democrat, August 9, 1854, and St. Louis Intelligencer, August 11, 1854. 13 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 10, 1854; St. Louis Missouri Dem­ ocrat, August 10-12, 1854; Henry Hitchcock to Ellen Ervin, August 7-8, 1854, Hitchcock Papers. 180 Missouri Historical Review

it to just under 140, this still represented a considerable in­ crease. The day police and night watch were now organ­ ized as a single body, working in shifts, so there was now tighter coordination and no longer a gap in service in the early morning hours. The po­ lice chief was designated as a totally separate office, instead of adding this job to the duties of the city marshal. The ordi­ nance paid close attention to antiriot procedure, explicitly Washington King denoting the police chief as field commander and calling for the officers to summon every off-duty patrolman if necessary. Unlike the police ordinance of 1852, there was no explicit reliance on the citizenry to help suppress rioting.14 In his message of October 1854, Mayor How had suggested that the city enlist more precautions for election-day disturbances, such as a special police guard and the closing of the saloons. He also requested that the city press the state legislature for a tougher riot act. The current law, passed in 1853, How considered "a mere mockery." It specified that municipalities were liable for damages resulting from riots within their boundaries, and in accord with this, the city was in the process of investigating claims on the city by alleged riot victims, many of whom were probably Irish saloon­ keepers. Given the unprecedented level of destruction during the August violence, these claims upon the city must have been un­ usually numerous. Mayor How contended that if the city had to pay for such damages it should have more legal power to control mobs.15 Early in 1855, the state legislature passed a new and vigorous

14 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 19, 1854; Mayor's Message, Oc­ tober 9, 1854, 4; Mayor's Message, With Accompanying Documents, Submitted to the City Council of the City of St. Louis, At the Opening of the Second Stated Session, October 8, 1855 (St. Louis, 1855) , 5; Chester, Ordinances of St. Louis, 592-603; Ketcham, "Municipal Police Reform," 122-124. 15 Mayor's Message, October 9, 1854, 3-4; St. Louis Board of Delegates, Tuesday, October 10, 1854, manuscript journal, microfilm, in St. Louis City Archives, City Hall. Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854-1856 181 riot act, with the full support of the representatives from St. Louis City and County. The new law applied only to St. Louis County, indicating that its origin emanated from the riot of 1854. The law made more explicit the obligations of city officials to suppress dis­ turbances, and it released them and all their deputies from guilt in the event rioters were killed or wounded while resisting the au­ thorities. Wide powers were delegated to city and town mayors during emergency situations such as elections, including the right to close saloons for up to thirty-six hours and to institute curfews. Convicted rioters were now primarily liable for damages instead of the city, and riot victims had to seek prosecution of alleged rioters before they could make claims on the city.16 Later that year, the city passed an ordinance that provided for further controls over elections by detailing procedures to cut down on ballot steal­ ing and voting fraud. The ordinance also instructed officials to "station suitable and sufficient number of police officers at each place of holding an election, for the purpose of preserving order and decorum, and to enforce the lawful commands of the judges of the elections."17

16 Journal of the House of Representatives, Mo. 18th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1855), 420, 477, 487, 490, 497; Journal of the Senate, Mo. 18th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1855), 373, 381, 387; Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the First Session of the Eighteenth General Assembly (Jef­ ferson City, 1855), 455-458. On the relationship between the riot of 1854 and the new law, see also John F. Darby, Personal Recollections of Many Prominent People I have Known, and of Events—Especially of those Relating to the History of St. Louis—During the First Half of the Present Century (St. Louis, 1880), 436-437. 17 Chester, Ordinances of St. Louis, 403-407.

Voting at a Well-Policed Election 182 Missouri Historical Review

The city carried a new concern for order into the mayoral campaigns of 1855 and 1856, both of which involved an emotional race between the Democrats and the Know-Nothings. The election in 1855 was held barely a month after the legislature had enacted the riot law, and Mayor How used it to order the saloons closed and a curfew for boys, who were often accused of precipitating disorder at the polls. He also stationed a heavy police guard at the polls and deputized an additional 150 men, who were given clubs and police badges to be displayed on their caps. The election went off without even a "paltry street fight," and the Republican, which had printed an anonymous letter just before the election urging order and reminding the citizenry of the new riot law, seemed to feel that the shocking effect of the August disorders, the determined action of the mayor and the new state law were all important de­ terrents.18 At the elections of 1856 the precautions were even more ex­ tensive, further buttressed by the recent city ordinance on elections. John How, who had not run in 1855, was seeking to regain the mayoralty from Washington King and the Know-Nothings. The campaign was heated, and the Know-Nothing St. Louis Intelligencer even brought up the rioting of 1854 in an effort to discredit How, who was accused of foreignizing the government and the police at that time and thereby inciting outraged native-American citizens to violence. This was inflammatory talk, and the Republican, which no longer supported the Know-Nothings and now denounced their demagogic rhetoric, made a plea for order on election day. The Democrat did likewise. Mayor King fulfilled his own obligations by issuing a public proclamation just before the election reminding the citizenry of the riot law's strict provisions on unlawful as­ sembly and disobeying the authorities. As did How the year before, King declared a curfew for minors and closed all the saloons and liquor shops for the duration of the election. At the urging of a bipartisan group of prominent citizens, King even agreed to deputize a force of twenty men from each political party to be stationed at each poll. Once again there was a peaceful election. The Republican argued that it was more than just precautions that had kept order, it was that "the people themselves seemed deter­ mined to discountenance any conduct likely to bring about a colli­ sion at the polls." "The sentiments of our community," added the

18 St. Louis Missouri Republican, March 29, April 2-3, 1855. Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854-1856 183

Democrat, "revolted at the idea of a renewal of the scenes that had disgraced this city on a previous occasion. It was felt that the interests of St. Louis demanded the maintenance of Law and Order."19 The series of developments following the riot of 1854 do not represent as profound a change as it would seem. The unprece­ dented citizens' meeting on August 9, 1854, turned out to be as much as anything, a nativist rally. The evidence suggests that the decision to suspend the regular police was prompted by displeasure with the increasing number of Irishmen on the force. In addition to the nativist implications, it must be remembered that a sus­ pension of police service in favor of citizen volunteers was still another expression of that distaste for professionalism that marked St. Louis's past. This was particularly evident at the meeting of businessmen, prior to the public assembly, when a suggestion for summoning federal troops was soundly overruled. Indeed, the Re­ publican at the time echoed this preference for volunteers and asserted that a force of prominent citizens would command more respect than any professional force in time of crisis. It reminded its readers that "not another city, of even half the size, expends a smaller sum or requires a lighter police for the maintenance of order" than did St. Louis.20 Furthermore, the special volunteer forces created for the elections in 1855 and 1856 continued the linkage between order-keeping and the citizenry. Indeed, the deputizing of men from each party for each poll in 1856 merely legitimized the party "vigilantes" who had always turned out at the polls. Even the police reform carried out over the course of the next two years had similar overtones. The principal efforts were the handiwork of Mayor King and the Know-Nothings, and there were political considerations no doubt in mind, especially the desire to suppress the foreigners. Thus an improved police could enforce the Sunday liquor laws that the nativists aimed at the Germans and Irish, and in general serve as an arm of the nativist city government which had been swept into office in 1855. Perhaps for this reason King included in his police proposals a plea for appointments on good behavior, rather than on a yearly basis. In

19 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, April 2, 8, 1856; St. Louis Missouri Repub­ lican, April 1, 8, 1856; comments concerning the Intelligencer in St. Louis Mis­ souri Republican, March 26, 1856, and St. Louis Missouri Democrat, March 28, 1856. 20 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 10, 1854. 184 Missouri Historical Review that way a return to power of the Irish-backed Democrats would not bring back a foreignized police. That King still saw policemen as political tools was demonstrated in the election of August 1855, when he reportedly had them out on the corners distributing Know-Nothing ballots. In addition, the election ordinance of 1855 sought to control disorder by increasing police protection, but its elaborate safeguards against fraud had a basis in the standard concerns about irregularities with immigrant naturalizations and the Democratic vote. It should be noted that even King's request for an independent office of police chief may have been related to the failure of the Know-Nothings to defeat the incumbent Demo­ cratic city marshal in the election of 1855 and therefore to gain full control over the police.21 Nonetheless, it would be a mistake not to suggest that St. Louis had taken some important steps in the year or two after the riot of 1854. It was clear that the city was trying to loosen the grip of mobbism on the election process. There was also a trend away from the citizen-order associated with the volunteer age. By mid- 1856, the professional police was much larger, more carefully or­ ganized, and with the separate office of police chief, implicitly more specialized. It was now expected that rioting in progress would be handled only by the police professionals. Finally, there is evidence many St. Louisans were developing

21 Mayor's Message, October 8, 1855, 5; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, Au­ gust 6, 1855; Chester, Ordinances of St. Louis, 403-407; St. Louis Missouri Re­ publican, April 4, 1855.

Arrival of Immigrants Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854-1856 185 a concern that public disorders endangered the city's economic vitality and attractiveness. At a time when St. Louis was engaged in fierce industrial and commercial competition with Chicago, this may have indeed been a most influential factor. In the rioting of 1854, the leadership of the business and commercial elements in seeking order was clearly demonstrated, especially at the meetings on August 9. At his inaugural in 1855, Mayor King specifically linked police reform to the city's economic prosperity, noting the value to manufacturing and commerce of an "orderly, clean, and healthy city." Just before the city election of 1856, the Republican printed a timely anonymous letter which reminded St. Louisans that "the prosperity of our city, its increase in business, the en­ hancement in the value of its property . . . depend upon the pres­ ervation of order at our elections." At the same time, the Demo­ crat argued that at stake was the city's "reputation" and her whole future prosperity. Vituperative campaign rhetoric and resultant disorder, it concluded, "will have the same result here in retarding the growth of our city that it exerted many years ago in paralising [sic~\ the industry of Philadelphia, and we may bid adieu to all hope of ever making this the metropolis of the wealth and trade and commerce of the valley of the Mississippi."22 In short, not only did St. Louisans desire more public order and police professional­ ism in the wake of the disorders of 1854, but they also sensed that the effort was truly worth it.

22 ibid., April 11, 1855, April 2, 1856; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, April 2, 1856. On the St. Louis-Chicago rivalry, see Wyatt W. Belcher, The Economic Rivalry Between St. Louis and Chicago, 1850-1880 (New York, 1947). The ref­ erence to Philadelphia by the Democrat was to the native-American riots of May and July 1844. Philadelphia's "industry" was indeed disrupted by the rioting, and this contributed to the same sort of concern evidenced in St. Louis. See Michael J. Feldberg. "The Philadelphia Riots of 1844: A Social History" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rochester, New York, 1970) .

Stocks of Freaks Increased Kingston Hampton's Mercury, July 16, 1909. A husband and wife ran a freak show in a certain provincial town, but unfortunately they quarreled, and the exhibits were equally divided between them. The wife decided to continue business as an exhibitor at the old address, but the husband went on tour. After some years' wandering the prodigal returned, and a reconciliation took place, as the result of which they became business partners once more. A few mornings afterward the people of the neighborhood were sent into fits of laughter on reading the following notice in the papers: "By the return of my husband, my stock of freaks has been permanently increased." "Yours Very Truly, Thos. T. Crittenden": A Missouri Democrat's Observations of the Election of 1896

BY P. JOSEPH POWERS*

The free silver movement was a unique phenomenon in Ameri­ can political life. Its origins lay in the Greenback movement and other agrarian protests of the late 1870s. The demand for silver coinage generated many organizations, both large and small, and two national political parties. Free silver forces captured the Democratic party in 1896 and put forward a silverite platform and

*P. Joseph Powers received the B.A. degree in History and Political Science from Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau and the M.A. degree in History from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. He is presently a doctoral fellow in History at Southern Illinois University. 186 Observations of the Election of 1896 187

candidate. That political campaign was the climax of the move­ ment which quickly subsided. Missourians, with their traditional sympathy for "cheap money/' figured prominently in the free silver agitation. United States Congressman Richard Parks Bland was the acknowledged leader of free silver forces and had a large following. He entered the House in 1873 and served continuously (with the exception of 1895-1897) until his death in 1899. Although not a politician of the back-slapping variety, Bland was known throughout his state and the nation as "Silver Dick." The battle for the free coinage of silver and gold at a ratio of 16 to 1 began in 1873, at the very start of Bland's congressional career. An act of Congress in that year discontinued the coinage of silver and put the United States exclusively on the gold standard. This "Crime of 1873" became the bogey of the silverites. The United States, they asserted, was traditionally a bimetalic nation. Excluding silver from coinage would cause a dangerous de­ flationary spiral. Money value would rise as money supply fell. Prices, particularly for agricultural products, would also drop. The American monetary supply would be controlled by the bankers of New York and London. The farmer and the workingman of the United States would suffer while Wall Street prospered. This was the silverite prophecy.1 Despite such victories as the Bland-Allison Act in 1878 and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, silver forces were only partially successful.2 In 1893, President Grover Cleveland engi­ neered the repeal of the Sherman act in order to protect the gold reserves and the standard itself. Silverites were furious. Many western and southern Democrats split with the president and de­ manded 16 to 1 coinage.3 The battle, which was to climax in No­ vember 1896, had commenced. One of Bland's many supporters was Thomas T. Crittenden of Warrensburg, Missouri. Crittenden served in the United States House of Representatives during the 43rd and 45th congresses (1873-1875; 1877-1879). In his autobiography, written shortly before his death in 1909, he wrote, "I voted for every measure

i David March, The History of Missouri (New York, 1967), II, 1185. 2 William V. Byars, "An American Commoner": The Life and Times of Richard Parks Bland (St. Louis, 1900) , passim, Chap. XII; March, History of Missouri, 1186-1187. 3 William Jennings Bryan, The First Battle: A Story of the Campaign of 1896 (Chicago, 1896), passim, Chap. II. 188 Missouri Historical Review favoring the free coinage of silver ever presented by Richard P. Bland, or any other statesman. . . ."4 This assertion is borne out by an examination of the Congressional Record of the period. Crittenden spoke frequently in favor of the Bland-Allison Act. His views would not change markedly for nearly twenty years, as governor of Missouri (1881-1885) or in his private law practice. In April 1893, President Cleveland appointed Crittenden to the post of United States consul general at Mexico City. As was common in the days before State Department reform, Crittenden knew little of Mexico, its government, economy, language or cus­ toms. He learned much in the next four years. His views had not changed in August 1893, when he wrote to Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham concerning the silver controversy. "I am a silver man," he said, "and believe in an increased ratio. I know nothing . . . that would so tend to bind this country [Mexico] and the whole South American States to the United States than a reasonable action upon silver."5 Being a consular officer Crittenden became familiar with Mexican economics and finance. Mexico was a silver standard nation, gold being used solely as a commodity. What Crittenden learned about the Mexican economy changed his thinking about the silver question in the United States. He believed that the silver standard was to blame for Mexico's backward economy. Cheap money meant low wages and a generally depressed economy and standard of living. Mexico was unable to shake this cycle be­ cause of the "white dollar." Thus Crittenden began to doubt the wisdom of free silver coinage. By the time of the 1896 campaign, the consul general was committed to a "sound money" currency. He expressed his position frequently in newspaper interviews and in his private correspond­ ence, which provided an inside view of his party's struggles. Consul General Crittenden's home state was politically divided. The struggle for control within the Democratic party was the most important issue in the Missouri campaign. As early as the spring of 1894, Missouri Democrats had separated into two wings. The rebel silverites were led by Bland and Governor William Joel Stone. Gold forces, which controlled the party apparatus,

4H. H. Crittenden, The Crittenden Memoirs (New York, 1936), 47. 5 Dispatches From U.S. Consuls in Mexico City, Mexico 1822-1906, U.S. Department of State, Microcopy 296 (Washington, D.C., 1961), unnumbered letter, Thomas T. Crittenden to Walter Q. Gresham, August 16, 1893. Observations of the Election of 1896 189

\ - &£&*'

.,'*' -' *.i:'/.;*.'< ,\ TH€' %h%%m%% '0F.Y0UT8. , " v ;,.:, v; V '-/'.''/J )mm:mtMh^ aa&swr m m%% m two *** *£# urn. m 'AM> vm, vttau* n%/iMi»,yj^M,fM^\" Harper's, Sept. 26, 1896 190 Missouri Historical Review

were headed by former governor David Rowland Francis and Charles C. Maffitt, chairman of the state Democratic central com­ mittee. The ensuing conflict between these opposing Democratic groups not only reflected a political conflict in Missouri, but it exemplified a nationwide conflict within the party. In the spring of 1895 Missouri silver forces pressed for a state convention so they could air their views. The state central committee, however, refused to call such a meeting. Finally, under pressure from county Democratic organizations and a statewide convention of free silver newspaper editors, the committee yielded to the demand for a state convention. The Democrats met on August 6, 1895, at Pertle Springs, a resort near Warrensburg. From the beginning of the delegate selection silverites were in complete control.6 Chairman Maffitt was absent due to illness and Bland was selected acting chairman. In the absence of any gold strength, the silverites passed a series of resolutions endorsing free silver coinage. During the convention the Bland forces also gained control of the state central committee by packing it with nineteen new free silver members. Selection of the committee chairman was taken out of the committee's hands and put under the control of the state con­ vention to insure a silverite chairman in the future. Finally, the silverites called for a state convention in April 1896, to choose delegates to the Democratic National Convention. When the dele­ gates left Pertle Springs the next day, the silverites controlled the party machinery.7 The prosilver St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the Democratic gathering a truly representative group. According to that paper, the action taken regarding the state central committee was both "conservative and considerate."8 The Republican St. Louis Globe- Democrat and the "sound money" St. Louis Republic on the other hand considered the packing of the committee virtually illegal.9 Whether legal or not, the gold Democrats were unable to keep the new members off the committee. Instead, while silverites intensified their campaign, Francis, Maffitt and their supporters renewed

6 Maynard G. Redfield, "The Political Campaign of 1896 in Missouri" (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1946), 5-12. 7 Kansas City Star, August 6-7, 1895. 8 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 7, 1895. 9 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 7, 1895. Observations of the Election of 1896 191

St. Louis Post-Disp., April 12, 1896 efforts to secure backing for President Cleveland and "sound money."10 In a November 15, 1895, interview published in the Mexico City Mexican Herald, an English language newspaper, Crittenden expressed concern over the dilemma facing his party. It was time, he stated, for Democrats to cease "the fatal policy of division amongst themselves" when faced with such a formidable enemy. "No party in the United States can ever succeed which turns its guns on itself." He went on to predict that the Republicans would nominate William McKinley at their June 1896 national con­ vention.11 In correspondence to John A. Knott, editor of the Hannibal Journal, Crittenden urged the silverites to be moderate in their de­ mands. If extremists gained control of the party and passed extreme

lORedfield, "Political Campaign of 1896," 20-25. 11 Mexico City Mexican Herald, November 15, 1895. 192 Missouri Historical Review silver resolutions, then many Democrats would throw their sup­ port to the Republican party. "We will have a hard fight in Mis­ souri this fall to carry the state, even under the most favorable circumstances. If the state is lost to the Democracy, then it will take many years to recover it."12 He also defended his former law partner, United States Senator Francis Marion Cockrell. An ad­ vocate of silver, Cockrell nevertheless urged moderation and unity in the campaign. For this he was under fire from party extremists.13 As the 1896 campaign progressed exchanges between opposing Democrats became more heated. In February Senator George Graham Vest of Missouri made an eloquent speech against the nation's administration. Secretary of Agriculture J. Sterling Morton was Vest's chief target. Shortly afterward, in a letter to Missouri editor William F. Switzler, Crittenden praised Vest's eloquence, but criticized the attack on Morton. What good, he asked, could come from making such an attack on a fellow Democrat? Crit­ tenden made a perceptive comparison of the two major parties. "Democrats do not hold together like Republicans," he told Switz­ ler. "A Republican in the eyes of a Republican, however unman­ ageable and 'off-colored' can do no wrong, always standing in full faith and fellowship with the brethren; whilst a Democrat, in the eyes of a brother Democrat, however virtuous and clean, if dif­ fering on any policy, is a rogue, a scoundrel, and hated worse than any violator of the law. No party can live in success and prosperity under such a course." Crittenden regretted that he and Switzler should come to a parting of the ways on the silver question, but vowed he would support the party nominee, whomever he might be.14 It was crucial that Missouri Democrats exercise a degree of liberality in their upcoming state convention. There were thousands of Democrats and independent voters in the state whose support would necessitate some compromise and consideration. The 1896 campaign, Crittenden told state Democratic committeeman Harvey W. Salman, was the most extraordinary crisis the party had faced in decades. The silverites were clearly in the majority. They threat-

