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Irena Radić Rossi Irena Radić Rossi Proučavanje promjena The study of sea-level changes morske razine na arheološkim at coastal archaeological sites nalazištima u priobalju Irena Radić Rossi Irena Radić Rossi Sveučilište u Zadru University of Zadar Odjel za arheologiju Department of Archaeology Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV., 2 Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV., 2 HR, 23000 Zadar CROATIA, 23000 Zadar [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 551.46(497.5)(210.5)(262.3) UDC: 551.46(497.5)(210.5)(262.3) 902/904 902/904 Pregledni članak Review article Primljeno: 5. 7. 2017. Received: 5 July 2017 Prihvaćeno: 19. 7. 2017. Accepted: 19 July 2017 Promjene morske razine konstantan su proces za Changes in sea levels are a constant process for koji potvrde nalazimo u nizu geoloških, geomorfo- which confirmations can be found in many geological, loških, bioloških i ekoloških indikatora te u brojnim geomorphological, biological and ecological indica- arheološkim i povijesnim izvorima. Proučavanje tih tors, and in numerous archaeological and historical promjena omogućuje nam rekonstrukciju obalne crte sources. The study of these changes makes it possible i ostalih geomorfoloških značajki određenog obalnog to reconstruct coastlines and other geomorphological krajolika tijekom povijesnih razdoblja. Geološki, features of specific coastal landscapes during various biološki, arheološki i drugi indikatori daju nam po- periods. Geological, biological, archaeological and datke o relativnim promjenama morske razine, tj. o other indicators provide data on the relative sea-level uzajamnom odnosu mora i kopna u određenom vre- changes, i.e., on the interaction between sea and land menu i na određenom prostoru. One su zbroj eustat- in specific periods and in specific places. They are the skih, tektonskih i glacio-hidro-izostatskih čimbenika sum of eustatic, tectonic and glacio- and hydro-iso- i, shodno tome, posljedice su globalnih, regionalnih static factors and, consequently, of global, regional i lokalnih pojava. U radu se sažeto prikazuje složena and local phenomena. This work concisely presents 549 VAHD 110-2, 2017, 549-576 problematika promjena morske razine tijekom proš- the complex topic of sea-level change over the course losti, s ciljem približavanja svim stručnjacima koji se of the past, with the objective of bringing together izravno njome ne bave, ali se s njome susreću tije- all experts who do not directly deal with it but none- kom arheoloških istraživanja u priobalju i plitkome theless encounter this problem during archaeological podmorju. research at the shoreline and submerged sites. Ključne riječi: promjena morske razine, obalna Key words: sea-level change, coastline, ar- crta, arheološki markeri, geomorfološki markeri, chaeological markers, geomorphological markers, biološki markeri biological markers 550 Irena Radić Rossi, Proučavanje promjena morske razine na arheološkim nalazištima u priobalju The study of sea-level changes at coastal archaeological sites 1. Uvod 1. Introduction Proučavanje promjena morske razine omogućuje The study of sea-level change makes it possible to nam rekonstrukciju obalne crte i ostalih geomorfo- reconstruct the coastline and other geomorphological loških značajki određenog obalnog krajolika tijekom features of a specific coastal landscape during specific povijesnih razdoblja. Iako je riječ o značajnim infor- historical periods. Even though this is important in- macijama, često neophodnim za odgovarajuću inter- formation - often essential for an adequate interpreta- pretaciju arheoloških nalaza, za sada na priobalnim tion of archaeological finds - thus far no systematic arheološkim nalazištima u Hrvatskoj nije provedeno research has been conducted at coastal archaeologi- nijedno sustavno istraživanje, pa je shodno tome i cal find-sites in Croatia. Consequantly, the amount of količina spoznaja o obalnim paleokrajolicima na vrlo knowledge on palaeo-landscapes is rather meagre. A skromnoj razini. Usporedba proučavanja prapovi- comparison between the study of coastal palaeolan- jesnih obalnih paleokrajolika u svijetu1 s izoliranim dscapes in the world1 and the isolated attempts to anal- pokušajima analize prapovijesnih potencijala u hrvat- yse the prehistoric potential at Croatian submerged skom podmorju,2 te uopćenim zaključcima koji se če- sites,2 as well as the generalized conclusions which sto iznose u slučaju nalazišta iz kasnijih vremenskih are often drawn in the case of sites from later periods, razdoblja, ukazuju na potrebu intenziviranja takvih indicate the need to intensify such research. istraživanja. The purpose of the work is to present the complex Svrha je rada sažeto prikazati složenu problemati- topic of sea-level change over the course of the past ku promjena