12 Thomas T. Crittenden to John A. Knott, January 30, 1896, in Thomas Theodore Crittenden Papers, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, Uni­ versity of Missouri-Columbia. 13 Crittenden to H. F. Simrall, February 1, 1896, Crittenden Papers. See also Francis M. Cockrell II, The Senator from Missouri: The Life and Times of Francis Marion Cockrell (New York, 1962) , 59-66. 14 Crittenden to William F. Switzler, February 18, 1896, Crittenden Papers. Observations of the Election of 1896 193 ened, moreover, to run rough shod over the minority "sound money" supporters. The ma­ jority of the Democrats, he cautioned, certainly needed the backing of the minority mem­ bers.15 On the money question Crit­ tenden urged his follow Demo­ crats to reach a parity com­ promise. This was wise both politically and for the financial well-being of the nation. On March 2, he wrote fellow Dem­ ocrat O. P. H. Cutman that: "We cannot elect on gold alone, we cannot elect on silver Richard P. Bland alone, we cannot elect on paper alone—but we can on 'sound money' of silver and paper at a parity with gold." To round out the platform Crittenden endorsed traditional ideals of conservative Democrats: "just taxation, economy in expenditure of public moneys, honesty in the discharge of official duty, and the preservation of in­ dividual liberty and the rights of the states." State goals should be subordinated to national ones in the campaign. Victory for the party was more important than the advancement of a particular per­ son's ideas.16 On April 15, 1896, Missouri Democrats met at Sedalia to se­ lect delegates to the national convention at Chicago. The state convention was deliberately scheduled three months prior to the national meeting, making it one of the earliest delegate selections in the country. Missouri silverites hoped that their convention would be the keynote and would influence other states of the West and South.17 At a caucus before the convention, delegates persuaded Rich­ ard P. Bland to offer himself for the Democratic presidential nom­ ination. The caucus also agreed to disallow any delegates to the national convention who refused to give their full support to free

15 Crittenden to Harvey W. Salman, March 2, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 16 Crittenden to O.P.H. Cutman, March 2, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 17 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 16, 1896. 194 Missouri Historical Review

silver. Since congressional dis­ trict delegates were already elected, this meant removing legally constituted delegates with whom the silver majority disagreed. Crittenden's warning against disregarding the minority went unheeded. Only one "sound money" man was elected as a national delegate. He was Charles C. Maffitt, chairman of the state central committee. Maffitt had been elected, along with a silverite, from the Charles C. Maffitt twelfth congressional district of St. Louis. When asked his views on the free coinage of silver, Maffitt declared that he was opposed to it. Governor Stone immediately called for Maffitt's exclusion. During the debate silverite Nicholas Bell, who did go to Chicago, threw a glass of water in Maffitt's face to show his contempt for the chairman. The St. Louis delegation left the con­ vention as a body one hour before adjournment and the conven­ tion replaced Maffitt with a silver delegate.18 The state Democratic platform was identical with that of the Pertle Springs convention, with the addition of Bland's nomination for president. The convention called for the free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at a ratio of 16 to 1. Opposition was voiced to "corporation credit currency" and to any control of the nation's finances by private banking houses. The issuance of in­ terest bearing bonds during peace time was also denounced. Dele­ gates were pledged to the unit rule and could only vote for reso­ lutions and candidates compatible with the state platform.19 Within a week Crittenden sent his hearty congratulations to Bland. "Had I been a delegate to that convention, believing what the dominant element of the convention did on silver, I too would have shouted loud and long for Dick Bland." Crittenden reiterated

18 Kansas City Star, April 15-16, 1896. instate of Missouri, Official Manual, 1897-1898 (Tefferson City, 1897}, 522-523. 7 ' Observations of the Election of 1896 195 his opposition to free silver, but wished Bland success in his cam­ paign.20 Two days after the convention Charles C. Maffitt resigned as central committee chairman. He claimed to have made the decision before the convention, but stated that he planned to contest his removal as a delegate when the national convention met at Chicago. He was never seated as a delegate. Maffitt's friends predicted that the Democrats would lose St. Louis by 20,000 votes in the fall election.21 "I regret you men were treated with such indifference at the Sedalia Convention," Crittenden wrote to Maffitt on April 22. Crittenden believed that the "fair and reflecting men" on all sides would still respect Maffitt. During the period of Radical control under the Drake Constitution, Crittenden recalled, Missouri Demo­ crats were forbidden free thought and expression. Now fellow Democrats were the source of repression. The silver leaders would eventually regret their actions. Crittenden expressed the hope that, should the national convention reverse Missouri on one or more points, the silverites would submit as gracefully as did the "sound money" men at Sedalia.22 Thomas Crittenden's correspondence reflected a sharp division, and some confusion, in his feelings. On the one hand he was a devoted partisan. Having la­ bored for the Democratic party for years he was not disposed Maecenas E. Benton, to desert. The actions of the sil­ Presiding Officer, Sedalia Convention verites, however, so disturbed him that he was sure the Re­ publicans would win. Indeed, Crittenden welcomed such a victory if his party fell to the 16 to 1 forces. In his own words he was like the "old North Carolina [Civil War]

20 Crittenden to Richard P. Bland, April 21, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 21 Kansas City Star, April 17, 1896. The Democrats failed to carry St. Louis city and county by 18,324 votes. See Official Manual, 1897- 1898, 11. 22 Crittenden to Charles C. Maf­ fitt, April 22, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 196 Missouri Historical Review

soldier—shooting on the one side and praying for the other . . . "23 In his public statements Crittenden continued as a loyal and cheer­ ful Democrat; privately, he predicted defeat for the party.24 Crittenden appealed to Maecenas E. Benton to harmonize the divided Democrats in Missouri. Benton was in a unique position to do this. A moderate silverite, Benton had been the presiding officer at the Sedalia convention and was elected as a delegate to the Chicago convention. He was well respected throughout the state. If something was not done soon, defeat would be inevitable. "There is a wisdom stronger than passion," Crittenden declared. "There is a party statesmanship—as great—as essential as a Na­ tional statesmanship on National subjects. Now is the time to ex­ ercise that broader sense of fashion—broader liberality in our own ranks . . . ." Crittenden repeated his pledge to support whomever the party nominated. "I am too old to be a bolter . . . ."25 In June 1896, the Republican National Convention met in St. Louis. As Thomas Crittenden predicted seven months earlier, William McKinley of Ohio was chosen as the standard bearer. McKinley stood on a "sound money" platform, diametrically op­ posed to the demands of the 16 to 1 forces. Crittenden privately predicted that McKinley would be elected president "handsdown." Writing to Joseph A. Robertson at Monterrey, Mexico, Crittenden stated that, fust, McKinley would receive a majority of the elec­ toral vote, second, he would receive more electoral votes than the Democrats and Populists combined, and third, he would get double the electoral vote of the Democratic nominee alone.26 By mid-June 1896, the silverites were obviously in control in Missouri and were making great gains nationally. A silverite victory at Chicago was imminent. If they continued to mistreat those "who do not swallow the 16 to 1 silver dose without making a wry face," the Democracy would lose considerable support. Many Democrats would vote Republican and many others would simply "go fish­ ing" on election day.27 The Democratic National Convention opened at Chicago on July 7, 1896. The large majority of delegates were pledged to free

23 Crittenden to Frank M. Lowe, March 7, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 24 Crittenden's defeatist beliefs are expressed in his correspondence to Joseph A. Robertson, S. B. Elkins and Frank M. Lowe. See footnotes 26, 27 and 31, below. 25 Crittenden to Maecenas E. Benton, April 22, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 26 Crittenden to Joseph A. Robertson, June 19, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 27 Crittenden to S. B. Elkins, June 18, 1896, Crittenden Papers. Observations of the Election of 1896 197

Chicago Coliseum, Site of Democratic National Convention silver at 16 to 1. Silverites were victorious in credentials fights and in the platform committee. Attempts by a few "sound money" delegates to amend the platform were soundly defeated. Strongly held convictions made compromise impossible. Missouri voted solidly with the silver majority.28 Richard P. Bland led in the first three ballots for the presi­ dential nomination. Even his opposition press predicted a Bland victory.29 Nomination, however, required a two-thirds vote. This rule gave Nebraska's William Jennings Bryan time to build up behind the scenes support. When Bryan delivered his famous "Cross of Gold" speech he started a shift in the convention which soon led to his nomination on the fifth ballot. When the roll call reached Missouri on the fifth ballot Governor Stone announced that Bland had withdrawn. Bland considered a silver victory more important than his own candidacy. When he was later considered for the Democratic vice presidential nomination and for governor of Missouri, Bland refused. This refusal seems to have been more

28 Bryan, The First Battle, 197-207. 29 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 8, 1896; Kansas City Star, July 8, 1896. 198 Missouri Historical Review for personal than political reasons. Bland was not a particularly ambitious politician. Since Bryan, a silverite, had won the Demo­ cratic presidential nomination, Bland was content to continue the battle for silver in the House of Representatives.30 Crittenden did not hesitate to express his disgust at the actions of the Chicago convention. Although a silver victory had been inevitable, he had held out hope for some sort of compromise in the platform or on the nominee. He wrote heatedly to Frank Lowe of Kansas City. This is the most fearful blow the Democratic Party has received. That at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860 was bad enough—this is worse—in light of past history. Their folly ended in blood before; it will in bankruptcy and suffering this time .... No fair, impartial, considerate Democrat in his cooler moments can justify the action of the Chicago Convention .... No one ideal, one eyed party ever did, nor ever can, succeed in the U.S.! This will be shown in November! Wait and see!31 Crittenden's opinion of the platform did not change. The more he learned about Bryan, however, the more confidence he had in the Democratic ticket. Bryan was evidently a man of great ability and persuasive eloquence. If he were a Presbyterian as the press reported, then he could not go far astray! "And there is nothing more pacifying and conservative than that 'Big Chair of State/" As for the Chicago platform, "the worst thing he [Bryan] could do would be to kick about 2/3rds of it into some dusty corner."32 Being a partisan, Crittenden was opposed to bolters. Many Democrats were leaving the party either for the Republican ranks or into the "sound money" National Democratic party. As Critten­ den told W. C. James in July 1896, a third ticket would not amount to anything.33 The National Democrats, who nominated John M. Palmer of Illinois for president, polled only 2,364 notes in Mis­ souri and 134,762 nationwide.34 They were hardly a major factor in the election. Of more importance was the desertion of gold Democrats to the Republican party. It is impossible to gauge the extent and

30 Bryan, The First Battle, 210 ff.; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 10, 1896; Official Manual, 1897-1898, contains the complete texts of both the Sedalia and Chicago platforms. 31 Crittenden to Frank M. Lowe, July 11, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 32 Crittenden to W. C. James, July 20, 1896, Crittenden Papers. 33 ibid. 34 Official Manual, 1897-1898, 7. Observations of the Election of 1896 199 effect of this shift without a quantitative analysis. However, from examining the newspapers of the day it is evident that a number of prominent Democrats were leaving the party. They undoubtedly took many rank and file members with them. One of the most outspoken gold Democrats to leave the party in Missouri was General Joseph O. Shelby, United States marshall in Missouri and former confederate cavalry commander. Shelby based his party shift on the premise that Bryan and the Chicago platform were a betrayal of traditional Democratic ideals. In a letter in the Kansas City Times, July 18, 1896, Shelby announced his intention to bolt the party. General Shelby and Consul General Crittenden were long-time friends. Crittenden hastened to set his fellow Democrat straight. It won't do to desert a political party because there are hasty and inconsiderate people in it. The personnel of the Chicago convention was unobjectionable; Many of them our personal friends; Many old gray-headed men, whose faith and hope are in the preservation of the government and the Democratic Party. They believe in the virtue of silver, at a ratio of 16 to 1, and since they constituted a majority, they had the right to control. This is Democratic, and we should "take our medicine," like good soldiers and good partisans.35 Crittenden went on to express his confidence in Bryan's common sense and conservatism. The nominee was slowly, by his personal­ ity and speeches, divesting the platform or some of its most ob­ jectionable features. Crittenden did endorse the platform in its determination to keep federal finances out of the hands of Wall Street. As for the silver question, the ratio, reflecting increased gold production, would eventually reach a parity level. "Gold and silver each have had their ups and downs in the past, and if left alone by the manipulators may again become the dual coins of the world's counters." Crittenden concluded that if he felt that Bryan and the Democratic party posed a threat to the American way of life, then he would not hesitate to desert. However, since he saw no such danger, he would give the party his full support.36 Shelby soon made a cordial reply. He interpreted Crittenden's letter as the consul general's endorsement of free silver, despite his

35 Crittenden to Joseph O. Shelby, July 25, 1896 (clipping from Kansas City Times, n.d.), Crittenden Papers. 36 Ibid. 200 Missouri Historical Review protestations to the contrary. Shelby recalled that Crittenden had been a Whig and had left that party when it merged with the Know-Nothing party. Crittenden had also deserted family and party friends to defend the Union in 1861. These were desertions prompted by deep convictions. Since the Democratic party was currently controlled by anarchists and Populists, conscience dic­ tated that loyal Democrats should desert it.37 Late in 1896, Crittenden nearly became a political campaign casualty. Early in September he filed a lengthy report with the department of state concerning commercial and industrial affairs in Mexico. At the same time he released the substance of the re­ port to the New York Journal for publication. Crittenden believed that public knowledge of certain facts and figures could stimulate American investment in Mexico. The letter was published on Sep­ tember 14. Four days later Crittenden was censured by the de­ partment for releasing official information before sending it to Washington.38 Crittenden was immediately made a martyr of the free silver cause. The Journal stated that the real reason he was censured was because of remarks favorable to the Mexican silver standard. The administration was attempting to force Crittenden cut of office on a technicality. Had the information been favorable to the adminis­ tration, nothing would have been heard from Washington. The censure would undoubtedly lead to his resignation.39 The Mexican Herald took up Crittenden's defense and praised him for defying Secretary of State Richard Ol- ney and the rest of the admin­ William J. Bryan istration.40 The anti-Bryan, proadminis- tration Kansas City Star also took up the controversy. It speculated that Crittenden ap-

37 Shelby to Crittenden (clipping from Kansas City Times, n.d.), Crit­ tenden Papers. 38 "Instructions to U.S. Consuls in Mexico City, Mexico 1893-1897," U.S. Department of State (unpub­ lished, National Archives, Washing­ ton, D.C.) , #84, September 18, 1896. 39 New York [City, N.Y.] Jour­ nal, October 9, 1896. 40 Mexico City Mexican Herald, October 22, 1896. Observations of the Election of 1896 201 parently wanted to be removed from his post and become a martyr for the free silver cause. He could then capture a seat in the United States Senate. Even if Bryan were defeated, Missouri would cer­ tainly go Democratic. Crittenden wanted to be on the winning side.41 In an interview on October 8, the Star seized upon Critten­ den's remarks concerning American trade. The United States, he said, could increase its trade if reasonable action were taken on silver coinage. Although his remarks were far from an endorsement of free silver, the Star ridiculed him for his "change" in views.42 While various newspapers were praising or reviling Crittenden for his supposed free silver views, the consul general remained calm. He repeatedly told pro- and antisilver people that the censure was on a technical point and had nothing to do with the silver ques­ tion. He had spoken favorably of the Mexican silver standard, but that had no connection with American politics or finances. "There is no use comparing Mexico and the United States," he told a reporter for the St. Louis Republic. "It would be like comparing the apple and the orange. The orange is much more developed than the apple and such is the condition of the United States as compared with Mexico." As for his resignation, Crittenden denied that it was forthcoming or that it had even been requested.43 If Crittenden were seeking martyrdom, as the Kansas City Star sug­ gested, he was not working very hard at it. The country went to the polls on November 7, 1896. William McKinley was elected by a wide electoral majority, 271 votes to Bryan's 176. The National Democrats may have robbed Bryan of victory in California and Kentucky, but that did not lose the elec­ tion for him. Bryan himself later computed that strategic changes in the popular vote, amounting to 19,436 votes in six states, would have given him an electoral majority of one.44 Despite such opti­ mistic computations, the 1896 campaign was the last hurrah for the free silver movement. When William Jennings Bryan ran for the presidency again in 1900, imperialism had replaced free silver as the major campaign issue. Missouri went solidly Democratic in 1896, as was its usual course.45 Richard P. Bland returned to Congress, but spent his

41 Kansas City Star, October 6, 1896. 42 ibid., October 7, 1896. 43 St. Louis Republic, as cited in Mexico City Mexican Herald, October 22, 1896. 44 Bryan, The First Battle, 611. 45 Official Manual, 1897-1898, 7. Missouri's popular vote was divided as fol- 202 Missouri Historical Review

last years in frustration. His comrade-in-arms. Governor Stone, was later elected to the United States Senate. Demo­ cratic control of the state did weaken in the future. Missouri became "The Mysterious Stranger" in the Republican ranks when the state went for Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. In 1908 Missouri elected its first Republican governor in dec­ ades and the state did not re­ turn solidly to the Democratic party until the 1930s. Thomas Crittenden tendered his resignation as consul gen­ eral on March 4, 1897, the day This sketch of William McKin­ ley by Jacques Reich appeared in of William McKinley's inaug­ Modern View, 1928. uration. Following his return to Kansas City in August 1897, and until his death in 1909, he served as a federal referee in bank­ ruptcy. In his autobiography he reflected on the free silver move­ ment and his early role in it. At this late date I am much inclined to doubt whether our course in reference to silver was wise, and whether we had not better devoted our time and talent to some other measure or measures of greater importance. Time has demonstrated that silver, whilst a good and necessary sub­ sidiary coin, is not and should not be one of the standard coins of our country. . . . From the present standpoint I am induced to say he [Richard P. Bland] wasted much time in his worship of the condemned metal. Had he de­ voted his mind in other channels with the same assiduity and tenacity he might have been more successful in politi­ cal life and left a greater name.46 Thomas Crittenden was only one of many Democrats who remained loyal to the party despite the "16 to 1 heresy" of 1896. He was, however, a unique observer of events. His residence in lows: Bryan—363,667; McKinley—304,940; Palmer—2,364. Missouri cast all its 17 electoral votes for Bryan. 46 Crittenden, Memoirs, 47-48. Observations of the Election of 1896 203

Mexico, where he witnessed "free silver" in action, and his recent defection from the silverite camp gave Crittenden a different per­ spective than most long-term gold Democrats. Crittenden's cor­ respondence shows that he was farsighted in his advice to fellow Democrats. However, they chose to ignore that advice and were defeated. Other conservative Democrats were ignored by their party in 1896 and many voiced their opinions strongly within and without the party ranks. Nevertheless, Thomas Crittenden's observations, coming as they did from a man who only a few years earlier had been an ardent supporter of "free silver," present an added insight into the silverite campaign and the internal struggles of the Demo­ cratic party.

Missouri Road Magnets At Work Missouri Magazine, July-August, 1933. Savings for the automobile owners who frequent Missouri gravel roads have amounted to approximately one-half million dollars per year, since 1929, because of the housewifely habit of the state highway department in tidying up and picking up all scrap metal in daily trips over these roads. More than 185 pounds of nails, bottle caps, bolts, wires, and other metal refuse have been removed daily. In 1932 a total of fourteen tons of scrap was removed from the state's 7,000 miles of gravel surfaced highways. The cleaning-up process is accomplished by a trio of 960-pound magnets hung under a two-ton truck, operated by one man. The outfit was assembled by mechanics of the state highway department and apparently accomplishes the work efficiently as the factory-made equipment used by some other states in the same way. The big truck covers seven feet of surface in one trip and three trips over the same stretch of road are necessary to thoroughly clean the surface of metal menaces to automobile tires. The amount of metal scrap scattered along the gravel-surfaced highways decreases each year because of the constant process of salvaging carried on by the big magnets. In May, 1931, they picked up approximately 180 pounds of small metal objects in a daily operation. In May of the next year but 931/2 pounds was the daily average. In May, 1933, the equipment picked up a total of 2,430 pounds of various kinds of metal. In the three years in which the state highway department has operated its "road magnets" collecting nails, jagged tin plates, and other bits of metal which cause blowouts, the daily haul has dropped nearly one-half. But all gravel roads in the state are covered by the big truck which is a service to the thousands of automobile owners using the highways which cannot be over-estimated.

An Easy Prevention Canton Missouri Plebeian, December 22, 1848. Chapped hands and lips may always be prevented by rubbing a little lard over them on going to bed. Persons subject to such annoyances may thus prevent what is sometimes difficult to cure. Children in Bondage

"The Public Is Aroused": The Missouri Children's Code Commission 1915-1919

BY PETER ROMANOFSKY*

The development of American participatory democracy owes much to the Progressive era. Progressive measures like the referen­ dum, the recall and the initiative, as well as the direct primary, were designed to bring the government closer to the people. Yet one school of historians has suggested recently that the individuals

*Peter Romanofsky received the B.A. degree from Queens College, City University of New York, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in History from the University of Missouri-Columbia. He is currently a member of the Department of History, Jersey City State College, Jersey City, New Jersey. A grant from Sir George Williams University helped to complete this study. 204 Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 205

—mostly men—who developed and legislated such progressive en­ actments did so mainly to promote their own interests and con­ sciously ignored the participation of the masses of people in es­ tablishing reforms.1 As historian David Thelen illustrates, however, the essence of the Progressive movement was that ordinary citizens participated actively in local-level reform movements. Aroused Wisconsin citizens, for instance, united to attack "corporate ar­ rogance" and to secure pure water.2 Enthusiastic community in­ volvement led similarly to the Missouri Children's Code of 1919— a measure clearly in the vanguard of child welfare reform at the end of the Progressive era. The history of the enactment of the code demonstrates that although influential people like prominent social workers and educators initiated and developed the code, only an aroused citizens' coalition—composed of both men and women- effected reform. To appreciate fully the importance of the people's campaign in 1919, it is necessary to first understand the origins of the Missouri Children's Code movement. The campaign to improve children's conditions in Missouri was started by social progressives. Their writings and speeches, es­ pecially at the Missouri State Conference of Charities and Cor­ rections, had promoted necessary reform sentiment, but no legisla­ tive action had sprung from such concern.3 Finally, a coalition of Missouri welfare, civic and labor groups—represented by Roger Baldwin, the St. Louis juvenile court officer, and University of Missouri Sociology Professor George Mangold—convinced Governor Elliott W. Major to appoint the first Missouri Children's Code Commission in June 1915.4

i Especially Samuel P. Hays, "The Politics of Reform in Municipal Gov­ ernment in the Progressive Era," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LV (October, 1964), 157-169; James Weinstein, "Organized Business and the Commission and Manager Movements," Journal of Southern History, XXVIII (May, 1962), 166-182; see also Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpre- tation of American History, 1900-1916 (New York, 1963) for a statement of this general theme. 2 David P. Thelen, "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism," Journal of American History, LVI (September, 1969), 323-341; see also, Thelen, "Progressivism as a Radical Movement," in Howard H. Quint, Milton Cantor, Dean Albertson, eds., Main Problems in American History (Homewood, 111., 1972), II, 149-158. 3 George Mangold, "The Need of a Child Welfare Program," Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Missouri State Conference on Charities and Corrections (1911), 68-69; "Dependent Children," Eighth Biennial Report of the State Board of Charities and Corrections of Missouri, 1911-1912 (Jefferson City, 1913), Part IV, 79. 4 Roger Baldwin, "The Committee on Social Legislation," Proceedings of the Sixteenth Missouri State Conference on Social Welfare (1915), 31; Survey, XXXVII (December 30, 1916), 356; George Mangold, "Social Reform in 206 Missouri Historical Review

A group of twenty-four vol­ unteers, receiving private rath­ er than state funds, comprised the first Missouri Children's Code Commission. Prominent specialists who joined the com­ mission included: Professor Mangold, an authority on des­ titute children and illegitimacy; Jacob Billikopf, the superin­ tendent of the Jewish Educa­ tional Institute of Kansas City and an acknowledged welfare leader; and noted child psy­ chologist J. E. Wallace Wallin, Governor Elliott W. Major the director of the Psycho- Educational Clinic of the St. Louis Public Schools and a former instructor at the renowned Training School for Feeble-Minded Children at Vineland, New Jersey.5 Working through specialized committees, the commission drafted the proposed children's code. Members conducted surveys and collected data on children's conditions throughout the state. Aided by public-spirited lawyers from both St. Louis and the law department of the University of Missouri, others accumulated materials on existing Missouri laws and gathered digests of laws which other states enacted to deal with such matters as child labor, juvenile delinquency, and the care of dependent and ne­ glected children.6 Mrs. Lucille Lowenstein, the executive secretary of the commission organized all the data and then directed the

Missouri, 1820-1920," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XV (October, 1920), 211; Joplin Globe, January 27, 1915; "A complete revision of the laws for the welfare of Missouri children," Missouri Children's Code Commission (1916), 1-3. 5 In addition to those mentioned in this paragraph, the following people composed the commission: Rhodes E., Cave, Manley O. Hudson, Mrs. Maurice Lowenstein, Roger N. Baldwin, Mrs. W. R. Chivvis, Mrs. A. M. Clay Ives, Robert C. Clark, James F. Conran, C. A. Ellwood, L. A. Halbert, Mrs. Harry C. January, A. Sidney Johnston, D. E. Kennedy, Isidor Loeb, Mrs. J. B. Mc- Bride, Edwin D. Moore, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, Edward E. Porterfield, William Volker, J. L. Wagner and Dr. R. P. C. Wilson. See ibid., frontispiece. 6 Eva Perry Moore to Julia Lathrop, October 29, 1915; Lucille Lowenstein to Julia Lathrop, December 4, 1916, both in Record Group 102, United States Children's Bureau Papers, National Archives, Washington, D.C., hereafter cited as R.G. 102, N.A.; "Complete revision of laws," Mo. Children's Code Comm. (1916), 75; Survey, XXXV (October 30, 1915), 118. Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 207 writing of the commission's recommendations, which were pub­ lished in December 1916.7 The commission's suggestions, which recognized both rural and urban problems, reflected the humanitarianism of the Progres­ sive era. Like the settlement workers of New York, Boston and Chicago, the commission urged free use of public school buildings as community centers. In a strikingly advanced proposal to abolish the plight of illegitimate children, the commission declared that every child be supported by his natural parents, regardless of their marital status at the time of his birth. To help preserve impover­ ished, fatherless families, the commission proposed a state-wide mothers' pensions program. Commission investigations found Mis­ souri's rural schools especially unsanitary; and, recognizing that public health was essential to child welfare, the commission urged free medical examinations of all school children throughout the state. The commission believed that county boards of health and a state Division of Child Hygiene could implement the inspection program.8 Other provisions of the code hoped to mitigate a nagging social problem—child labor. The commission urged, for example, that compulsory school attendance for the entire school year be ap­ plied to all children under sixteen, exempting no child because of his parents' poverty. Boys under twenty-one were not allowed to work as night messengers, and to eliminate a continued problem even for national child labor reformers, the commission prohibited children under fourteen years old from both farm labor and domestic service.9 Prominent national social workers, including the chief of the United States Children's Bureau, Julia Lathrop, enthusiastically praised the commission's report. Edward Clopper of the National Child Labor Committee lauded the commission for stressing that children under sixteen years old not be permitted to work in either mines or quarries and for giving school superintendents the au­ thority to issue work permits, two provisions for which the NCLC itself had been working for many years. And, after studying its provisions, notable child care specialist Carl Christian Carstens

7 Roger Baldwin to Lucille Lowenstein, January 4, 1917, in a collection of manuscripts which Mrs. Lowenstein (later Mrs. Milner) gave to the author and which is still in his possession. Hereafter cited as Lowenstein Papers. 8 "Complete revision of laws," Mo. Children's Code Comm. (1916), 11, 36, 53-56. Only six states had county boards of health and a Division of Child Hygiene at this time. 9 Ibid., 38-40. 208 Missouri Historical Review concluded that if adopted, the Missouri Children's Code "would give the State of Missouri a leadership in child welfare legislation far beyond the average, in fact probably at the head of the various states in the United States."10 Some interest in the work of the commission had been de­ veloping prior to the opening of the 49th General Assembly in January of 1917. Delegates to the November 1916, annual meeting of the Missouri State Teachers' Association, for instance, endorsed the code. Similarly, Mrs. Annie Fox, of the Department of Legisla­ tion and Civil Service Reform of the Missouri Federation of Wom­ en's Clubs, asked for "the active assistance of every [Missouri] woman."11 Limited press support developed, but as the general assembly convened the editor of The Missouri Children's Home- Finder called for enactment. "There can be no objection to the Code. There is no party question involved in it."12 Despite such sentiments, the 49th General Assembly rejected the most significant measures of the code. Of the forty-three recom­ mendations submitted by the commission, only eleven became law. The state legislature rejected proposals for a state Division of Child Hygiene, for state-wide county boards of health and for parental support for illegitimate children. A bill prohibiting the marriage of the feeble-minded, epileptic, insane and mentally imbecile, and measures providing for state supervision of both maternity hospitals and child-care institutions were defeated along with the commission's numerous child labor and compulsory edu­ cation recommendations. Of the eleven bills which did become law, Mrs. Lowenstein, who was also the lobbyist for the commis­ sion, believed that only five were important to the welfare of children.13 Others throughout the state and nation admitted that the 1915-1917 code commission had failed.14 Indeed, only a few of the statutes enacted in 1917—such as those providing for county juvenile courts, improved adoption procedures and mothers' pen-

io Carl Christian Carstens's Speech, at Thirteenth National Child Labor Committee Conference, March 23, 1917, in Container 13, National Child Labor Committee Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Edward Clopper to Julia Lathrop, February 13, 1917; Lathrop to Roger Baldwin, July 28, 1916, both in R.G. 102, N.A. ii Missouri Woman, III (February, 1917), 10; "Report of the Committee on Resolutions," in Bulletin Missouri State Teachers' Association, III (January, 1917), 28. 12 Missouri Children's Home-Finder, XXI (January, 1917), 5. 13 Proceedings of the National Conference on Social Welfare (1917), 329. 14 Jacob Billikopf to Mrs. Lowenstein, August 6, 1917, Lowenstein Papers; Emma Lundberg, "Memo for Miss Lathrop," p. 8, in R.G. 102, N.A.; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, January 17, 1919. Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 209 sions—dealt meaningfully with f, the child welfare problems of Missouri. Compared with the success of a similar commission in Min­ nesota, which enacted thirty- five of its forty-three recom­ mendations, the Missouri commission of 1917 was indeed disappointing. National social workers recognized the com- ; parison immediately; for in­ stance, a speaker at the 1917 Annual Conference of the Na­ tional Child Labor Committee Lucille B' L™enstein argued that Minnesota's recent­ ly enacted code was superior to Missouri's. Similarly, a social worker who studied the activities of children's code commissions through­ out the country, Edith Foster, of Milwaukee, observed that "Min­ nesota had signal success . . . [but] Missouri was not so fortunate."15 Supporters tried to rationalize the disappointment by blaming the bitterly divided state legislature, the liquor issue and political bossism as some of the factors that defeated the code. As later experiences revealed, however, the commission's failure to arouse popular support for the code overwhelmingly accounted for the defeat of 1917.16 "Lack of co-operation among those who should have been working together" weakened the efforts of the commis­ sion, according to one observer.17 Members of the commission, such as Kansas City social worker Jacob Billikopf, and interested groups and individuals throughout the state also conceded that the absence

is Edith Foster, "Outlines of a Proposed Children's Code in Wisconsin," Proceedings of Wisconsin State Conference on Social Welfare (1918), 54; Child Labor Bulletin, VI (May, 1917), 20; also, C, C. Carstens, "The Development of State Programs for Child Welfare," Proceedings, Nat'l. Conf. on Soc. Welfare (1917), 307-308; for a brief history of the Minnesota Commission and its accomplishments, see Edward MacGaffey, "A Pattern for Progress: The Min­ nesota Children's Code Commission," Minnesota History, XLI (Spring, 1969), 229-236. 16 "A New Children's Code Proposed," Survey, XLI (December 28, 1918), 406; Missouri Sunday School News, XIX (October, 1918), 180; Lucille Milner, Education of an American Liberal: An Autobiography (New York, 1954), 56-58. This is Lucille Lowenstein's autobiography. 17 Emma Lundberg, "Progress Towards Better Laws for the Protection of Children Born Out of Wedlock," Proceedings, Nat'l. Conf. on Soc. Welfare (1920), 115. 210 Missouri Historical Review

A drawing from Harper's depicts children who do not go to school. of an effective, grassroots educational campaign really defeated the code. "Because of the lethargy and indifference and general ignorance regarding the Children's Code, the recommendations of the Commission failed ... at the 1917 legislature," wrote the Boonville Weekly Advertiser. "To fail again in 1919," the paper concluded, "would be a fatal blunder."18 State-wide lethargy, however, did not characterize the work of the second Missouri Children's Code Commission, which the new governor, Frederick D. Gardner, appointed in June 1917. The commission sponsored a series of conferences, seminars and study sessions at which both commission members and national child welfare specialists discussed revised legislative recommenda-

18 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, January 17, 1919; Jacob Billikopf to Lucille Lowenstein, August 6, 1917, Lowenstein Papers; Survey, XLI (December 28, 1918), 407. V Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 211 tions.19 Again, as in 1916, members obtained the most recent com­ pilations of child labor laws, along with materials on juvenile de­ linquency, illegitimacy, compulsory school legislation and child-care institutions. They then used these materials in conjunction with data on Missouri children to determine needed legislation.20 The second commission's proposed code, like the 1916 one, was widely hailed by both local and national observers. The Columbia Evening Missourian, for instance, called it "a program which will go far to prevent poverty, disease, and crime." Once again Owen Lovejoy, "whose name was synonymous with child labor reform," enthusiastically praised the child labor provisions of the code. The Child Labor Bulletin called the code, "the most comprehensive laws yet drafted."21 Having successfully revised its proposals, the commission then surmised that favorable public opinion in the state would help to enact the code. To better conduct an educational campaign the commission secured the cooperation of the National Public Welfare League of Kansas City, an organization with some experience in promoting welfare campaigns in neighboring states. Under the leadership of Executive Superintendent Dr. Theodore Hanson and agents Frank Wilcox and J. Adams Puffer, the league immediately announced plans to hold public meetings throughout the state to promote popular support for the commission's recommendations. "There must be a strong campaign, . . ." declared a league publica­ tion in August 1918, "until the bills are passed and duly signed by the Governor. . . ,"22 Through its own journal, Public Welfare, the National Public

19 "A complete revision of the laws for the welfare of Missouri children," Report of the Missouri Children's Code Commission (Jefferson City, 1918) y 13; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 27, 1918; Missouri Woman, IV (January, 1918), 19; see also, J. E. Wallace Wallin, The Odyssey of a Psychologist (Wilmington, Del., 1955), 72. The second commission, a larger one, was composed of thirty members with sixteen new Missourians included. See "Com­ plete revision of laws," Mo. Children's Code Comm. (1918) , 7-8. 20 Mrs. Lucille Lowenstein to United States Children's Bureau, January 18, 1918, in R.G. 102, N.A.; see also Benjamin Lindsey to Mrs. Lowenstein, February 18, 1918, Box 58, Lindsey Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. 21 Child Labor Bulletin, VII (February, 1919), 237; Owen Lovejoy, "Report of the General Secretary," December 17, 1918, in "Minutebook," Container 7, Nat'l. Child Labor Comm. Papers; Columbia Evening Missourian, December 25, 1918; see also, Edina Sentinel, November 28, 1918; Kansas City Star, De­ cember 5, 1918; on Lovejoy, see Walter I. Trattner, Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Reform in America (Chicago, 1970), 62. 22 "The Children's Code 'Of Such is the Kingdom'," Public Welfare, I (August, 1918), 67-68; Missouri Woman, IV (October, 1918), 9; Lundberg, "Memo for Miss Lathrop," 2-3, in R.G. 102, N.A. Missouri Children's Code Number

AN EXPONENT OF GOVERNMENTAL ACTION FOR SOCIAL WELFARE

VOL. I. KANSAS CITY, U. S. A., JANUARY 1919. NO. 10

A Plea For The Children's Code,

Pause ye law-makers of Missouri, Hark to a cry that will not down. It follows like a phantom, In city, hamlet and town. 'Tis the voice of the children calling For help that you can give, For Justice and Legal Protection— Simply a chance to live. A right our Saviour ne'er denied E'en to the ones for sin decried. But on Calvary's Cross He bled and died That all might live.

On our Statute Book is written Of a code a minor part, Listen to the children's pleadings And the promptings of your heart, And, its righteousness appealing, Write, I pray, the major part That shall save these little children Just like yours with their hopes and fears. Save the boys, God bless them ever, Save young womanhood from tears And remorse and shame unending, With the passing of the years.

And to those who walk In darkness. Those whose minds are but attuned To the harp with strings asunder. To the one at birth's dawn doomed Grant, O men, this boon most human. And with brief stroke of the pen Merit through the coming ages, One loud chorus of Amen! War has left its blight on nations, Other children of today- Bear the wrong and reap the sorrow Of a cruel yesterday. Thus our duty is the greater, Prayer and effort must not cease, Would you leave to generations Heavier burdens born of Peace? Nay, up from misery, crime and woe, Away from sin's turmoil To a higher, nobler plane of life You can lift these boys and girls Of the grand old State of Missouri, Untarnished in its fame, By enacting the laws for which we plead While the world sounds her acclaim. —Mrs. Randolph Nichols. Kansas City, Mo. Illustrated by Miss Floy Campbell, Kansas City, Mo. Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 213

Welfare League publicized the code. As early as August 1918, it urged "every lover of children" to support the measures.23 Editorials such as "The Missouri Children's Code of Democracy," which ap­ peared in the October 1918 issue, enthusiastically praised the work of the commission. Throughout the campaign, Public Welfare pub­ lished a series of "lessons" which explained particular recommenda­ tions of the code. For example, "Lesson V—Protection of the Health of Children," argued that the creation of a division of child hygiene would improve state and county health work by dispersing informa­ tion about proper hygiene. In "A Personal Letter" which appeared in the issue of January 1919, Superintendent Hanson not only urged citizens to write their senators and representatives but also told readers to "take pains" to see that influential members of commu­ nities obtained those specific issues of Public Welfare which car­ ried information about the code. Hanson asked readers to dis­ tribute information about the code among their friends, clubs and church organizations and thereby get resolutions from these groups in support of the measures.24 To dramatize the need for improved child welfare legislation, Public Welfare published moving photo­ graphs of needy children on the covers of some of its issues. For instance, to convey the need for better treatment of illegitimate babies, the November 1918 issue pictured a dejected, impoverished, unwed mother and her child.25 Both the commission and the league fortunately recognized the necessity of enlisting support from church groups throughout Missouri. Theodore Hanson wrote in November 1918, ". . . there cannot be found more fitting material for careful study ... in the Sunday Schools throughout Missouri than the great philanthropic principles and practical missionary work outlined by the recom­ mendations of the Children s Code Commission."26 The secretary of the Missouri Sunday School Association, Herman Bowmar, em­ phatically agreed. "The time has come for real Christians to show their faith by their works," he wrote, urging Missouri Sunday

23 "The Children's Code," Public Welfare, I, 67-68. 24 Personal letter from Theodore Hanson in ibid., I (January, 1919), 147; J. Adams Puffer, "Lesson V-Protection of the Health of Children," ibid., I (December, 1918), 139-140; ibid., I (October, 1918), 102. 25 Ibid., I (November, 1918), cover; see also, ibid., I (December, 1918), cover; the cover of the January 1919 issue contained a poem about the suffer­ ings of Missouri children with a woodcut illustrating shabby, neglected chil­ dren appealing for justice. For an analysis of the energy and significance of the National Public Welfare League see Lundberg, "Memo for Miss Lathrop," 2-3, in R.G. 102, N.A. 26 Public Welfare, I (November, 1918), 115. 214 Missouri Historical Review school teachers to attend state-wide, league-promoted institutes which explained the provisions of the code. "Sunday school work­ ers," Bowmar added spiritedly, "owe it to themselves, to child­ hood, and to God to inform themselves and to act."27 Christian conscience dictated action. "Is it Christian to talk platitudes in Sunday school . . . and refuse to lift one's hand to put a stop to the exploitation of childhood?" queried the Missouri Sunday School News in October 1918.28 Throughout the state, clergymen and church groups lectured and campaigned for the code. And on "Children's Code Sunday" in January 1919, sermons and Sunday school classes stressed the humanitarianism of the proposed code.29 Even more vigorous than church groups which worked for the code were the efforts of women's organizations throughout the state. By the fall of 1918, for instance, the Missouri convention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union had endorsed the code. The president of the organization pledged both the full support of its women and an "active Legislative Campaign for the passage of these laws for child conservation."30 Representatives of the WCTU, including the vice president of the state organization, spoke in favor of the code to local unions throughout the state. In January 1919, the chairman of the Missouri WCTU's Child Welfare Depart­ ment, Rosa Webb, called on members to pledge their

Public Welfare's Picture of the Unwed "m0ral and financial sup- Mother and Her Child „ *1 port. She also urged each 27 Herman Bowmar, "The Children's Code and the Church," ibid., I (December, 1918), 133. 28 Missouri Sunday School News, XIX (October, 1918), 180. 29 See, for example, Jeffer­ son City Capital News, January 25, 1919; also, Kansas City Times, January 25, 1919; St. Jo­ seph Gazette, January 9, 1919; Fulton Gazette, December 26, 1918; Springfield Leader, Janu­ ary 3, 11, 13, 1919; for further support of churches, see Canon Remick, Christ Church Cathe­ dral, St. Louis, to Mrs. Lowen­ stein, May 25, 1919, Lowenstein Papers. 30 Missouri Counselor, XXIII (January, 1919), 5; Nelle Burger, "The Missouri Chil­ dren's Code," ibid., XXIII (No­ vember, 1918), 3. Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 215 county group to write for a speaker to explain the activities and meaning of the commission. As the vote on the code grew closer, Miss Webb more emphatically called upon every union in Missouri to send letters to their legislators in support of the code. "And do not stop at your union," she argued, "but go before the various or­ ganizations in your county and explain the Code, and urge that they, too, send letters."31 Like other progressive reformers, the WCTU constantly maintained its belief in the efficacy of publicity campaigns. "Most of our good laws are crystalized public senti­ ment . . . and public sentiment expressed through letters to our Legislators is a sure way to arrest their thought."32 Another women's organization, the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs, enthusiastically campaigned for the passage of the new code. In the fall of 1918, as the publicity campaign began, the MFWC "heartily" resolved to ". . . by every means in our power, influence public sentiment to the end that the Missouri Legislature shall . . . [make the measures] part of the statutes of Missouri."33 The MFWC, whose president, Mrs. Adrella Dockery Still, was a member of the commission, continually worked to influence public opinion in communities throughout the state. Typical of the enthusiasm of women's clubs, the legislative com­ mittee of the second district held weekly conferences for six consecutive weeks on the code, gaining much-needed publicity in the Kansas City area.34 Other women's organizations, such as the Missouri Women's Committee of the National Defense Council and the Equal Suf­ frage Club, similarly supported efforts to publicize the code.35 Even before national women's organizations campaigned effectively for the Sheppard-Towner maternity bill in the early 1920s, Missouri women mobilized support for progressive child welfare legisla­ tion.36

31 Ibid., XXIII (January, 1919), 6; ibid., XXIII (February, 1919), 5; the St. Joseph WCTU, for example, contributed funds to the campaign. St. Joseph Gazette, February 14, 1919. 32 Missouri Counselor, XXIII (April, 1919) , 3; for more evidence on WCTU support, see, Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Missouri (Mexico, Mo., 1920), 24, 34. 33 Missouri Woman, IV (December, 1918), 15. 34 Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs, Year Book, 1919-1920, 139, 162. 35 Mrs. B. F. Bush to Mrs. Blanche H. Stephens, September 23, 1918, Blanche Stephens Papers, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Mis­ souri-Columbia; see also, Columbia Evening Missourian, February 7, 1919. 36 For the history of the Sheppard-Towner Act, see J. Stanley Lemons, "The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920's," Journal of American History, LV (March, 1969), 778. 216 Missouri Historical Review