morske razine tijekom prošlosti i učini- and to make it more accessible to all experts who do ti je pristupačnom svim stručnjacima koji se izravno not directly deal with it, but nonetheless encounter it njome ne bave, ali se s njome susreću tijekom arheo- during archaeological research at the shoreline and loških istraživanja u priobalju i plitkome podmorju.3 submerged sites.3 Familiarity with the essence of this Upućenost u osnove te problematike olakšava postav- set of problems eases the formulation of suitable re- ljanje primjerenih znanstvenih pitanja, sustavno pri- search questions, the systematic gathering of all avail- kupljanje svih dostupnih podataka neovisno o izrav- able data regardless of direct scholarly interest within nom znanstvenom interesu u okviru matične znanosti the framework of the core research field, and the es- te uspostavu interdisciplinarnog istraživačkog tima. tablishment of interdisciplinary research teams. U fizičko-geografskom smislu obala je dio kopna In the physical geographical sense, the coast is the koji je u dodiru s morem. Ovisno o nagibu kopna i part of land that meets the sea. Depending on the gra- rasponu oscilacija morske razine ona zahvaća širi ili dient of the land and the range of oscillations between uži pojas. Obalna crta razdjelnica je između kopna sea levels, it may encompass a broader or narrower i mora, a duž hrvatske obale ona je danas određena belt. The coastline is the boundary between land and srednjom razinom visokih voda na mareografima u sea, and all down the Croatian coast it is today deter- Dubrovniku, Splitu, Bakru, Rovinju i Kopru u epohi mined by the mean level of high waters on the mareo- 1971.5 i kao takva ucrtava se na pomorske i topograf- graphs in Dubrovnik, Split, Bakar, Rovinj and Kopar ske karte.4 Obalnu crtu karakterizira četverodimen- to an epoch of 1971.5 and it is delineated as such on zionalnost, tj. promjene u prostoru i vremenu.5 Osim maritime charts and topographic maps.4 The coastline morske razine na njezin izgled utječu i drugi čimbeni- is characterized by four-dimensionality, i.e., changes ci, kao što su mehaničko djelovanje valova i morskih over space and time.5 Besides sea levels, its appear- struja, sedimentacija materijala (naročito intenzivna ance is also influenced by other factors, such as the na riječnim ušćima) ili razne ljudske aktivnosti. 1 Flatman et al. 2005, which includes an overview of the most important works on submerged cultural sites. 1 Flatman et al. 2005, koji uključuje pregled najvažnijih 2 Benjamin, Bonsall 2009; Benjamin, Črešnar 2009. radova o temi morem preplavljenih kulturnih krajoli- 3 This work is an adaptation of the chapter “Arheološka ka. baština i promjene morske razine” [‘The archaeologi- 2 Benjamin, Bonsall 2009; Benjamin, Črešnar 2009. cal heritage and sea-level changes’] from the doctoral 3 Ovaj rad prilagodba je poglavlja Arheološka baština i dissertation entitled Problematika prapovijesnih i promjene morske razine iz doktorskog rada pod naslo- antičkih nalazišta u hrvatskom podmorju [The prob- vom Problematika prapovijesnih i antičkih nalazišta u lems of prehistoric and Antique sites in the Croatian hrvatskom podmorju, obranjenog na Sveučilištu u Za- undersea zone] defended at the University of Zadar in dru 2011. godine. 2011. 4 Duplančić Leder, Leder 2010, str. 121. 4 Duplančić Leder, Leder 2010, p. 121. 5 Duplančić Leder, Leder 2010, str. 123. 5 Duplančić Leder, Leder 2010, p. 123. 551 VAHD 110-2, 2017, 549-576 Promjena morske razine često se spominje u slu- mechanical action of waves and sea currents, sedi- čaju antičkih nalazišta, ali nam tek u novije vrijeme mentation of materials (especially intensive at river znanstvena istraživanja nude odgovore te u nekim mouths) or various human activities. slučajevima iz temelja mijenjaju dosadašnje spozna- Sea-level change is often mentioned in conjunction je i zaključke.6 Uopćena pretpostavka o promjenama with sites dating to Antiquity, but only more recently morske razine, koje duž istočne jadranske obale izno- has scholarly research offered answers, and in some se 1 mm godišnje, ne može se koristiti za preciznije cases they thoroughly change all previous knowledge rekonstrukcije i interpretacije.7 and conclusions.6 Generalized hypotheses on sea-lev- Sva priobalna, dijelom ili u cijelosti morem pre- el change, which amounts to 1 mm annually all down plavljena nalazišta na kojima nepokretni arheološ- the Adriatic coast, cannot be used for more precise ki nalazi leže in situ, potencijalno su koristan izvor reconstructions and interpretations.7 podataka za proučavanje relativnih promjena morske All coastal, partially or wholly submerged sites at razine. Problem nastaje kad se od arheologa traži toč- which immovable finds lie in situ are potentially use- na interpretacija i datiranje
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