But the most meaningful aspect of the educational and publicity campaign was the commission's intense, state-wide, six-month effort. Only this movement successfully captured the imagination and enthusiasm of citizens in communities throughout Missouri. Be­ tween the fall of 1918 and the early months of 1919, the Missouri Children's Code Commission—working with agents of the Na­ tional Public Welfare of Kansas City and both women's and church organizations—promoted the code in such communities as Edina in the northeast part of the Missouri, Carthage in the south­ west and Fulton in the middle of the state. Each county had a chairman and a speakers' bureau which handled publicity.37 In Columbia, local officials such as J. E. McPherson, the school superintendent, spoke in favor of the children's code to groups like the mothers' clubs of the schools. In February, two local Columbia women "highly in favor of the Children's Code" spoke in its behalf before the Columbia Equal Suffrage Club.38 Members of the code commission themselves, such as Dr. George Mangold, also campaigned in Columbia. Outlining the recom­ mendations of the commission to the crowd gathered at the Colum­ bia YMCA building in February 1919, Dr. Mangold asserted the importance of citizens' participation in social reform movements: "The purpose of any laws for the betterment of children means nothing unless a favorable public opinion is brought about that will complete the enforcement of those laws."39 In Mexico, Missouri, agents of the National Public Welfare League initiated the campaign for the code. In November 1918, an agent of the league organized a meeting at the Christian Church to begin the local effort, which featured systematic explanations and discussions of the "lessons" in both Sunday and public schools throughout Audrain County. Representatives from the local Fed­ eration of Women's Clubs, the Audrain County WCTU, the Sunday School Association, the county Red Cross, and both Protestant and Catholic churches formed the committee that organized meet­ ings, worked with the schools and arranged for outside speakers.40 Early in December 1918, J. Adams Puffer of the league came to Mexico and conferred with local leaders, particularly ministers,

37 Fulton Gazette, September 19, 1918; Carthage Press, November 28, 1918, and January 16, 1919; Edina Sentinel, November 28, 1918. 38 Columbia Evening Missourian, February 17, 21, 1919. 39 Ibid., February 27, March 1, 1919. 40 Mexico Weekly Ledger, November 14, 1918; Mexico Evening Ledger, November 12, 13, 1918. Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 217

about his upcoming speech at the Christian Church. On Fri­ day, December 13, 1918, Puffer spoke "in a vivid and forceful way" to the leading citizens at­ tending the Mexico Chamber of Commerce luncheon meet­ ing. And on Sunday, "his ap­ peal [for public support] re­ ceived a hearty response from the audience" at the Christian Church.41 Agents of the Kansas City- based welfare league also ini­ tiated a campaign in St. Joseph but, as in most communities, local citizens performed the bulk of the work in educating their fellow residents about Judge William Knowles James the children's code. Early in January 1919, the general superintendent of the league, Dr. Theo­ dore Hanson of Kansas City, spoke at two churches and a school on one day, but attendance at these gatherings was only "fair."42 Gradually, local residents took over the real work of the cam­ paign. At a luncheon on January 13, at the YMCA, all St. Jo­ seph ministers, along with members of the local Women's Speakers Bureau, met to discuss and explain the code. Commis­ sion member and former representative to the Missouri legis­ lature, Judge William Knowles James of St. Joseph, the featured speaker, argued that the chances of the measures passing were "excellent." An eminently respected community leader, Colonel William E. Stringfellow, urged the crowd of over one hundred people to write their legislators in support of the code. Other speakers, including three ministers and four representatives of the Women's Speakers Bureau, presented their favorable views on the code.43 But the local newspaper felt that the speakers at the luncheon did not fully understand the measures, so the paper itself pledged to study the provisions and help the public become

±Hbid., December 5, 13, 16, 1918. 42 St. Joseph Gazette, January 6, 1919. 43 ibid., January 9, 14, 1919. 218 Missouri Historical Review aware of them. "It is not a women's movement, nor a preachers' undertaking, nor yet a church or school project," wrote the editor of the St. Joseph Gazette; rather, he claimed that knowledge of the code and support of it was everyone's duty.44 Still, the local women's and church groups continued to lead the campaign in St. Joseph. The chairman of the local county code committee headed the drive to raise $1,500 for the commission. Just ten days after Dr. Hanson's sparsely attended speeches to church and school groups, the head of the Women's Speakers Bureau reported that the children's code campaign generated more enthusiasm than she had ever seen in the community. Classes for speakers continued to be held at the YMCA. And at a meeting where both a Baptist minister and a local physician spoke in favor of the proposals, two hundred representatives of the Baptist Youth Organization endorsed the code and resolved that all its three thousand members write to legislators.45 By the middle of January, "the campaign in the interest of the Code [was] ... in full swing." The St. Joseph Gazette optimistically predicted: "Practically every person in the city will be reached before [the campaign] has closed." Copies of the code were readily available to the people of St. Joseph at local depots, including the YMCA building and the local war information bureau.46 Volun­ teer workers held classes explaining the code to the men of St. Joseph seven days a week. Just two weeks after the campaign began in St. Joseph, twenty-seven different organizations, including PTA groups and the local Story Tellers' League, had heard pro­ ponents of the code. And the local code committee had arranged for speakers to appear before any organization meeting of im­ portance within the next few weeks. Constant enthusiasm for the code pervaded the community; the women of the YWCA alone sent more than two thousand letters explaining the importance of the code to people in surrounding rural areas. Throughout the remainder of the campaign in St. Joseph, the Women's Speakers Bureau, the Women's Council for Defense, the National League for Women's Service, along with PTA and church groups, energeti­ cally promoted the code.47 As experiences in Mexico and St. Joseph demonstrate, the

44 ibid., January 14, 1919. 45 ibid., January 15, 1919. 46 ibid., January 16, 1919. 47 ibid., January 19, 21, 23, 26, February 10, 1919; for the contributions of the St. Joseph Mo. Fed. of Women's Clubs, see ibid., February 14, 1919. Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 219 league and the commission successfully enlisted the full support of the local press. In the tradition of local level progressivism, news­ papers consistently publicized speeches, conferences, rallies, finan­ cial drives and other such events in behalf of the code. Both the Boonville Weekly Advertiser and the Carthage Press, for instance, stressed the importance of citizens' participation in the movement. Other editors were more specific. "We should write our representa­ tive and senator . . . and let them know that whatever they may do for the advancement of human welfare will be appreciated," declared a Chillicothe paper.48 The Kansas City Star agreed. "If the people of Missouri . . . will get behind the campaign by letting their state representatives and senators know where they stand and what they demand, it will be possible to enact . . . perhaps all of the Children's Code." Stressing the importance of a united, grass-roots campaign, the Star concluded, "It is a case of everyone getting together and insisting upon action in Jeffer­ son City."49 When the 50th legislature convened in January 1919, the com­ mission, its lobbyist Mrs. Lowenstein, and other supporters were rightfully optimistic. The national social work journal, The Survey, had just written that the extensive publicity campaign singularly enhanced the possibilities of legislative approval, and hours before the general assembly formally convened, Mrs. Lowenstein wrote, "The session [of the legislature] convenes this afternoon and we are very encouraged over the situation . . . regarding our bills."50 In his "Message to the Legislature" at the beginning of the session, Governor Frederick Gardner urged passage of the Children's Code. A few days later, Mrs. Lowenstein confirmed her earlier impression that the outlook was "very encouraging."51 Speaking in St. Joseph, Judge William James, a former member of the general assembly, declared that because of the effective state-wide campaign, the chances of the recommendations passing were excellent. Later seasoned politicians in the state recalled that, "no social legislation

48 Chillicothe Weekly Constitution, February 6, 1919; Carthage Press, November 28, 1918; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, December 20, 1918. 49 Kansas City Star, December 5, 1918. 50 Mrs. Lowenstein to Emma Lundberg, January 8, 1919, R.G. 102, N.A.; "A New Children's Code Proposed," Survey, XLI, 407. 51 Lucille Lowenstein to editor, in Jefferson City Capital News, January 23, 1919; "Governor's Message to the 50th General Assembly," Child Labor Bulletin, VII (February, 1919), 238-239; Sarah Guitar and Floyd C. Shoemaker, eds., The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia, 1928), XI, 301-302. 220 Missouri Historical Review in Missouri [before 1919] had ever had such enthusiastic support as the Children's Code."52 Events in the house generally proved these observations correct. At the very beginning of the session former Speaker John T. Baker, speaking as a private citizen, urged the house to pass the proposed code, and, early in the session, the house acted favorably on many of the measures.53 Public opinion was so evidently reflected in the house that even an outside observer stressed: "The public support and sympathy given to the work of the Missouri Com­ mission leave little doubt that the proposed measures will in large part be enacted."54 And despite the objections of a "set of obstruc­ tionists on the Republican side" to the county supervisors bill, the house passed thirty-nine of the bills, including the most signifi­ cant measures of the code.55 The senate, however, was not as enthusiastic. By early May, for example, the senate had passed only fourteen of the fifty-one bills and only nine of these were an integral part of the code. But mobilized public opinion, especially by women's organizations, began to sway the legislators. On May 1, even State Senator Frisby McCullough and others who opposed some of the key measures declared that they were aware of sentiment in their districts favoring the code.56 Nevertheless, in the final days of the session, some of them tried, along with Senators M. E. Casey of Kansas City and Peter Anderson of St. Louis, to block crucial measures by filibustering.57 Learning of this, the Missouri Fed­ eration of Women's Clubs—which was holding its annual state convention in St. Louis—appointed a special committee to im­ mediately contact the senators who were "holding up" the code. That night, the committee sent telegrams "expressing extreme dis­ approval of the way in which they had ignored the expressed wishes of the motherhood of the state." The MFWC also influ­ enced the Rotary Club of Missouri to send similar messages.58

52 Milner, Education of an American Liberal, 60; St. Joseph Gazette, January 14, 1919. 53 Kansas City Times, January 14, 1919; St. Louis Republic, March 15, 1919. 54 Ruth Mclntire, "Children's Codes: Out of Missouri," Woman Citizen, III (April 12, 1919), 973; see also, Boonville Weekly Advertiser, March 7, 1919. 55 S*. Louis Republic, May 12, 1919; also, ibid., April 4, 9, 1919; for the comment on Republicans, see ibid., March 27, 1919. 56 Unidentified clippings, probably Kansas City Star, May 2, 1919, and St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 3, 1919, in Lowenstein Papers. 57 St. Louis Republic, May 2, 8, 1919. 58 Ibid., May 7, 1919; Adrella Dockery Still to Mrs. Lowenstein, May 15, 1919, Lowenstein Papers; Milner, Education of an American Liberal, 60. Missouri Children's Code Commission, 1915-1919 221

Toothbrush Drill of First Grade Pupils at a Kansas City School

The filibuster soon ended, and the senate compromised on the controversial county supervisors bill and then passed some of the crucial bills.59 While not entirely victorious, aroused citizens had saved the code. The efforts of citizens' groups and the commission paid hand­ some dividends as the 50th legislature enacted most of the signifi­ cant recommendations of the commission and thereby gave Mis­ souri perhaps the most progressive child welfare laws in the United States. Twenty-five of the most important recommendations were passed by both houses and signed by the governor. In 1919, the legislature established a state-wide system of county welfare superintendents to help provide improved social and educational services for rural children. Other important legislative enactments included the establishment of a state Division of Child Hygiene, a compulsory school-attendance law, provisions for special public school classes for defective and handicapped children, and a law prohibiting children under sixteen years of age from working with dangerous machinery or in any underground work.60

59 Si. Louis Republic, May 12, 1919; J. E. W. Wallin, "Measures Enacted by the Missouri Legislature for the Care of Defective Children," School and Society, X (July 12, 1919), 57. Throughout the legislative sessions, the com­ mission worked through key legislators to guide the Children's Code bills. They included Senator Mike Kinney of St. Louis and representatives Elmer Jones, Nick Cave and Charles Becker. See "Children's Code Bills Passed," Mo. Counselor, XXIV, 5. 60 Ibid. 222 Missouri Historical Review

The new code rapidly became a model. Owen Lovejoy, a national authority on children's legislation, argued that the code probably gave Missouri the best child welfare laws in the country. With the adoption of the code, Missouri became one of only three states to enact compulsory attendance laws in special classes for mentally retarded children.61 Measures dealing with children born out of wedlock received special praise from nationally prominent social workers. As the head of the Social Service Division of the United States Children's Bureau noted, "Such efforts as those made by the Missouri Children's Code Commission to secure compre­ hensive and progressive laws for the protection of children born out of wedlock have been rare."62 However especially lauded by Children's Bureau researchers and others were the "healthy interests" of Missouri citizens. "The most efficient social education program ever executed in Mis­ souri" was sustained enthusiastically by clergymen, Sunday school teachers, local newspapers and women's, parents' and church groups.63 "The general interest is the most encouraging part of the movement," Ruth Mclntire of the National Child Labor Com­ mittee observed at the end of the campaign. "Not only are different bodies of social workers getting together in conference and joint effort but," she concluded, "the public itself is becoming aroused."64

61 Owen Lovejoy, "15th Annual Report for the Year Ending September 30, 1919," in "Minutebook," Container 7, p. 6, in Nat'l. Child Labor Comm. Papers; unidentified clipping probably Kansas City Star, May 2, 1919, in Lowenstein Papers; see also "Measures Enacted for Defective Children," School and Society, X, 56. 62 "Progress Towards Better Laws," Proceedings, Nat'l Conf. on Social Welfare, 112. 63 The quote is from Fulton Gazette, December 26, 1918; see also, Public Welfare, I (February, 1919) , 166. 64 "Children's Codes: Missouri," Woman Citizen, III, 973. Bethel, Shelby County, About 1874

The Society of Bethel: A Visitor's Account

BY H. ROGER GRANT*

One of America's most enduring communal experiments was the Society of Bethel (1844-1883). Founded by Prussian mystic William Keil, this religious Utopia included the Missouri commu­ nities of Bethel and Nineveh, and Aurora in Oregon. The society, while unique to the history of Missouri utopianism, resembled Amana, Zoar, Harmony and other German-American sectarian societies.1 A variety of published secondary studies tells the story of Keil

*H. Roger Grant is a graduate of Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa, and he received the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri- Columbia. He is an assistant professor of History at the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio. The author is indebted to Dr. Peter T. Harstad and L. Edward Purcell of the State Historical Society of Iowa for bringing the Weitling letter to his attention. He wishes to thank Yale University for permission to use the A. J. Macdonald Papers. 1 For an overview of utopianism in Missouri see H. Roger Grant, "Mis­ souri's Utopian Communities," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXVI (October, 1971), 20-48. All of these German colonies accepted the doctrine of common ownership of property based on religious belief. All were initially led by strong personality types and lasted several generations. 223 224 Missouri Historical Review and the Society of Bethel.2 However, there is only one published contemporary account of the movement. This work, written by New York City newspaperman Charles Nordhoff, describes the society in 1874, long after Bethel had reached its zenith.3 Yet an earlier and remarkably discerning visitor's report exists. It is a letter written by Wilhelm Weitling to A. J. Macdonald in 1852, eight years after the society's founding. The author of the letter had unique qualifications to judge the Missouri utopia. Born in Germany in 1808, Weitling, as a young man, became an itinerant tailor, but for a variety of reasons turned his energies to promoting a brand of Christian communism. Harass­ ment from government officials, coupled with the failure of the Revolution of 1848, prompted him to sail for America. Still a utopian-communist at heart, Weitling launched a labor-reform newspaper, Die Republik der Arbeiter, in New York City in 1850 and quickly became involved in a communal experiment in north­ eastern Iowa. Called Communia, this communistic utopia dated from 1847 and included several members who had lived in the ill-fated New Helvetia commune near Westphalia, Missouri.4 Al­ though Weitling criticized Keil in his letter, he enthusiastically supported Bethel-like communism.5 A. J. Macdonald, to whom the letter was sent, was also knowl­ edgeable about Utopian experiments in the United States. It is likely that he asked Weitling to visit the Society of Bethel, and Weitling probably needed little encouragement to accede to any such suggestion. In 1852 Macdonald, a Scotchman by birth and New York City printer by trade, was in the process of collecting material for a history of American utopianism. Although he gathered

2 The leading studies of Bethel are William Godfrey Bek, "The Com­ munity of Bethel, Missouri, and Its Offspring at Aurora, Oregon," German- American Annals, VII-VIII (1909-1910), 257-276, 306-328, 15-44, 76-81; "A German Communistic Society in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, III (October, 1908-January, 1909), 52-74, 99-125; Harold Dailey, "The Old Com­ munistic Colony at Bethel," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, LII (1928), 162-167; and Robert J. Hendricks, Bethel and Aurora (New York, 1933). 3 Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States (New York, 1875). 4 The story of New Helvetia can be found in Grant, "Missouri's Utopian Communities," 31-34 and George Schulz-Behrend, "Andreas Dietsch and Helvetia, Missouri," The Swiss Record, II (March, 1950), 5-30. 5 Weitling's life story appears in Carl Wittke, The Utopian Communist: A Biography of Wilhelm Weitling Nineteenth-Century Reformer (Baton Rouge, La., 1950) . The Society of Bethel: A Visitor's Account 225

a large amount of information, he never completed his project, for he died in a cholera epidemic in 1854.6 Macdonald's death nearly caused the Weitling letter to be lost permanently. In 1864, however, John Humphrey Noyes, the famous leader of the Oneida Community, became interested in writing a study of utopianism and remembered that Macdonald had once begun such a work. After much searching, Noyes found Mac­ donald's research notes. "There [in the home of Macdonald's brother-in-law in New York City], to our joyful surprise, we found the collection we were in search of, lying useless except as memen­ tos," wrote Noyes, "and a gentleman in charge of them who was willing we should take them and use them as we pleased."7 For reasons that are unknown, Noyes failed either to use the Weitling letter or to describe Keil and the society when he wrote his History of American Socialisms. In 1870 Noyes gave the Macdonald papers, including the Weitling letter, to Yale University. The collection is presently housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Li­ brary on the Yale campus. Hannibal, 12th May 1852 To day I returned from the colony of Bethel, full of contradictory impressions of what I had seen and heard and taking my pen I feel a difficulty in judging of the whole in a just manner. I found it impossible with my best skill to praise the mysteries of Messr. Kiel [sic'] & Co. I therefore can only partially satisfy the reader by briefly sketching the fruits of my observations. The colony contains more than 3000 acres of land.8 How much of it was cultivated nobody could inform me. There are four settlements, viz, Bethel with from forty to fifty houses; Elim about half a mile therefrom with eight houses;9 Hebron about one mile from the latter place with eight nouses. These three places are situated about forty- five miles from Hannibal and from the Mississippi, and about one hundred and fifteen miles from the Mississippi lies Nineveh which is their last new settlement containing

6 John Humphrey Noyes, History of American Socialisms (New York, 1870), 1-2. 7 Ibid., 2. 8 The initial land purchase consisted of 2,500 acres located in the valley of the North River in northern Shelby County. See "Deed Record Book D," Shelby County, Missouri, 48. 9 Elim was also the site of Keil's magnificient three-story home known as "Elim" or "Das Grosse Haus." See Bek, "The Community at Bethel, Mis­ souri, and Its Offspring at Aurora, Oregon," VII, 309. This house is still standing and has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. See The National Register of Historic Places (Washington, D. C, 1972) , 267. 226 Missouri Historical Review

ten houses and a steam-mill.10 The country for miles around is deficient in water, on the forty-five miles from the Mis­ sissippi, and still further on; when you find water you may be sure it is rain-water which has settled down in the ravines. There is much fence building in the colony this year, also diseases of the eye. There are many Indians about the country and wild deer are caught in great numbers, the colonists kill yearly about 150 of these. There are five hundred inhabitants in the colony; they have one distillery, two Tan-yards and a glove manufactory which enables Kiel [sic] and Co. to sell yearly from $8,000 to $10,000 worth of gloves in St. Louis and more could be sold if the supply of hides was larger.11 They have two steam-mills and three with water-power; these mills are used for grinding corn, tanning, wool-carding, weaving etc. etc. It was difficult to gain positive information rela­ tive to the amount of stock they possessed, but I as-

10 Nineveh, a branch colony established in 1850, was located on nearly 2,000 acres of rich Chariton River bottomland in Adair County (present-day Con- nelsville area). At its zenith in the early 1850s Nineveh had approximately 150 residents who occupied some thirteen buildings. See E. M. Violette, History of Adair County (Kirksville, Mo., 1911), 411-417. ii The colonists excelled in the production of deerskin gloves. As Harold Dailey notes in "The Old Communistic Colony at Bethel," 164, "so expertly was the work done that the finished products captured the First Premium at the World's Fair in New York City in 1858."

Dr. William Keil's House, "Elim," Photographed in 1940 by Charles E. Peterson HABS, Lib. of Cong. certained that this year 180 calves had been collected, and the two last years they had obtained 217 young cattle, where- from I conclude that they may own from 200 to 300 cows. The number of sheep must be, at least 1000 and of horses about 20. The founder of the colony is named Kiel [sic]; he is a man, about forty years of age12 and has a wife and eight children; he William Keil is from Nordhausen in Germany13 and was a woman's tailor (dressmaker) by trade; he has been 14 years in America, and most of that time residing in Pitts­ burg [sic'] where he worked at the tailoring business until he became an assistant or agent to a German Methodist tract society.14 Soon after this believing he had some talent and beeomeing [sic] pleased with his new occupation he commenced preaching and [undertook] to imbue the people with the principles and objects of the Methodist persuasion. Kiel [sic] is a very illiterate man, he can barely read or write in German and of English he understands allmost [sic] nothing; he never writes letters, . . . but is very am­ bitious and accepts the title of doctor appended to his name, indeed orders it to be. You will no doubt wonder how it is that such a number of people follow this man when I inform you more about their condition. They have meat given to them but once a week, but they divide it into small quantities, that it may

12 Keil had just turned forty. He was born on March 6, 1812. 13 Nordhausen, approximately 150 miles southwest of Berlin, is today located in East Germany, but at the time of Keil's birth the city was Prussian. There is debate over the exact location of Keil's birth. William Godfrey Bek contends that he was born in Bleicherode, District of Erfurt, Prussia and says, "The statement of [Will Alfred] Hinds, in his 'American Communities,' page 287, in which he states that Keil was born in Nordhausen, Germany, is, according to the best sources, fallacious." See Bek, "A German Communistic Society," 54. 14 Weitling is correct that Keil joined the German Methodist Church. How­ ever, he soon left this sect, founded his own church, but later joined with the Protestant Methodists. In the early 1840s he once more formed an independent church. See Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States, 306-307, and Bek, "A German Communistic Society," 54-58. 228 Missouri Historical Review

last them two days or more. On Saturday afternoon their week's labor is done & the remainder of that day they generally spend in hunting, which gives them meat for Sunday. On Sunday no hunting is allowed; on that day they used to have danceing [sic], but now it is prohibited. They have a tolerably good band of about thirty musicians and singers who sing and play every Sunday in their chief place. They used to have Coffee and Beer served out to them, but that is discontinued. They get no pay for their labor and are compelled to go to church regularly.15 This is the eighth year since the foundation of the Colony. At its commencement, there were about 1100 persons. At that time they did not have meat but once a month and they lived crowded together, many persons in small rooms and lost about 80 of their number by fever; Kiel [sic] was the doctor. The cause which led to the formation of the Colony, as in so many instances, originated in the persecution of the sect in Pittsburg [sic]. Kiel [sic] preached his sermons in such a rude uncivilized manner and so shameless, that people began to pelt him with stones from the streets whenever he appeared. It is said of him, that one day he advertised that on the following Sunday he would be cruci­ fied. On the appropriate day people travelled from all parts to see the crucifixion. He was preaching as usual when the time for the crucifixion arrived, but continued his preaching quite heedless of the multitude who were be­ eomeing [sic] impatient, when some one cried out, "Where the devil is the cross [?]" whereupon Kiel [sic], pointing his finger to the individual who made the noise said, "There is already one nail for my crucifixion," and then he continued his preaching again until another person inter­ rupted him by exclaiming, "If a carpenter is wanted to erect the cross, here I am." Kiel [sic] then pointing to him said, "There is the second nail" and then again continued his preaching until quite a loud [disruption occurred] and the people pelted him and his disciples with eggs, dirt, stones, etc. After this the Brotherhood decided to emigrate; which they accordingly did in 1844, with [$] 40,000 in money and 1100 members. The majority of whom were Swiss and Pennsylvanians.16 At the present time a great

15 Unlike other religious communitarians, Keil's church met only twice monthly. Special religious services wrere held on Easter, Pentecost and Christmas. See Bek, "A German Communistic Society," 69-70. 16 Weitling might have noted that many Bethelites had once lived in George Rapp's communal colony, Harmony, located on the Ohio River near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1832, however, these Utopians split with "Father" Rapp over the question of celibacy, which they opposed, and moved to nearby Phillipsburg. Later they joined Keil's church, also located in the same com­ munity. Keil, unlike Rapp, always encouraged the institution of marriage The Society of Bethel: A Visitor's Account 229

Bethel Church

many persons are among them who would likely go else­ where if they had the means. I found some who did not believe a word of Mr. Kiel's [sic] preaching. The means by which he has conquered his disciples, according to my observation, consists in his frightful cryings. This clamor he call[s] preaching, it is really frightful noise accompanied with energetic action, such as stamping his feet and thumping his fists on the pulpit so that all the old women are fully dependent upon what he says and so are many others who hear him often. Sometimes, it must be admitted, he really preaches in an impressive manner and then he always tells them that abnegation is their duty. His Brother and Sister and Brother-in-law are his greatest enemies. They live in the place, but do not go to his church; on the contrary, they are quite ready to tell strangers various bad things about their Brother. I hear enough from his own Sister to convince me of his hypocrisy .... One year after the foundation of the Colony 550 members left it. They obtained back the money which they had invested. But, at a later period when more persons defected from them, instead of paying them back in money, their shares were given to them in land and in order to do this easily, all the lands of the company were equally divided among the members, and since only a fraction of the inhabitants belong to the company, and and the traditional family structure in his utopia. See Nordhoff, The Com­ munistic Societies of the United States, 80. 230 Missouri Historical Review

these are Kiel's [sic] "adopted ones," the others get pay for their labor, averaging from $5.00 to $7.00 per month but this pay they only obtain if they leave the Colony. Kiel [sic] is the physician & preacher and according to the gossip of his wife and most intimate Disciples, he is the Savior of the World—the Second Son of God; he knows everything—even the most hidden thoughts of men. He has everything organized according to the Bible and has appointed Seven Judges, who judge of everything but themselves and him. These judges give all the orders for labor and distribute all things which are to be distributed according to Kiel's [sic] will. All the people are accustomed to obey the orders without [complaining]. They hold no other meetings than those held in the church, . . . and they have nothing to do with Books & the accounts of the Society. Indeed there are no books or bookkeepers, all business is done without them. All the money is in Kiel's [sic] house, and people say there are many boxes full of gold, which I really believe, for I know the anxious- ness of such as he, who from ignorance and poverty become possessed of power to keep [those] pieces of gold, they will do it.17 When Kiel [sic] first went to the colony, he neither knew how to ride on a waggon [sic] nor on horseback, nor how to load and fire a rifle, but now he excels all the colonists in these things because he does nothing else. He neither follows any useful occupation nor reads nor writes. Strange to say community in all things is pre­ tended but there is no semblance of it for Kiel [sic] has a kingly Summer-house and about 30 barrels of wine in his cellar; sometimes he lives in it and sometimes the Judges. I observed that both Kiel [sic] and these Judges were much better off than all the rest of the people and I wonder at the ignorance and blindness of such followers. One thing more that holds them in bondage is the fact that their settlement lies 45 miles from any other place with which they might wish to communicate, and these 45 miles must be made on foot if one has not the means to hire a waggon [sic.]ls Their organization of Community is, in my opinion, a mass of confusion. I could not understand it and I do not believe they understand it themselves.

17 While the keeping of large amounts of gold in Keil's house, "Elim," may seem unique, a similar practice is known to have taken place at Rapp's Harmony Society. Both leaders lived in large houses with secret cellar money vaults. 18 The formation of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad in 1852, which shortly passed through Shelbina, fourteen miles south of Bethel, may have convinced Keil of the desirability to seek a more remote, isolated location for his flock. The Society of Bethel: A Visitor's Account 231

Not long after Wilhelm Weitling's visit Keil and a sizeable contingent of Bethelites left Missouri for the Pacific northwest where they built the Aurora colony. Although this settlement prospered, Keil's death in 1877 precipitated the collapse of the movement. By 1883 all communal activities in Missouri and Oregon had ended. Nineveh, Elim and Hebron soon disappeared, but Bethel and Aurora continued as small farming villages. Recently the National Park Service added the Bethel townsite, which still includes a number of former colony buildings, to the National Register of Historic Places. Bethel is today a tangible reminder of William Keil and his communal experiment.

College Degrees By George Fitch Mokane Missourian, July 3, 1914. In a few weeks the 1914 crop of college degrees will be ripe. Indications are that it will be a bumper crop and will be harvested as usual in great solemnity with speeches and mortar boards. It takes four years to ripen an ordinary college degree, while the fancy varieties take three years longer. Contrary to the case of other crops, college degrees ripen best in extremely dry localities. Nothing is as hard on a degree as moisture. It causes conditions, flunks, expulsions and many other serious diseases. Sometimes as little as a quart of moisture will ruin a degree entirely. . . . There are many kinds of college degrees, including "A.B.," "A.M.," "B.S.," "Ph.D.," "D.D." and "S.P.O.R.T." After the student has harvested his degree, he hangs it on the end of his name and lets it trail gracefully behind him through life. . . . Some men are not satisfied with one degree, but keep on acquiring them until their names look like kites with alphabetical tales. The second degree is easier to acquire than the first, because the student does not have to play so much football while raising it. As a rule, the third degree is given to the anxious young scholar by the business world after he gets out of school and tries to exchange a thorough knowledge of Greek and Latin for three square meals a day.

Nearer to God Canton Press, September 21, 1871. One day, a little girl about five years old heard a preacher praying most lustily, till the roof rang with the strength of his supplications. Turning to her mother, and beckoning the maternal ear to speaking distance, she whispered, "Mother, don't you think that if he was nearer to God, he wouldn't have to talk so loud." HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY CELEBRATES 75th ANNIVERSARY

Governor Christopher S. Bond addressed the So­ ciety at the annual luncheon. Shown at the head table from left to right are: Society President Wil­ liam Aull III; Governor Bond; Dr. Richard S. Brown­ lee, Society director and secretary; and Mrs. William Aull III.

The Annual Meeting of the State marked the seventy-fifth anniversary Historical Society of Missouri, held in of the Society. President William Aull the Memorial Union of the University III presided. of Missouri-Columbia, October 6, 1973, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director

Mrs. John M. Dalton (left) and Mrs. Christopher S. Bond T. Ballard Watters (left) receives (right) study one of the So­ the Distinguished Service Award ciety's contemporary artists9 from Society President William acquisitions. Aull III. Artist Joe Falsetti and his wife (center) discuss one of his contributions to the contemporary art ex­ hibit with Mrs. Lawrence McKinin (right) and a Society guest. and secretary of the Society, presented ganization from its inception to the a reading and disposition of the min­ present. utes of the previous Annual Meeting Trustees chosen for the term expir­ held October 21, 1972. The financial ing at the 1976 annual meeting were: report, consisting of the Society's an­ William Aull III, Lexington; James nual balance for the year July 1972- W. Brown, Harrisonville; Richard J. June 1973, was reported by A. M. Price, Chamier, Moberly; William R. Dens­ treasurer. Dr. Noble E. Cunningham low, Trenton; Elmer Ellis, Columbia; read a statement on behalf of the Alfred O. Fuerbringer, St. Louis; auditing committee concerning the an­ James Olson, Kansas City; and T. Bal­ nual balance. lard Watters, Marshfield. The report of the Finance and Ex­ A resolution of appreciation of the ecutive committees by A. M. Price, late James Todd was read by Warren preceded the annual report of Dr. Welliver, Columbia. Todd, co-owner Brownlee. In honor of the Society's and publisher of the Moberly Monitor- seventy-fifth anniversary, the director Index, had been a trustee of the So­ presented a brief history of the or­ ciety for over thirty-three years.

Artist Lawrence Rugulo and His Wife (left) and Artist Don Bartlett and His Wife (right) during the Society Open House. 234 Missouri Historical Review

A proposal to amend the Society's VIEW went to Jerome O. Steffen for constitution, read at the last Annual his contribution entitled, "William Meeting and approved for submission Clark: A New Perspective of Missouri to the members of the Society at the Territorial Politics 1813-1829," which 1973 meeting for final vote, was passed. appeared in the January 1973 issue. This amendment to Article II, Mem­ Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, Columbia, ac­ bership, Section 1, paragraph four now cepted the framed certificate and $100 includes the Chancellor of the Univer­ award for the author who was unable sity of Missouri at Columbia as an to attend the luncheon. ex-officio member of the Society along Sidney Larson, the Society's curator with the Governor, Secretary of State, of art, announced the new art exhibit and President of the University of entitled "Missouri Art: Past, Present Missouri. and for the Future." This contempo­ Following the Annual Meeting rary art exhibit includes contributions members and guests of the Society at­ from twenty Missouri-related artists. tended a luncheon held in the Me­ Those artists who attended the lunch­ morial Student Union. During the eon were: Don Bartlett, Columbia; luncheon the Missouri Press Associa­ Edward Boccia, Webster Groves; Rob­ tion, the founder of the Society, was ert Bussabarger, Columbia; Blanche honored. William A. Bray, executive and Cecil Carstenson, Kansas City; director of the Association, remarked Naoma Powell, Vest, Kentucky; Joe briefly and introduced the Associa­ Falsetti, Sidney Larson, Lawrence Mc­ tion's special representatives: Mr. and Kinin and Lawrence Rugolo, all of Mrs. Leonard Peerman, Jackson; Mr. Columbia; and Charles Shoemaker, and Mrs. Bill Williams, Thayer; and Hermann. R. L. Vickery, Salem. The luncheon ended with an ad­ T. Ballard Watters, Marshfield, re­ dress by Governor Christopher S. Bond. ceived the Society's sixth Distinguished Bond spoke of the Society and the Service Award. The gold medallion coming American Revolution Bicen­ and framed certificate were presented tennial celebration. to Watters by President Aull. A past After the luncheon, guests viewed president of the Society (1968-1971) , exhibits at the open house held in the Watters has served as a trustee since Society headquarters. On display in 1944 and a permanent trustee since the gallery was the contemporary art­ 1971. ists' exhibition. The corridor gallery The award for the most scholarly featured North American Indians as and popular article in the year's RE­ photographed by Edward S. Curtis.

Remedy For A Bad Heart Hannibal Whig Messenger, October 6, 1852. Worth Trying—It is said that a teaspoonful of table salt dissolved in a tumbler of water drank at once, checks the most violent attack of palpitation of the heart in a few minutes.

A Cure for Toothaches Brookfield Gazette, July 22, 1875. One ounce alcohol, two drachms cayenne pepper, one ounce kerosene oil; let it stand twenty-four hours after mixing. It cures the worst toothache ever known. Historical Notes and Comments 235 gisigaiaisiiiigE^

EDITORIAL POLICY I

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors 1 should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for pub­ lication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should 1 be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an 1 article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor §j MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW " The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

iiaigiigiisiisiisii*i The present Warren County Courthouse, a two-story, red-brick, Italianate-design structure was erected at War- renton in 1869-1871, at a cost of $40,000. It was designed by Thomas W. Brady, St. Louis, and built by Julius Conrad & Co. on the site of the 1838 courthouse.

VIEWS FROM THE PAST

Missouri Courthouses

The cornerstone for the Henry County Courthouse was laid in Clinton on June 24, 1892. Built by D. J. Hayde & Co., it was completed on May 4, 1893. The county's first courthouse was a red brick struc­ ture, built in 1838-1839. Henry Co. Hist. Soc. When the Bollinger County Courthouse burned in March 1884, citizens proposed to move the seat of government from Marble Hill to Lutesville. Marble Hill residents raised subscriptions for a portion of the cost to rebuild the structure and the proposition for removal failed. The new courthouse was completed in 1885.

Courtesy, Mary L. Hahn

St. Charles County's present court­ house was completed at St. Charles in 1903. It was built on Clerk's Hill, the northwest corner of Second and Jeffer­ son streets, where the buildings for the Circuit and County clerks offices had previously stood. The first courthouse was completed in 1849 and damaged by a tornado in 1876. Special elections were held for a new courthouse in 1888 and 1894 and turned down.

Built of Carthage stone in a modern-style architecture, the present Webster County Courthouse was completed at Marshfield in 1941. An earlier structure, built 1868-1870, was damaged by a tornado in 1880, but repaired. It was later condemned and razed for the present building. Massie—Div. of Com. & Ind. Dev. 238 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Antioch Community Church Cole Camp and a stone marker dug Historical Society out in the area. He also read an Roderick Turnbull, director of Pub­ account of Frank and Jesse James lic Affairs for the Kansas City Board coming to Benton County. It was re­ of Trade and former editor of the ported that a large mural of the Battle Kansas City Weekly Star, was guest of Cole Camp, completed by Warsaw speaker at the 120th anniversary of artist, George Cayton, shortly before the church, September 9. The restored his death in October, will be placed church sanctuary is located in Clay in the war artifacts room at the County on the Antioch Road. museum. Officers of the Society are Wilbur Black, president; William Eldridge, Boone County Historical Society vice president; John Henning, treas­ A program on historic preservation urer; Irene Vandruff, recording secre­ was presented by Professor Osmund tary; and John W. Colt, corresponding Overby at the October 18 meeting in secretary. the State Farm Insurance Building, Columbia. An associate professor of Atchison County Historical Society Art at the University of Missouri- The Society sponsored the 5th an­ Columbia, Overby illustrated his talk nual flea market and antique sale, with slides of historic buildings and September 8, in the Tarkio Com­ restored areas. Jack Matthews, co- munity Building. Proceeds are used chairman of the Society's committee for the Society's museum. to remodel "Maplewood," former Ni- fong home, reported on the progress Audrain County Historical Society of that work. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the State Historical Society, was Cabool History Society guest speaker for the Society's annual The Society held open house, Sep­ dinner meeting, October 30, at the tember 7-8, in observance of the city's Mexico Country Club. Dr. Brownlee "Olde Tyme Days." Many clubs and spoke on "150 Years of Missouri His­ organizations provided historical dis­ tory." He also presented a certificate plays in the city hall. of commendation, awarded to the So­ ciety by the American Association for Cape Girardeau County State and Local History, to Robert Historical Society M. White II, Society president. At the September 29 meeting in the Donations to provide funds for a Jackson City Library, Leemon N. new annex to the museum, to house Kinder presented a program on the more work and storage space, are being life of Elder Wilson Thompson, the solicited. Donations may be mailed second minister of Old Bethel Baptist to the Society at P.O. Box 3, Mexico, Church. The Reverend Ernest Punch Missouri 65265. The Society reports displayed a number of old Bibles. Mr. a record membership total of 1,092. Kinder also reported on the first long distance telephone line in Missouri Benton County Historical Society and other area "firsts." Ralph Berry presented the program The Society sponsored a special pro­ at the October 11 meeting in the gram at the Trail of Tears Park, courtroom in Warsaw. He told of September 30, in observance of the Spanish swords reportedly found near Mississippi River Tricentennial. Rush Historical Notes and Comments 239

H. Limbaugh presented the address Number 10" was given by Dan J. on "The Exploits of Marquette and Lapinski at the September 25 meet­ Jolliet." An Indian dance and a ing in Twin Oaks Apartments. Mr. demonstration of pioneer hunting Lapinski is a member of the Chicago methods were also included on the Civil War Round Table. program. Father Norman Volk gave At the October 23 meeting, Marshall the invocation and Kent Nelson, Jack­ Krolick spoke on "Lee and Longstreet son, played a trumpet solo and taps. at Gettysburg." Mr. Krolick is a past president of the Civil War Round Carondelet Historical Society John Scholz, curator of the Eugene Table of Chicago, and for three years Field House, St. Louis, was the guest he has written the "Civil War Quiz" speaker at the October 8 meeting in column for the Civil War Times the Carondelet Branch Library. Illustrated. Carroll County Historical Society Civil War Round Table The Society has been working on Of the Ozarks the publication of a new Carroll Round Table member Marvin E. County history book. Available De­ Tong, Jr., spoke on "Civil War Gen­ cember 1, the volume includes in­ erals in Galveston," at the September formation on servicemen and area 12 meeting in the 89er Restaurant, families as well as updated material Springfield. Mr. Tong is director of about towns, churches, schools and sales and marketing for the Banner other organizations. Proceeds from the Associated Advertising Agency in sale of the volume are to be used Springfield. He was founder of the for the recently completed addition Great Plains Historical Association and to the museum. The Society reported editor of the Great Plains Journal for that it has surpassed its goal of 1,000 nine years. life members; on November 1, there Dr. B. B. Lightfoot spoke on "The were 1,084 life members. Uncivil War: Politics and the High Command of Union Forces in the Civil Cass County Historical Society War," at the October 10 meeting. Dr. At the October 27 meeting in Hotel Lightfoot is professor of History at Harrisonville, Emily Kershaw and Southwest Missouri State University, Elinor Brock, the "Runnenburger Springfield. He pointed out that dur­ Twins," told about their recent ex­ ing the Civil War the usual political periences in Europe where they were infighting was more significant be­ working on a family genealogy. cause of the atmosphere of uncertainty Chariton County Historical Society regarding the loyalty of individual The Society held its annual meeting Americans. He noted the impact of and carry-in dinner, October 21, at political questions and politics upon Dulany Library, Salisbury. Mrs. Mary the presidential search for a com­ Miller Smiser, president emeritus of mander-in-chief for the armies of the the Johnson County Historical Society, United States. Warrensburg, discussed her work as Civil War Round Table of St. Louis curator of the Old Court House Daniel J. Lapinski, past president Museum and the Heritage Library of the Chicago Civil War Round in Warrensburg. Table, spoke on "New Madrid—Island Civil War Round Table No. 10," at the September 26 meeting Of Kansas City in Le Chateau. A program on the "Battle of Island Mrs. Judy Plant presented the pro- 240 Missouri Historical Review

gram for the October 31 meeting. Dedman, vice president; Mrs. Charles She told of the important part Hoskins, secretary; and Mrs. George music played in the Rebellion. The S. Silvius, treasurer. holder of a degree in instrumental Cole County Historical Society music, Mrs. Plant played original A bus tour of Jefferson City's Civil music on period instruments. In addi­ War sites preceded the October 28 tion to the regular program members annual dinner meeting in the Meth­ viewed a film showing highlights of odist Church. About 135 members at­ Battery I, 1st Missouri Light Artillery tended. Officers elected for the coming at the "Battle of Gettysburg—1973." year were Mrs. J. D. James, president; Several persons from the 1st Missouri Mrs. Norman R. Reichard, first vice Light Artillery attended the meeting president; Mrs. James A. Finch, second wearing their battle uniforms. Round vice president; Irma Canada, treasurer; Table members Ron Rathgeber, Art and Mrs. Clem F. Storckman, recording Van de Erve and Hal Hamilton took secretary. Recipient of the first annual part in the reenactment of the Civil Catharine and Alex Hope Award was War battle at Gettysburg. Mrs. Ruth Wells Sone, widow of the Clay County Museum Association late Guy M. Sone. A certificate and A program on' "The Making of His­ check for $100 were presented to Mrs. torical Dioramas or Miniatures," by Sone is recognition for research, com­ Paul McNeely, was given at the pilation and publication of valuable August 30 meeting in the Clay County Cole County records, done in collabora­ Historical Museum, Liberty. Mr. Mc­ tion with her husband. Neely is an artist who has painted The Society sponsored a pancake backmurals for the Kansas City breakfast, November 13, at the Museum of History and Science and Colonnade Restaurant, Jefferson City. has worked in stained glass window The holder of each ticket was entitled art. Eight of his dioramas were on to a free showing of a historical film. display at the Clay County Historical Concordia Historical Institute Museum. A display in the Waltke Museum At the September 27 meeting, mem­ Room of the Institute traced the origin bers of the Smithville Historical So­ and development of The Lutheran ciety, with Mrs. Agnes Shepherd, chair­ Church—Missouri Synod out of several man, presented a history of their area. groups of German immigrants to Fred L. Lee, vice president of the America. Westport Historical Society, spoke on The Institute sponsored the 12th 'The History of Old Westport" at Archivists'-Historians' Workshop Con­ the October 25 meeting. ference, October 31-November 2. Sev­ eral sessions were offered each day Clinton County Historical Society with emphasis on historical and Sixteen members attended the Sep­ archival matters. The 17th regular tember 8 meeting in the courthouse meeting of the Institute was held at at Plattsburg, and discussed the com­ Koburg Dining Hall, Concordia Semi­ pilation and sale of a new cookbook. nary, St. Louis, November 1. The fea­ The Society sponsored a bazaar and tured speaker was the Rev. Fred bake sale at the Fall Festival in Weiser of Hanover, Pennsylvania. He Plattsburg, September 21-22. spoke on "The Tasks and Responsibili­ Officers for the coming year are ties of a Lutheran Archives-History Mrs. Tom Holman, president; Rebecca Center." Historical Notes and Comments 241

Crawford County Historical County on September 23. The dedication of A large group of members and the John P. Sites House followed the visitors attended the September 27 business meeting. James W. Goodrich, meeting and viewed the Society's re­ associate editor of the MISSOURI HIS­ stored log schoolhouse in Cuba. Many TORICAL REVIEW, gave the dedicatory school items, arranged by Society mem­ address. He spoke on the life of John bers, had been donated by interested P. Sites. Mrs. Henry Hamilton pre­ area residents. The business portion sented remarks on the ups and downs of the meeting was continued in the of restoration. A tour of the house nearby Recklein Community Center. followed the dedication. The Friends purchased the Sites House in 1969 Dallas County Historical Society and it has been restored and furnished A special meeting was held Septem­ with ca. 1870 pieces. It is now open ber 16, at the First Christian Church, for the walking tours of Arrow Rock. Buffalo. Members and officers of the Society had their pictures taken for Gentry County Historical Society use in the forthcoming History of At the October 14 meeting in the Dallas County, being compiled by the United Methodist Church, Darlington, Society. members enjoyed a musical program Dent County Historical Society and heard genealogical reports. Members held a covered-dish din­ Graham Historical Society ner, September 14, in the Jadwin The Society reports that its museum Community Building. Mrs. E1 v i n will be open by appointment only Smith, who is compiling a history of during the winter months. the community, recalled many of the early Jadwin area families. Bob Vick- Grand River Historical Society ery, president of the Dent County Mu­ More than 90 persons attended the seum Board, reported on the progress October 18 dinner meeting in the of the museum home. Louise Bradford, Masonic Temple, Chillicothe. Glenn Society president, and Alice Dent were Setzer displayed unusual and authentic asked to serve on the museum board antiques and told about the occupa­ in an advisory capacity. Society mem­ tional and family life of area pioneers. bers voted to contribute $650, the receipts from a recent flea market, Greene County Historical Society to the museum. On August 10, members observed the anniversary of the Civil War Battle Florissant Valley Historical Society of Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. Members celebrated the 15th anni­ They toured the Ray House at the versary of the Society with a buffet battlefield site and heard plans for on the lawn of Taille de Noyer, July its restoration. 19. Paula Schneider and Bob Neel, The Society sponsored a bus tour of the Hawthorne Players, assisted by to Hermann, September 22. Included other society members, presented a on the itinerary were stops at the program on "A Musical Calendar." Stone Hill Winery, Klenk House and A tour of the house and cake and Haney House and an authentic Ger­ coffee on the patio concluded the man luncheon. evening's festivities. Dr. Sam Bradford, Lebanon, spoke Friends of Arrow Rock on the Osage Trail at the October 25 The Friends held their annual meet­ dinner meeting in Calvert's Cafeteria, ing in the-; Old Chapel, Arrow Rock, Springfield. 242 Missouri Historical Review

Harrison County Historical Society Historical Association of A paper on the history of the Greater Cape Girardeau Bethany School, prepared from old The Association is conducting a records and yearbooks, was read at membership drive under the direction the October 4 meeting in the Trust of Mildred Vogelsang, chairman. Sev­ Company Bank of Bethany. Many in­ eral members of the membership com­ teresting stories of early schools and mittee have made presentations before teachers were related by the members service clubs and on television. present. Mrs. Floyd Ross and Mrs. The Association's Carriage House Hazel Linch told humorous incidents craft shop was decorated for Christ­ about Brady School, a log schoolhouse mas and a Christmas tea was held on where they both attended classes nearly November 3. Christmas ornaments and 75 years ago. gifts were on sale with proceeds going to the Glenn House restoration fund. Officers elected for the coming year The Fifth Annual Heritage Ball was were Ruby Smith, president; Carl held November 10, at the Arena which Slaughter, first vice president; Earl was converted to an elegant Victorian Stephens, second vice president; Vesper dining salon aboard a riverboat of Nina Mcintosh, secretary; and Robert the late 1800s. "Sounds in Vince-a- Mcintosh, treasurer. Bill," an orchestra from Kansas City, provided the music. Phoebe Apperson Hearst The Association held a regular meet­ Historical Society ing, November 12, at Glenn House. Members held their annual fall tour, Ted Hoener, local architect, spoke on October 7. They visited sites in Frank­ "A Way Toward Preservation." lin County including Enoch's Knob, A tour of Memphis, Tennessee, was Jacob's Well, Stone Church, High sponsored by the Association, Decem­ Point, Noser Mill and Kratz Spring. ber 1. Some of the featured stops were the Fontaine House, the Mallory Heritage Seekers (Palmyra) House, the Magevney House and the At the September 17 meeting in the Four Flames, a Victorian home con­ Senior Citizens Center, Palmyra, Rob­ verted into a restaurant of historical ert Fee presented a program on the interest. Marion County settlement of New Market. Mr. Fee was assisted by his Historical Association of wife, who showed color slides. Greater St. Louis An illustrated lecture by W. Philip Hickory County Historical Society Cotton, Jr., on "Architectural Research At the August 7 meeting in the of Heritage/St. Louis: South St. Louis courthouse, Hermitage, Roy Kirchner, Neighborhoods of Compton Heights, Jr., of Bolivar, handed out genealogy Flora Place, Tower Grove, Lafayette sheets to the members present, and Square, Soulard and Others" was pre­ told of his work at the Bolivar city sented at the November 9 meeting in cemetery. Steinberg Hall Auditorium, Washing­ Members reported on further ton University, St. Louis. Mr. Cotton genealogy work at the October 2 meet­ is a member of the American Institute ing. Claude Carpenter made and of Architects and is executive director erected signs at the Butcher and of Heritage/St. Louie. Crutsinger cemeteries. Another sign Officers for 1973-1974 are Charles was installed at the Tillery Cemetery. B. Hosmer, Jr., president; Vernon Historical Notes and Comments 243

Wagner, first vice president; Jean presented before and after color slides Ingram Brookes, second vice president; of area historic sites. Charles E. Farr, treasurer; Fordine A. The second program in the series Moore, recording secretary; Ralph P. "Frankly Speaking Presents . . ." is Bieber, corresponding secretary; and scheduled for January 6, in the old William F. Nolan, assistant to the circuit courtroom of the Independence corresponding secretary. Square Courthouse. A talk on "Guer­ rillas and William Clarke Quantrill" Holt County Historical Society will be presented by Donald R. Hale. Reprints of the 1882 History of Holt County were placed on sale at the Jasper County Historical Society September 6 Autumn Festival in At the September 16 meeting in the Oregon. The book sale is a fund- Jasper Baptist Church, Eleanor Cof- raising project of the Society. Copies field reviewed the history of Jasper may be ordered from Mrs. Billie Jo County libraries. Musical entertain­ Ripley, Mound City 64470. ment was provided by the Costley K's of Webb City. Howell County Historical Society Society members are collecting old Johnson County Historical Society photographs of West Plains and Members held their September 30 Howell County for the establishment meeting in the Old Courthouse, War­ of a pictorial scrapbook library. Helen rensburg. R. F. Wood, professor Frater, Frank Thornburgh and Irene emeritus of History, Central Missouri Kimberlin are serving on committees State University, spoke on "Our Amer­ to collect old pictures of homes, build­ ican Beginnings—A Lesson for Today." ings and businesses. A resolution was passed that the So­ ciety complete the restoration of the The Society is also working on a Old Johnson County Courthouse as a project to record oral history from bicentennial project. several senior citizens. Joplin Historical Society Jackson County Historical Society The Society's Dorothea B. Hoover Judge Henry A. Bundschu was hon­ Museum reopened October 3, featuring ored for his contributions to the So­ an animated miniature circus, con­ ciety at a reception given by members sisting of thousands of individual of the board in the Society's research pieces. The circus, the work of the library and archives at the Independ­ late Ned Aitchison of Columbus, Kan­ ence Square Courthouse on September sas, was given to the museum by Mr. 15. L. Patton Kline, president of the and Mrs. Robert Mayes, Joplin, and Society, presented Bundschu with a Mr. and Mrs. Homer E. Rhoads, certificate of appreciation. formerly of Columbus. Mrs. Mayes Some 300 persons attended the an­ and Mrs. Rhoads are the daughters nual dinner meeting at the Arrow­ of Aitchison. The circus is a replica head Club in Arrowhead Stadium of of the actual Ringling Brothers the Kansas City Chiefs on November Barnum and Bailey Circus as it existed 27. Alberta Wilson Constant, author in the early 1900s. A 20-minute tape and researcher, and Hal Sandy, well- narrates the story of the circus and known public relations consultant, includes recorded sounds of the Ring- were the speakers. Mrs. Constant re­ ling Brothers circus. Also included lated the achievements of the Society in the collection are many authentic since its reactivation in 1958. Sandy circus posters, photographs, circus 244 Missouri Historical Review schedules and books. The museum Lawrence County Historical Society hours are 12 to 4 p.m., Wednesday Eugene H. Carl, author of the news­ through Saturday, and 1 to 4 p.m., paper column, "Jimson Weed Journal," Sundays. spoke on "Home Made and Beautiful," at the October 21 meeting in the Kansas City Westerners Jones Memorial Chapel, Mount Ver­ "The History of the River Quay non. The talk dealt with the arts and Area in Kansas City," was presented crafts of pioneers. by representatives of that area at the August 14 meeting at Hotel Bellerive, McDonald County Historical Society Kansas City. The Society held its 10th anniversary The September 11 meeting featured meeting, September 16, at the Com­ Lt. Albert O. Bly, executive secretary- munity Building in Noel. Joe Taylor, treasurer of the 9th and 10th Cavalry Neosho, was the guest speaker. He Association and president of the Black told about the changing mode of travel Military Historical Museum. He spoke by tourists, early resorts and efforts on "The Negro Soldier: Post-Civil War to attract the tourists' dollars. Mr. to 1890," and illustrated his talk with Taylor is the author of 1849-1949, 100 slides. Years of History and Progress, Mc­ Donald County, Missouri and a former David Witt, of Manhattan, Kansas, editor of the Noel Ozark Press. was guest speaker at the October 9 meeting. His topic was "Ernest Thomp­ Marion County Historical Society son Seton: Western Artist." Slides of At the October 10 meeting in the the artist's paintings illustrated the Mount Zion Church north of Han­ talk. nibal, John Lyng presented an address and film concerning the life of Kingdom of Callaway Clarence E. Gideon. Gideon was a Historical Society native of Hannibal who took the land­ More than 200 persons attended mark case of Gideon v. Wainwright open house at the newly decorated and to the U.S. Supreme Court. He died restored Warrene Tuttle Williams in January 1972. Mr. Lyng, an at­ home, August 26, in Fulton. The 1890s torney, is vice president of the Society. home was bequeathed to the Society by Mrs. Williams at her death. Located Mid-America Heritage Council at West 7th and Westminster Avenue, The Council has been organized as the home now serves as the Society's an area-history clearing house and headquarters and museum. It is open referral center whose purpose is to to the public each Sunday afternoon guide students, visitors, scholars and and other historical groups are wel­ any interested person to the wealth come to visit. of historical sources and information At the September 17 meeting, Mrs. throughout the seven-county Greater Hubert Books reviewed Robert Man- Kansas City Metropolitan Area. Offi­ son Myers's The Children of Pride. cers are Katherine Goldsmith, presi­ dent; Reed Whitaker, vice president; Kirkwood Historical Society Fred L. Lee, secretary; and Beverly The Society held ceremonies, Sep­ WTatkins, treasurer. tember 11, to dedicate History House, at 549 E. Argonne Drive. A house Mississippi County tour and reception followed the cere­ Historical Society mony. The Society sponsored a crafts fair Historical Notes and Comments 245 at the Charleston Armory, October at Indian Hills Country Club, Prairie 27-28. Village, Kansas. A program on the Kansas City Museum's plan for greater Missouri Historical Society emphasis on regional history was pre­ An illustrated slide talk on "Forest sented by museum director Gregg F. Park's First Century," was presented Stock. by John H. Lindenbusch, executive director, September 12, at Jefferson Old Trails Historical Society Memorial, St. Louis. An informal re­ The Society held a family picnic, ception followed the address. July 18, at the Jesse Schroeder farm, The Society began a series of his­ 308 Valley Road, Chesterfield. Several torical programs for members, October members explored the historic Pleasant 3. A "Salute to the Carondelet Valley Farm, site of the 1832 Stuart Historical Society" was featured at log cabin and nearby family cemetery. the first meeting with George Berri, Officers of the Society are Kenneth president, and Helen M. Rieckus, a L. Bien, president; Jean Muetze, first founder of the Carondelet Historical vice president; Mrs. J. L. Blackford, Society, both participating in the pro­ second vice president; Frances Stuart, gram. Photographs were also on ex­ treasurer; and Mrs. R. L. Slifer, his­ hibit. torian. The Society held a preview party Pemiscot County Historical Society for the Smithsonian Quilt Show, Oc­ A program on old books was pre­ tober 12, at Jefferson Memorial. sented by George McReynolds at the The Highland (Illinois) Historical Caruthersville Public Library, October Society hosted the Society's annual 23. Members displayed old books and adult tour, October 13. Members prizes were awarded for the oldest visited several nineteenth-century publication in both the fiction and homes and the Louis Latzer homestead nonfiction categories. Prize winners built in 1885 by the founder of Pet were Mildred James and Alma Eggert Milk Company. Other places of in­ with books published in 1820 and terest included on the tour were the 1702 respectively. Geiger School, Schott Brewery caves, Perry County Lutheran a large dairy farm and the Wick Organ Company. Historical Society At the October 14 meeting in Morgan County Historical Society Trinity School, Altenburg, Fred Baue The Society met October 22, at the of St. Charles showed slides of historic Drive-in Bank of Versailles. Mrs. Gene St. Charles. Bartram, program chairman, intro­ The Society sponsored a scenic-his­ duced the guest speaker, K. C. Jones, toric tour of East Perry County on of Columbia, former resident of Ver­ October 21. sailles. He recalled old timers and old business places in the county. Platte County Historical Society Mrs. Jones added remarks about two Over 100 persons attended the an­ outstanding women of Barnett in past nual fall dinner meeting, October 14, years. The Society voted to set up at the Union Mills Opry Theater, an endowment fund for the museum. Edgerton. R. H. Mos, Jr., Platte County attorney, presented the pro­ Native Sons of Kansas City gram on early steam railroads, with The Native Sons held their annual emphasis on the Platte County system. meeting and ladies night, October 25, Tapes and slides illustrated the talk. 246 Missouri Historical Review

Pony Express Historical Association second vice president; Kay Fox, re­ The Association sponsored a Gun cording secretary; Betty Taylor, corre­ Show at Patee House Museum, St. Jo­ sponding secretary; and Stanley Novak, seph, October 20-21, as a fund-raising treasurer. project. Members participated in a Halloween party at the museum on St. Louis Westerners October 27. Members of the Westerners viewed a motion picture, "The First Road Ray County Historical Society West," at the October 19 meeting in At a ribbon-cutting ceremony pre­ the Salad Bowl Cafeteria, St. Louis. ceding the opening of the new Ray The film, produced in Wyoming, fea­ County Museum in Richmond, October tured the Oregon Trail. 28, Presiding Judge Monroe Fields Captain William F. Carroll, of the addressed some 50 persons. Two rooms S.S. Admiral, spoke on steamboating, of the Civil War period were ready at the November 16 meeting. He for viewing and others are being emphasized the role of Missouri River renovated. Many antique items were crafts in the opening of the West. on display. The Society sponsored the museum project. St. Mary's Pioneer Historical Society Raytown Historical Society The Society provided historical dis­ Raytown held its annual Round-Up plays in the windows of the Inde­ Days, September 29-October 6. During pendence Municipal Building from the celebration the Society presented July 1 through August 13, in con­ an oil portrait of William Ray to junction with the Three Trails cele­ the city. Past president James Taylor bration. presented the portrait to Mayor Wil- St. Mary's parish of Independence lard Ross at a ceremony October 6. celebrated its 150th anniversary, August The Society commissioned the paint­ 11, as the oldest Catholic parish in ing which was executed by Raytown the Kansas City-St. Joseph Diocese. artist, Freeda Newell, from an early John Cardinal Carberry, archbishop day photograph. Two of William Ray's of St. Louis, celebrated the anniversary descendants, Mrs. Ida Ray Kieper and Mass with the assistance of Bishop Mrs. Evelynne Plueard, came from Charles H. Helmsing, bishop of Kan­ Linn County, Oregon, for the cere­ sas City-St. Joseph, and the auxiliary mony. The portrait will be displayed bishop, Joseph V. Sullivan, and pres­ in the new City Hall, now under con­ ent and former pastors and assistants struction. of the parish. To accommodate the crowd the Mass was celebrated on At the October 24 meeting at St. the lawn of the church. The Society Matthews Episcopal Church in Ray­ had special displays and hosts and town, the program honored girls' bas­ hostesses in the church for the oc- ketball teams and their coaches from 1917 to 1955. Some of the coaches and players came from long distances to Schuyler County Historical Society be a part of the program and were Margaretta Drury, new library di­ honored guests. Newspaper articles and rector of the Northeast Missouri pictures were on display. Library Service of Kahoka and former Officers elected for 1974 were Albert resident of Tohatchi, New Mexico, was D. Oetting, president; James Neece, speaker for the quarterly meeting, first vice president; Dorothy Stilley, October 14, at the courthouse, Lan- Historical Notes and Comments 247 caster. Her topic was the Indians of September 9 meeting in the Masonic the Southwest and was based on her Hall, Montevallo. Mrs. Herbert Cooper work on the Navajo Indian Reserva­ showed old pictures and told interest­ tion in New Mexico. Indian hand­ ing stories of Montevallo which was crafts were on display. burned during the Civil War and The Society announced the purchase rebuilt on a new site. of an option on the home of the late The Society is working on a ceme­ W. P. ("Diamond Billy") Hall, world- tery census project. famous horse and mule dealer, and circus entrepreneur. The group has Westphalia Historical Society begun a publicity drive to raise funds The Society held a public display through voluntary subscriptions to of historical items in Westphalia's meet the purchase price. Three cate­ Lions Den, November 4. Members gories of donors have been designated; dressed in historical costumes. Sketches they are: patrons, donors of $500 or of town sites by local high school stu­ more; sponsors, donors of $100 to $499; dents were exhibited. and friends, donors of up to $99. Plans Westport Historical Society call for the home to be used as a Through the courtesy of Society museum if the Society is successful member, Don Anderson and the man­ in its fund-raising drive. Gifts are agement of the Prospect of Westport tax deductible and may be left at Restaurant, 120 friends and members either bank in Lancaster or mailed of the Society participated in a special to the Society. dinner party at the restaurant, August Shelby County Historical Society 24. Proceeds from the evening, some Some 60 members and guests at­ $1,200, went to the Harris Home tended the Society's 10th anniversary Preservation Trust Fund. Society presi­ meeting, October 9, in the United dent, Russell Bettis, presented Ander­ Methodist Church, Clarence. Guest son with a framed map of old West- speaker, Thomas E. Churchwell, ad­ port as a token of appreciation from dressed the group on "Uses of History Society members. in Historical Methods." Mr. Church- White River Valley well is assistant to the Dean of In­ Historical Society structions at Northeast Missouri State The September 23 quarterly meet­ University, Kirksville. ing was held at the Riverside Inn, at Officers, elected for the coming year, Ozark. Mrs. Lucille Adams Anderson were Ivo Blackford, president; Mrs. was in charge of the program. Officers Glen Wallace, vice president; Mrs. Em- of the Society are Mrs. Cinita Brown, mett Goe, secretary; Mrs. Lester Farley, president; Lucille Adams Anderson, treasurer; and Gladys Powers, his­ first vice president; Douglas Mahnkey, torian. second vice president; Albert D. Cum- Vernon County Historical Society mings, secretary-treasurer; and Elmo More than 50 persons attended the Ingenthron, historian.

Black Tea Shampoo California Loyal Missourian, November 1, 1866. Washing the head with cold black tea once or twice a week will keep the hair from falling off, prevent its growing grey, and give it a fine lovely lustre. So we are informed by a young lady with very black eyes. 248 Missouri Historical Review GIFTS

THOMAS B. ALEXANDER, Columbia, donor: Print out of presidential elections by county, 1848-1876. R*

THOMAS E. BAKER, Kansas City, donor: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, clippings regarding the Negro movement in 1967. M Material concerning civil and human rights in Missouri including disserta­ tions, unpublished reports and material from the Missouri Commission on Human Rights. R

MRS. JASON E. BARTON, Fullerton, California, donor: The Barton Family, compiled by Jason E. Barton. R

D. J. BEIRNE, St. Louis, donor: Papers, 1934-1970, containing snapshots with descriptions of the Civilian Conservation Corps at work constructing state parks in Missouri and Arkansas, 1934-1936; collection of Missouri deer hunting permits. M

MRS. BETTY TUGGLE BELL, Carthage, donor: "The Descendants of Absolum Johnson," by donor. R

FERN BOAN, Independence, donor: Play programs from theatres in St. Louis, Kansas City and other large U.S. cities, 1924-1942. M MRS. E. R. BOGE, Tillamook, Oregon, donor: Xerox copies of Adams family genealogical records. R Gov. CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Jefferson City, donor: Copy of speech given at the State Historical Society's 75th anniversary meeting, October 6, 1973. M

ACENA BOOTH, Columbia, donor: "Lone Jack, Invasion Battle 1862, Jackson County, Mo.," research paper by Philip C. Parker. R

DUANE L. BORDEN, Denver, Colorado, donor: Xerox copies of genealogical records of the Henry Hoppes family. R

MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Catalogue of the Alpha Delta Phi, 1832-1956. R AUGUST BURGHARD, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, donor: The Story of Frederick C. Peters, by donor. R

VERNON G. Cox, Fort Worth, Texas, donor: "History of Century Electric Company 1900-1943 and Roth Brothers and Company 1894-1932," by J. L. Hamilton. R

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscript Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. Historical Notes and Comments 249

MRS. CECIL DEWITT, Omaha, Nebraska, donor: Monetary donation for book purchase. R

CLARKE DUNLAP, LOS Angeles, California, donor: Copies of materials concerning Missouri confederate soldiers in the Civil War. R Black & white slide of George Reed and family. E

VERA H. ELDRIDGE, Excelsior Springs, donor: Discover North, Family Fun Guide to Clay and Platte counties, which contains historical articles. R

FRED C. FREYTAG, Laramie, Wyoming, donor, through MISSOURI STATE LIBRARY, Jefferson City: Record of Stark—Hamilton—Duncan—Crooks—McConnell—Freytag—Seaver— Brandt Families, complied by Evelyn Potter Freytag and Frederick Clark Freytag. R

CLYDE GODDARD, New Boston, donor: Maddox, Goddard, Baugher, Schreckhise, Christian and Jones family histories. R MRS. JOHN GRAFF, Boulder, Colorado, donor: 250th Anniversary, Historical Program-Pageant Book, Old Mines, Mo.; St. Joachim Sesquicentennial History. R

MYRON W. GWINNER, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, donor: John G. Walker Papers, which include letters to and from Walker and his family. Some were written during the Civil War, loaned for copying. M

MARGARET HARRIS, Sikeston, donor: Monetary donation, in memory of Joseph H. Moore, for book purchase. R

J. P. HERRING, Centralia, donor: "The Herrin Family History from the 1800s to 1971," by Charlie Motier Herrin. R

CHARLES B. JEFFRIES, Salem, donor: Marriage licenses for Crawford and Dent counties; cemetery listings for Keysville, Crawford County, Rhea and Mitchell, both in Phelps County, Dalrymple Farm, Shannon County and numerous cemeteries in Dent County. R

DR. RONALD W. JOHNSON, Columbia, donor: "The Communist Issue in Missouri: 1946-1956," Ph.D. dissertation by donor. R

MRS. SUE JONES, Chillicothe, donor: Brunswick Brunswicker, May 14, 1886; Oct. 9, 1897, May 25, 1923; Bruns­ wick News, Jan. 30, 1886; Mendon Citizen, Sept. 12, 1890; Keytesville Chariton Courier, Sept. 21, 1894; Stanberry Herald, Sept. 26, 1905. N

MRS. JEAN JORGENSEN, Houston, Texas, donor: "Laclede Co. Cemeteries (Eastern)," by Svend and Jean Jorgensen. R 250 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. ERNEST R. KNOX, Sedalia, donor: Camilla Walch Knox Papers: including letter from Mrs. Lloyd C. Stark, 1939; letter from Rose Wilder Lane, 1939. M MRS. STIRLING KYD, Columbia, donor: Elminor E. Batterton Goodson Papers, 1914-1947; insurance policies, can­ celled checks, abstracts of title, deeds and other family papers of Peter W. Goodson and Elminor E. Batterton Goodson. M Maps of South Dakota and Southeast Missouri. R J. GILBERT LAY, Cook Station, donor: "Lay Family Notes, Letters and Records," compiled by donor. R MARGARET U. LOFQUIST, Arlington Heights, Illinois, donor: "A Baker Family in America, Pioneers of N.C., Kentucky, Indiana and Missouri," compiled by donor. R MRS. FAY MABRY, Lee's Summit, donor: 1973-74 Missouri Federation of Business & Professional Women's Clubs Manual. R MRS. W. I. MCHARG, Columbia, donor: Appendix to A History of Olivet Christian Church 1873-1962. R

THELMA S. MCMANUS, Doniphan, donor: Ripley County Records, Part I—Cemetery Listings, compiled by donor. R

CHRIS MILLER, Columbia, donor: QEBH Memorial Directories, 1922, 1930, 1940, 1948 and 1970. R

JOHN MURPHY, Wheatland, donor: Wheatland Hickory County Mirror, July 11, 1872, April 10, 17, 1873. N

MRS. L. O. NEEL, Rochester, New York, donor: Macon High School Yearbook, 1917. R DR. AND MRS. H. I. NESHEIM, St. Louis, donors: Monetary donation, in memory of Ruth Arneson, for book purchase. R

MRS. EDWARD J. NEUNER, Chesterfield, donor: Back issues of the Garden Forum, Federated Garden Clubs of Mo., July 1938-December 1940. R

DR. JOSEPH NICKSON, Webster Groves, donor, through THOMAS JEFFERSON LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ST. LOUIS: 21 Maps of the Bagnall Dam Area, 1925; one map of the area in 1929. R

MRS. BETTY OLSON, De Soto, donor: Two color photographs of the Laura Moore home, Jefferson County. E

MRS. CHARLES PAIGE, Lebanon, donor: Telephone directory for Lebanon-Richland. R MRS. LEON C. PALMER, LOS Angeles, California, donor: Copy of 1858 charter of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Neosho Presbytery, which established the church and listed the members and minister. M Historical Notes and Comments 251

MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia, donor: Wilkes and Houston family histories. R

DONALD R. PATTERSON, Joplin, donor: Monetary donation for book purchase. R

FRANK PAXTON, Kansas City, donor: Monetary donation for book purchase. R

GERALD M. PETTY, Columbus, Ohio, donor: Petty, Wright, Riley and Related Families, compiled by donor. R

IVA PINET-KING, Reeds, donor: Painting of Cote Sans Dessein, Mo., 1881. A

MRS. OTTO NEWTON REA, Lubbock, Texas, donor: The William Thatcher Baker Family, 1830-1971, compiled by Kathryne Baker Witty and Alma Baker Rea. R

MRS. GATES RIPLEY AND CLINTON H. GATES, Kansas City, donors: Photographs of Battery B, 1st Missouri, Field Artillery, 1st Missouri, and the Missouri Camp at Laredo, Texas, 1916. E

MRS. MARGARET RIDDELL SENSINTAFFER, Brookfield, donor, through RALPH R. ROGERS, Columbia: History of Riddell Family, compiled by donor. R

BERT SHELDON, Washington, D.C., donor: Excerpts from various publications concerning Missourians. R

MRS. THEODORE SHELL, De Soto, donor: De Soto city directory for 1897. R

MRS. FLOYD SHOEMAKER, Columbia, donor: Missouri Press Association Distinguished Service Award on wood plaque presented to Floyd C. Shoemaker, May 18, 1960. A

GEORGE W. SHOWALTER, Potosi, donor: "The History of Public Libraries in Washington County, Missouri," re­ search paper by donor. R

LOIS STANLEY, Richmond Heights, donor: Cemetery listings for Big Creek, New Pleasant Park, DeWitt (Evergreen) , Old Pleasant Park, Bethlehem Baptist, Mt. Carmel, Winfrey and Elizabeth, all in Carroll County, Missouri. R Photograph of a rural carriers' convention, ca. 1905. E Bosworth Sentinel, Aug. 9, 23, 30, Sept. 6, 13, 27, Oct. 4, 11, 1934. N

MRS. ARTHUR THILENIUS, Cape Girardeau, donor: Centennial Edition featuring Southeast Missouri State University, published by Bulletin-Journal, September 23, 1973. N Material concerning the Jake Wells Mural at Southeast Missouri State University and the reenactment of the Marquette and Joliet journey. E 252 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. SHIRLEY TICK, Springfield, Illinois, donor: Monetary donation for book purchase. R JNO. L. TILDEN, San Francisco, California, donor: "Family Background, A Story of Some Arnold Stratton—Stewart—Orr Families," compiled by donor. R

MRS. VELTON VANCE, Thompson, donor: The Beaver-Bever Family, compiled by Vida Leola Vance. R

MRS. A. R. WADUM, St. Louis, donor: Letters from John Walker to his family from the California gold rush, 1850-1851, loaned for copying. M

MRS. RAYMOND A. WILLA, Bonne Terre, donor: "The History of Marvin Chapel Cemetery," in St. Francois County, com­ piled by donor. R

ORRIS W. WILLARD, San Francisco, California, donor: "The Hemphill Family, Nottingham, England to Barry County, Mo. 1713- 1973," compiled by Carrie Hemphill Parrish. R

MRS. RUTH ROLLINS WESTFALL, Columbia, donor: Photographs of members of the Rollins family. E Misc. material concerning Columbia and the Rollins family. R & M

ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: Morgan County, Mo. Marriage Record, Books 6 & 7, compiled by donor; "Genealogical records Compiled by the Niangua Chapter, DAR." R

ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor, through B. M. CAPERTON, Charlottesville, Virginia: The Caperton Family, by Bernard M. Caperton. R

Henry County Hog Trap Kathleen White Miles & Kathleen Kelly White, comp., Tattle Tales (Clinton, Mo.), 10. Food was scarce and hard to get in those early days in Henry County and every resident had to use his wits, lest some foodstuff go to waste. Howell Lewis, an early settler, devised a scheme to enlarge his meat supply. He planted a small section in corn and surrounded it with a fence, except an opening large enough for the numerous wild hogs to enter into the succulent corn patch. They came at night and the watchful home-owner would count until he got sufficient trapped inside before he'd hurriedly close the fence opening. He and his sons then hunted down the entrapped hogs for slaughter, dressing them down and salting them into salable hams and sides of pork. These were taken by oxen team to distant Boonville, the nearest trading center, where they were traded for salt, pepper and other provender needed for family living. Historical Notes and Comments 253

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Brunswick Brunsicicker August 2, 9, 23, 30, September 6, 13, 20, 27, October 4, 11, 18, 25, 1973-A series of old photographs. Butler Bates County News Headliner August 2, 9, 16, 1973-Old area photos. August 2, 9—"Alpheus Miller Family." This and the articles below by Reva Stubblefield. August 16—"F. Coleman Smith, Esq. Home." August 23, 30—Chapin family of Hudson township.

Carrollton Daily Democrat August 17, 1973—"Dredging Wakenda Creek—Straightening Wakenda A Huge Task." August 23—"Carrollton's First Aero Club," both by Harold Calvert. Carthage Press August 8, 1973—"Carthage Girls Enjoyed Chicago World's Fair." August 9—"[Webb City, West End] Pharmacy Sale Stirs Memories." This and the above article by Marvin VanGilder. August .16, 20, 23, 27, 30, September 4, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 24, 27, October 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25-"A Brief for History," by Marvin VanGilder, featured respectively the Osage Indians, establishment of Jasper County, Kendrick House at Kendricktown, Freedom Baptist Church and Cemetery, LaGrange School, Carthage Female Academy, Carthage Southwest News (early newspaper), Carter Spring, early county officers, Bank of Carthage, early stage roads, Carthage post office, Carthage as a crossroads, early industry in Carthage, early courthouses, trail herds and Jasper County (four parts), justice in frontier Carthage and land disputes. September 19—"[128th] Machinegun Battalion [of the Missouri-Kansas 35th Division] . . . Citizen Soldiers of 1918 Hope For Final Carthage Reunion." This and the articles below by Marvin VanGilder. September 22—"Rusk School [near Avilla] Was Efficient." September 27—"Time of Tragedy and Terror . . . Wreck of [Frisco loco­ motive] No. 183 Focused Spotlight on Carthage." October 9—"Free Press Helped Carthage Grow." October 10—"Ninety Years of Faith . . . Sarcoxie [Trinity Lutheran] Church To Mark Anniversary."

Clinton Eye August 23, 30, September 13, 27, October 11, 18, 25, 1973—Old area photos. August 23—"Clinton A Mecca . . . [for Jones family]," by Roy E. Jones. October 11— "Centennial Celebration Held At Valley Center United Church of Christ."

Columbia Daily Tribune August 5-October 28, 1973—A history of Columbia and Boone County, by John C. Crighton, published weekly in the Sunday issue. September 9—"Two authorities have worked to rid the city [Columbia] of slums," by Robert T. Nelson. 254 Missouri Historical Review

Columbia Missourian August 26, 1973—"Equal Rights Day, After the First 100 Years Women Still Have Far to Go," by Suzanne Flowers. September 21—"Historic Boonville Homes To Be Displayed Sunday," by Cynthia Goodrich. De Soto Press August 6, 13, 20, 1973—"[Williams Family] From Grubville to Washing­ ton, D.C." August 27—"Old Mines, a centennial tribute." September 3, 10—"Missouri's First Capitol [in St. Charles] History Near Home." September 17, 24, October 1, 8, 15—"Jesse James in Southeast Missouri." October 22, 29—"Dreadful [cholera epidemic] Times Along the Mississippi." All above articles from the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller. Fayette Democrat-Leader August 4, 11, 18, 25, September 1, 22, 29, October 13, 27, 1973—A series on historical Fayette, published in commemoration of the city's sesquicentennial year.

Kansas City Star August 4, 1973—A postcard from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured the gardens and golf course at Swope Park. August 6—"Missouri Mansion [John F. Benjamin house in Shelbina] Old, Yes, But It's Home," by Sandy Luipersbeck. August 11, September 2—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin featured the Icarian colony near St. Louis and Jean Baptiste Trudeau. August 12—"Missouri River Heritage," by John McCurdy. August 23—"The Infamous [William Clarke] Quantrill, A Rebel With Sunday Manners." August 26—"Kansas City's Champion Trees," by Jim Lapham. September 2—"St. Joseph Homes Tour Next Weekend," by Sara Barker, photos by Charles Brenneke. September 9—"A Visit To Harry Truman's Birthplace [in Lamar, Mo.]," by Karla Walters. October 21— "Flying With Ben [Gregory]," by Jim Lapham.

Kansas City Times August 2, 1973—"Hand-Hewn Log Cabin Re-Emerges Into the Sunlight [on Rickey Road in Jackson County]," by James J. Fisher. August 4—"Starlit Ceiling Was a [Uptown] Theater Hit," by Joe Redmond. August 8—"On Heritage Trail in Independence," by Mary Salisbury Hare. August 11—"Belt-Tightening in World War II [in Kansas City]," by Rode­ rick Turnbull. August 20—"Crumbling [Buchanan County] Courthouse Reaches for Re­ prieve," by Stephen C. Haynes. August 24—"Hopes for a Town [Sibley] Snuffed Out," by Fred L. Lee. August 25, September 1, 8, October 19, 27—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively, the Baltimore Hotel, Old Manchester School, 12th Street in 1909, Priests of Pallas Parade and the 9th Street incline, all in Kansas City. Historical Notes and Comments 255

October 17—"[August R.] Meyer Mementos in Museum [in Leadville, Colo.]," by Dwight Pennington.

Liberty Tribune August 2, 16, 23, September 13, 1973—"Old Clay is Some Punkins ... A History of Clay County," a series by Evelyn Petty.

Oak Grove Banner August 2, 9, 16, 23, September 6, 13, 20, October 4, 18, 25, 1973-"Uck Skillet," a historical series by Dorothy Butler.

Paris Monroe County Appeal August 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, September 6, 13, 20, 27, October 4, 18, 25, 1973- "History of Monroe County," reprinted from an 1884 history of the county.

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play September 7, 14, 21, 28, October 5, 12, 19, 26, 1973-"History of Our Town," a series by Lucille Basler.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat August 4-5, 1973—"St. Charles: a glimpse of bygone days," by Elise Cassel. August 18-19—"Ste. Genevieve: a legacy from France," by Anita Buie La- mont, photos by Bob Diaz. October 13-14—"Farewell to the Planters' Hotel," by Mary Kimbrough.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 5, 1973—"Sprucing Up The Memory Of Champ Clark [in Bowling Green]," by Tom Yarbrough, photos by Michael J. Baldridge. August 27—"Remembrances Of Reform, Mo.," by Wayne Leeman. October 7—"St. Louis Watergate—The Whisky Ring," by L. E. Guese. October 8—"[Mrs. Edna Gellhorn] Women's Rights 50 Years Ago," by Patricia Rice. October 14—"The House That [John Forbes] Benjamin Built [in Shel­ bina]," by Jack Rice.

Steelville Crawford Mirror August 2, 16, 30, September 13, October 4, 18, 25, 1973—Souvenir photos.

Returns Not In Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 3, 1896. From the Chicago Record. "I congratulate you, Wigginton, on having your three daughters married off." "Just wait a while, Hopkins; I can't tell yet whether I have three daughters married off or three sons-in-law married on."

Watering Advice Brookfield Gazette, February 18, 1875. Watering Window Plant.—Many blight their plants by too much watering, and more, perhaps, by watering with water too cold. It should always be a little warmer than the soil in the pots. And every time they are watered, do not fail to wash them off, clean. Use a soft, camel-hair brush for this purpose. 256 Missouri Historical Review MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, October, 1973: "[Ulysses S.] Grant Writes Home," with in­ troduction by Bruce Catton.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, October, 1973: "French Icarians in St. Louis," by Boris Blick and H. Roger Grant; "The Western Examiner: A Chronicle of Atheism in the West," by Dale K. Doepke; "Over Here: St. Louis Italo-Americans and the First World War," by Gary Ross Mormino.

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, July, 1973: "Eclipse Park [in Caron­ delet]," by Violet Telthorst.

Cass County Historical Society Newsletter, October, 1973: "A Brief Sketch of the Early History of Harrisonville," by A. H. Welch. Civil War Times Illustrated, October, 1973: "Mr. [James B.] Eads' Turret," by Dana Wegner.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, August, 1973: "The Corneilus Gilliam Family," by Robert Marsh.

, September, 1973: "The Thomas Joshua King Family in Clay County," by Helen King Pharis. Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, Fall, 1973: "Holy Cross School [in south St. Louis]: Memories of the First Decade of the 20th Century," by George P. Schmidt. Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, October, 1973: "Jesuit Museum at Florissant," by Claude H. Heithaus, S.J.; "The Overland Mail."

Great Plains Journal, Spring, 1973: "Claude-Charles Dutisne: A Review of His 1719 Journeys," by Mildred Mott Wedel. Harbinger Magazine, Third Quarter, 1973: "New Madrid Refuses to Die," by John E. Yeager; "The Legacy of Henry Shaw," by Shirley Johnston. Historic Preservation, July-September, 1973: "Soulard: An Ethnic Neighborhood, Past and Present [in St. Louis]," by Stephen J. Raiche.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, September, 1973: "Members Cherish [Atherton United Methodist] Church's History"; "1831 Unchronicled Court­ house, Familiar Picture Is Not First Brick Courthouse," by Pauline Sieg­ fried Fowler; "St. Mary's [Parish of Independence] Is Oldest in Diocese," by Robert Murphy.

Midwest Motorist, August, 1973: "May Kennedy McCord The First Lady of the Ozarks," by Susan Croce Kelly.

Missouri Life, September-October, 1973: "The Quiet Queen [Weston]," by Dee Stuart, photos by J. Bruce Stuart.

Montana the Magazine of Western History, October, 1973: "Probing the Riddle of the Bird Woman [Sacajawea]," by Irving W. Anderson. Historical Notes and Comments 257

Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly, Summer, 1973: "More on the St. Louis Shot Tower." Ozark Graphic, July, August, September & October, 1973: "Adventure in His­ tory A Missouri-Arkansas Ozark Legend Comes to Life With Sam Hilde- brand's Confession," a series, reprinted. , August, 1973, Special Edition: A special historical issue featured the photography of Tom Price.

, October, 1973: "Old Emmons Cemetery Found [in Ripley County]"; "Original Land Owners of Ripley County," by Edna Frank.

Ozarker, September, 1973: "The Alley Spring Story, Shannon County's Famous Spring is Rich in Memories," by Georgia Greene.

Platte County Historical Society Bulletin, Fall, 1973: "Matney Mills [in Bu­ chanan County," by E. M. Crigler. Prologue, Fall, 1973: "Puerto Rico and the [Harry S.] Truman Administration, 1945-47: Self-Government 'Little by Little'," by Surendra Bhana; "[John J. Pershing and the] A.E.F. Snafu at Sedan," by Donald Smythe.

Raytown Trail News, October, 1973: "Modern Map Relocates Santa Fe Trail."

Saints Herald, October, 1973: "Centennial Observance at Stone [Reorganized] Church [of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, in Independence]," by Leta B. Moriarty. Westport Historical Quarterly, September, 1973: "Legend Has Civil War Can­ non Buried Under Mud of Big Blue River," reprinted; "Westport Square," by William A. Goff; "The Battle of Westport," by James L. Abrahamson and Kermit M. Henninger.

To Clean Enamel Without Scratching Kansas City Star, January 1, 1911. From the Philadelphia Times. When the enamel becomes discolored, scour it with a damp flannel dipped in garden mold, then rinse it in plenty of water. In this way the cleaning is effected without causing scratches or other damage.

Long-Distance To Gay Paree Missouri Magazine, June, 1928. The first telephone call from St. Louis to Paris, France, was made very recently and it cost the president of a big department store more than fifty bucks to talk for three minutes with his foreign buyer who was stopping in the French capital. To be exact, the toll rate for a three-minute conversation with a friend in gay Paree is just fifty-four dollars and seventy-five cents. 258 Missouri Historical Review GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY

NORTHEAST MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 1973 MASTER'S THESIS Bounds, Gary Lee, "The Radical Republican Constitution of Missouri."

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY, 1973 MASTER'S THESES Kelly, Susan C, "Zoos in Saint Louis." Koetting, Annora K., "Four St. Louis WTomen: Precursors of Reform."

DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Hodes, Frederick A., "The Urbanization of St. Louis: A Study in Urban Resi­ dential Patterns in the Nineteenth Century."

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 1973 MASTER'S THESIS Foushee, Kenneth, "Some Aspects of Slavery and the Slave Law in Ante-Bellum Missouri."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, 1973 MASTER'S THESIS Flynn, Timothy Clark, "History of The Columbia Missourian."

DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Cassity, Michael J., "Defending a Way of Life: The Development of Industrial Market Society and the Transformation of Social Relationships in Sedalia, Missouri 1850-1890." Christensen, Lawrence O., "Black St. Louis: A Study in Race Relations 1865- 1916." Holmes, Harry Dadisman, "Socio-Economic Patterns of Non-Partisan Political Behavior in the Industrial Metropolis: St. Louis—1895 to 1916." Johnson, Ronald Wayne, "The Communist Issue in Missouri: 1946-1956." Sellers, Richard West, "Early Promotion and Development of Missouri's Natural Resources." Soapes, Thomas Franklin, "Republican Leadership and the New Deal Coalition: Missouri Republican Politics, 1937-1952." Historical Notes and Comments 259

IN MEMORIAM

JAMES TODD lic official, died August 27, 1973, at James Todd, newspaper publisher Grand Chariton Manor Nursing Home and trustee of the State Historical in Brunswick. Society, died September 30, 1973, at Mr. Benecke was born September 22, his home in Moberly. 1884, in Brunswick to Louis and Jo­ The son of James and Anna (Curf- sephine Amerlan Benecke. He was ed­ man) Todd, he was born September ucated in the Brunswick public 9, 1886, in Maryville. Todd left school schools, Smith Academy, St. Louis, and to assist his father in publishing a graduated from the St. Louis School Nodaway County newspaper. After his of Law at Washington University. He father's death in 1907, he became was admitted to the bar, June 9, 1906, editor of the paper, a position he held and practiced law in Brunswick until until June 1928. Todd also served as his health began to fail. On October postmaster of Maryville from 1914 to 25, 1911, he was married to Eleanor 1923. Magruder. In 1929 Todd became co-owner and He served as an official at various publisher of the Moberly Monitor- levels of government including city Index and ran this newspaper until it attorney of Brunswick and Brunswick was sold in 1969. He was married to postmaster, 1921-1934. One of the Marguerite Lawson on August 18, members of the 1943-1944 Missouri 1934. Todd was active in newspaper Constitutional Convention, he later organizations and served as president served as recording secretary for the of the Missouri Press Association in annual reunions of the convention 1939. Other positions he held include members. Mr. Benecke was a second president of the Missouri Association generation weather observer for the of Dailies, 1927; vice president of the federal government, past president of Inland Press Association; director of the Chariton County Bar Association the Missouri Associated Industries; and active in civic organizations and and Missouri chairman of the Asso­ the Republican party. ciated Press in 1955 and 1956. Todd received the Distinguished Service Besides his wife, he is survived by Award of the University of Missouri a son, Louis Waldo Benecke, Kansas Journalism School in 1950. He was City, a daughter, Mrs. Joanna Town- active in numerous civic, social and send, Prairie Village, Kansas, two fraternal organizations in Maryville grandchildren and two great-grand­ and Moberly as well as a former trus­ children. tee of the Methodist Church. Mr. Todd became a trustee of the State ALLEN, FRED D., Kirkwood; March Historical Society of Missouri in May 13, 1890-June 27, 1972. 1940 and served as a trustee until his death. BERG, JOHN W., Kansas City: Janu­ ary 31, 1910-February 22, 1971. He is survived by his wife, Mrs. Marguerite Todd, Moberly, and a BRADLEY, DR. FRANK R., St. Louis: daughter, Joanna Todd of Columbia. January 1, 1900-August 3, 1973.

RUBY W. BENECKE BROWN, W. L., Walker: May 26, Ruby W. Benecke, lawyer and pub­ 1895-July 7, 1973. 260 Missouri Historical Review

CASNER, DR. VERNON H., Kirksville: MOORE, JOSEPH IL, Charleston: Au­ September 23, 1901-April 11, 1973. gust 14, 1891-September 21, 1973. For­ mer trustee of the State Historical CHRISTIAN, MRS. HOWARD, California: Society for 21 years. January 25, 1897-May 22, 1972. NAPIER, MILTON F., St. Louis: Sep­ CLARK, ROLL A D., Macon: May 2, tember 3, 1900-October 11, 1972. 1899-September 15, 1972. NELSON, MRS. EARL F., Chesterfield: CLAY, JAMES C, St. Louis: August 8, November 11, 1881-June 26, 1973. 1886-June 19, 1973. O'BRIEN, E. B., Kansas City: Oc­ COLE, HARRY, Chillicothe: June 13, tober 8, 1899-October 10, 1972. 1901-May 11, 1973. PAINTER, ROY L., Newburg: January COLEMAN, ED, Sikeston: February 8, 20, 1901-April 13, 1973. 1892-September 7, 1972. PREWITT, ROY A., Arlington, Vir­ CRAIG, REV. WALTER, Benton: April ginia: July 2, 1908-February 4, 1973. 3, 1899-December 16, 1971. PURVIS, G. ELMO, St. Louis: April HAMMOND, FRED R., St. Louis: Sep­ 19, 1912-May 29, 1972. tember 2, 1893-August 6, 1973. SHEPPARD, MRS. MYRTLE VORST, Web­ HEISKELL, J. N., Little Rock, Arkan­ ster Groves: November 18, 1907-No- sas: November 2, 1872-December 28, vember 22, 1972. 1972. SHOW ALTER, J. W., Potosi: August 22, HUMPHREYS, ALLAN S., Springfield: 1892-December 4, 1972. October 26, 1889-April 1, 1972. SMITH, H. WALLACE, Kansas City: KELLY, RAY, Browning: January 23, August 13, 1907-January 14, 1973. 1900-September 26, 1972. SUTHERLAND, H. EDWIN, Louisiana: LANSING, GEORGE E., St. Louis: May December 18, 1904-April 28, 1973. 15, 1896-May 15, 1971. TIDGWELL, JOHN, Maryland, New LIENHARD, J. H., Slater: December York: September 27, 1892-January 30, 13, 1892-February 3, 1972. 1973.

MARKLAND, L. H., St. Louis: May 21, TOMS, MRS. GEORGIA, New London: 1899-June 3, 1973. October 12, 1889-November 15, 1972.

MEYER, ELLIS, Jefferson City: No­ TURNER, ALBERT, Columbia: March vember 26, 1902 -January 11, 1971. 17, 1900-March 12, 1973.

MILLETT, MRS. MAURINE G., King­ WATKINS, H. L., Chesterfield: Sep­ ston: July 14, 1908-September 28, 1973. tember 26, 1896-March 30, 1973.

ERRATUM It has been brought to our attention that the picture caption in the July 1973 REVIEW, page 529, was incorrect. It should have stated that Thomas L. Rubey was a State Senator and a U.S. Congressman, not a U.S. Senator as noted. Historical Notes and Comments 261

BOOK REVIEW A History of Missouri, Volume III, 1860 to 1875. By William E. Parrish (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973). 344 pp. Map. Essay on Sources. Indexed. $9.50. Woe to the makers of revolutions! As the Jacobins had learned in the eighteenth century and the Old Bolsheviks would discover in the twentieth, Missouri's Radicals found that it was one thing to overturn the ' relics of feudalism" and quite another to survive the storms unleashed by their triumph. In this study of Missouri's Civil War era, Westminster College's Dean William Parrish chron­ icles the rise of our "first-generation" Republicans, analyzes the issues that brought them together and the fears that finally sundered their ranks and exiled them from the statehouse. The Radical Re­ publicans could agree on liberating slaves and whipping "rebels," but they failed to agree on the rightful place of either in a "puri­ fied" Missouri. Readers entering these pages to worship at the shrines of Claiborne Jackson and Sterling Price must "go empty away." Though the author adheres to standards of decent and orderly judgments, his sympathies clearly lie with the conservative mod­ eration of Hamilton Gamble and those leaders who dealt tem­ perately with the broad "middle" of Missourians caught in the fantastically complicated political emotions of the time. True to the spirit of our Sesquicentennial, Dean Parrish does not proscribe the Confederate tradition. Nor does he laugh the Radicals out of court. If he laments the vindictiveness and confined views of Charles D. Drake's following, the author pays fitting homage to the Radi­ cals' tireless work in laying those durable foundations for a new Missouri "in the areas of education, Negro rights, and economic growth." 262 Missouri Historical Review

Historians embarking on commemorative histories are often braver than they know. Unavoidably they come to their tasks as specialists. But then they confront the necessity of acquiring a deft hand in other subject areas essential to well-rounded period- histories, realizing that after they have made the effort they must run the gauntlet of critics who may judge the broad work by nar­ row and even peripheral standards. And there waits the torment of condensing a lifetime's accumulation of specialized understand­ ings into a smaller format than one would like, followed by the chore of blending special topics into a chronological framework. To these challenges Parrish has measured up well. It does not detract from his splendid workmanship to say that one little rail­ road map, however useful, is hardly enough for a book of this type. And there is ample ground to regret that space could not be found for photographs of the major protagonists of this drama, and that the generally meticulous editing falters in a few places. Academics who carp at the absence of footnotes can (and should) be re­ assured not only by the author's reputation but also by his exten­ sive bibliographical essay. With the publication of this volume, the University of Missouri Press moves into the home stretch of its Sesquicentennial History project. The first three volumes have set a standard to which the remaining authors can enthusiastically repair, and the Press will surely enjoy lengthy congratulations on the excellent usefulness of this monumental series.

Central Missouri State University Leslie Anders

The cumulative index of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW, volumes I-XXV (October 1906-July 1931), has been re­ printed by the Society. Copies can be purchased from the Society for $5.00. Checks or money orders should be payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri. The Society's address is: Corner of Hitt & Lowry Streets, Columbia, Mis­ souri 65201. Historical Notes and Comments 263

BOOK NOTES

A Pictorial Riography HST. Text by David S. Thomson (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, Inc., 1973) 152 pp. Indexed. $2.95. In the foreword to this fine publication, Louis Cassels, a senior editor for United Press International, called Harry S. Truman "one of the great success stories of American history." Fittingly, this soft-bound pictorial biography with its brief text by David S. Thomson reflects on that story. Over 130 photographs visually report the Truman years. The most well-known photos of the former president are included, among them the premature headline "Dewey Defeats Truman" and his piano playing for the leggy actress Lauren Bacall. Special sec­ tions include comment and pictures on the firing of Douglas Mc- Arthur and his famous note, with portions deleted, to the music critic Paul Hume. This interesting and delightful history can be purchased from Grosset & Dunlap, Inc., 51 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10010.

History of Scotland County, 1830 to 1971. Compiled by Mabel Wildman Rice (Memphis, Mo.: Scotland and Clark County Week­ lies, Inc., 1973). 188 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $10.00. Since the last recorded history of the county was written in 1887, this new, updated, hardback edition deals primarily with Scotland County conditions and events after 1887 and through 1970. Bounded on the north by the Iowa state line, Scotland County en­ compasses 441 square miles and is unique in many respects. The area has no large cities and its rural population is dwindling, but it is credited with being one of the state's most productive counties in agricultural products. General topics related in this county history are early settlers, farming, transportation, communications, education, church histories, electricity, the welfare service, histories of towns and villages, noted Scotland Countians, Memphis, the wars, a listing of land owners of each township from 1898 through 1967 and numerous other short stories and interesting events. Many of the stories are reprinted from local newspaper accounts but this does not marr the book's historical value. The compilation of the county's history has been described as a cooperative effort and the community should be commended for 264 Missouri Historical Review

its contribution to this successful and worthy project. Well over two hundred persons and organizations supplied information and assisted with the venture. Mabel Wildman Rice compiled the volume and donated her work and the proceeds from the book's sale to the Scotland County Historical Society. The history may be ordered from Lillian Glasgow, correspond­ ing secretary of the Scotland County Historical Society, Route 3, Box 169, Memphis 63555.

Reflections of Y ester-Years, Centennial Pur din, Missouri, 1873- 1973. By Purdin Historical Committee (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth, 1973). 148 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $5.00. In 1873 Mr. and Mrs. Peter Bond and Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Purdin deeded several acres of their land to the railroad for a flagstop and town. In commemoration of the town's 100th an­ niversary, the centennial historical committee has compiled this booklet featuring the founding of Purdin and histories of the rail­ road, businesses, churches, schools, neighboring communities, old homes, organizations, families and well-known personalities. Many old, as well as present-day, photographs enhance the softbound volume. Reflections of Yester-Years may be purchased from the Bank of Purdin.

Remembering The St. Louis World's Fair. By Margaret Johan- son Witherspoon (St. Louis, Mo.: The Folkestone Press, 1973). 96 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $5.95. This excellent softbound book presents a readable, concise history of the 1904 World's Fair from the planning stage to its final destruction. Many short and interesting stories add little-known facts for the reader, such as the dog-lovers' indignation over the primitive Igorots demand for dog meat, a main staple in their native diet; the development of iced tea; the demolition of the giant ferris wheel; the women's resolution that "there be no indecent dances . . . or improper exhibits at the Exposition"; and President David R. Francis's sad farewell to the fair at midnight, December 1, 1904. Mrs. Witherspoon then points out the disposition of many of the buildings and sculpture. Historical Notes and Comments 265

Pen and ink drawings, by Frances Johanson Krebs, enhance almost every page of this volume, along with the excellent photo­ graphs of Elinor Martineau Coyle. Also of particular interest is a map of the present-day St. Louis area for overlay on the 1904 fairground map. Remembering The St. Louis World's Fair should be of interest to all St. Louisans with pride in their community and to anyone interested in the fair. The book may be purchased from the Folke­ stone Press, Box 3142, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.

Seth Eastmans Mississippi, A Lost Portfolio Recovered. By John Francis McDermott (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973). xvii, 149 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. Bibliography. $10.00. Captain Seth Eastman, stationed at Fort Snelling, between 1846 and 1848, painted dozens of miniature landscapes of the Mis­ sissippi River from the Falls of St. Anthony in Minnesota to a point below St. Louis near the mouth of the Ohio River. Lost for many years, these delicately detailed watercolor scenes were recently discovered in a private collection. Their discovery established Eastman as an important landscape painter and the best water- colorist of the Upper Mississippi. Seventy-nine black and white reproductions depicting the river 125 years ago appear in this hardback volume. Over ten of the plates present levee scenes in or near Missouri. McDermott's cata­ log provides additional, pertinent information for most of the re­ productions. Artists and Mississippi River historians should find particular interest in the book. It may be ordered from the University of Illinois Press, Urbana 61801.

Dream by the River: Two Centuries of Saint Louis Catholicism, 1766-1967. By William Barnaby Faherty, S.J. (St. Louis: Piraeus Publishers, 1973). 246 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Bibliography. Foot­ noted. Indexed. $12.95. William Barnaby Faherty, S.J., has published a number of scholarly works. This handsome volume traces the history of Saint Louis Catholicism from 1766 to 1967. Primarily a factual account, the book presents a wealth of material in forty-one chapters that compose seven parts. 266 Missouri Historical Review

The first part traces the early history and includes a discussion of Pierre Laclede's post, a description of the Illinois French and the tribulations of Father Gibant. The succeeding parts are devoted to the history that transpired under the leadership of DuBourg, Rosati, Kenrick, Kain, Glennon and Ritter. Although these men are the most significant, Faherty has nevertheless added the events and people that comprise a total picture of Catholicism in Saint Louis for the two hundred year period. Attractively illustrated and well-written the volume can be purchased from Catholic Supply, 5851 Chippewa, St. Louis, Mis­ souri 63109.

Kansas City An Intimate Portrait of the Surprising City on the Missouri. Designed and edited by the Creative Staff of Hallmark Editions (Kansas City, Mo.: Hallmark Cards, Inc., 1973). 126 pp. Illustrated. Maps. $12.50. This beautiful volume prepared by the creative staff of Hall­ mark Cards presents a brief history of Missouri's second largest city. Five chapters tell the story. "This Place, This Kansas City" creates the personality of the city today. "The West Is Found" presents a historical review from the city's founding through the mid-nineteenth century. "The Movers and the Makers" reports on how early leaders perceived and promoted the city's potential. "That Kansas City Style" offers a glimpse at the contemporary cultural and social life of the city's people. And "The Next American Experience" promotes the future potential of Kansas City and other heartland metropolitan areas. The text of this volume touches upon the high points of Kansas City's history. One will find the names of John McCoy, Robert T. Van Horn, William Rockhill Nelson and other promi­ nent Kansas Citians. The beauty of the book, however, is found in the pictures that complement the text. Gorgeous contemporary color photographs abound. Early-day photographs, line drawings and paintings (including portions of Thomas Hart Benton's famous murals) add to the attractive format. Captions to the illustrative material besides their identification also tell excerpts of the city's history. This handsome volume may be purchased from Hallmark Cards, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri 64108. Historical Notes and Comments 267

Books reviewed and noted in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW cannot be purchased through the Society. Inquiries for purchases should be made to the publishers.

HISTORIC MISSOURI CHURCHES Old McKendree Chapel

Built in 1819 on the site of early camp meetings between Cape Girardeau and Jackson, Old McKendree Chapel is the oldest Methodist church building in Missouri and probably the oldest Protestant church standing west of the Mississippi River. The structure, constructed of hewn poplar logs with a hand-split shingle roof, plank floors and a large fireplace, stands in a grove of large trees near a spring. Bishop William McKendree attended a camp meeting on the site in 1818 and it is believed the chapel was named in his honor. The initial meeting in the chapel was the first session of the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church held on Missouri soil in September 1819. Other sessions were held there in 1821, 1826 and 1831.

During the early years, it was the center of the Methodist circuit in the area. Changes in population and rural life, however, caused a discontinuance of regular services in 1890. The building and grounds deteriorated until 1926 when renovation and restoration began under the leadership of the Reverend William Stewart. The McKendree Chapel Memorial Association was formed in 1932. Membership sales provided funds for the restoration which included a new foundation, replacement of joists and rafters, a sawed oak floor, a rebuilt fireplace and a handmade cypress shingle roof. The log exterior was covered with weather- boarding. Bishop W. F. McMurry conducted the rededication service on October 15, 1933.

In 1958 additional private gifts provided for the erection of a steel canopy over the chapel, a concrete fire break and additional land for parking and a parsonage. The parsonage, built in 1960, houses the curator who overseas the property and guides visitors. In 1960 Old Mc­ Kendree Chapel was designated as one of the ten major Methodist shrines of America by the General Conference of the church. Annual services of commemoration are held in the chapel which is visited by many tourists.