Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an urban archaeological of Jurash, Southwest of Mena Elassal Assistant Professor, Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology, Faculty of Humanities King Khalid University, KSA.

Received on 8 /10/2019 Accepted on 3 / 2/2020

Vol.12 (1) March 2020 7 8 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.12 (1) March 2020 Abstract: urban geoarchaeologyareas andtheirenvironment. information forinterpreting thecomplexityof and archaeologicaldata, provideimportant sites, combinedwith geomorphological Arabia Vision2030. economic roleinachievingtheKingdomofSaudi value andtourismimportanceofthecityits obtaining physicalevidencetoprovetheheritage list of World Heritagesites. This willalsoenable Jurash and its possibility of being included in the of thearchaeologicalandvalue the appreciationofitsheritageaswellstudy the orientingoffuturecoursecityand human) andtourisminvestment. This willenable of Jurash because of its geographical (natural / determining thearchaeologicalvalueofcity and theoldenvironmentalconditions perception thathighlightstheurbandevelopment maps ofthecityandworkingonanecological the importanceofstudyinredrawing important commercialcenteratthattime.Hence, pilgrimage from Yemen, andthusbecamean Jurash islocatedonthetraderouteandnext human settlementinthecity. Where thecityof and successive Islamic periods that indicate the of clay, and dates back to the pre-Islamic period buildings, someofthemarestoneand Arabia. The sitecontainstheremainsoflarge is part of Asir region in the southwest of Saudi Rufaida, 15kmsouthofKhamisMushait,which PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF Pedostratigraphy appliedtourbanarchaeological Jurash islocatedinthegovernorateof Ahad AN URBAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL OFJURASH, Assistant Professor, Geomorphologyand Geoarchaeology, FacultyofHumanities SOUTHWEST OFSAUDIARABIA. KingKhalidUniversity, KSA. Mena Elassal Jurash. Keywords: Paleoenvironmental,urbangeoarchaeology, established toanydegree ofprecision. Although be to ages the throughout of configuration and archaeological datadoes notallowtheposition the city. The scarcity ofpaleoenvironmentaland of configuration natural the masking city old the and theconstructionofawallaroundrest after successivestagesofarchaeologicalmission, artificial entirely is Jurash minerals. and leather, addition toindustrialproductssuchasweapons, products suchasfruits,grains,andvegetables,in routes. Trade commodities includedagricultural importance duetoitslocationalongmajortrade is locatedin Asir regionanditgainedeconomic was knownforitsancientrolesinmakhlef.Jurash adequately managedandprotected. Asir region become featuresofthemoderncityiftheyare origin ornot),whichoverthecourseoftime,may of archaeologicalremains(betheyurban cities guaranteesthefactthattheyhostamultitude archaeological sites. The constantevolutionof human activityandtheenvironmentalcontextof provides agreatdealofinformationregardingpast areas. of thegeologicalandculturalheritageurban archaeological remainsshould be consideredpart human activities.Pedostratigraphicrecordsand information on past environmental changes and the studyofpedostratigraphyprovidescrucial of urbanareas,asdemonstratedatJarashwhere work isessentialinarchaeologicalexcavations these remainsarelocated.Geoarchaeological dating andpottery)forthestudyareawhere physicochemical soilproperties,radiocarbon and geoarchaeologicaldata(stratigraphy, of Jurashcityandpresentsgeomorphological This paperapplies this methodology in the case The applicationofgeosciencetoarchaeology 1.Introduction: Mena Elassal Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an urban archaeological of Jurash, Southwest of Saudi Arabia. their reliability is variable, the use of historical (Briassoulis, 2000). Tourism activities have already maps and aerial images is a common approach resulted in degradation of the natural resources in reconstructing the natural configuration of on which the industry depends. The National Jurash city. However, it is possible to obtain Commission for Wildlife Conservation and information from19th century maps produced, if Development (NCWCD) was created in 1986 to the configuration of sedimentary bodies reflected manage wildlife reserves (Seddon & Khoja, 2003). in the photos are natural. In addition, where it Due to their natural elements, good infrastructure, lies between the mountain of Hammam in the hospitality and historic sites, regions included in east, and on the west basin Wadi Bisha to beneft the National Tourism Plan, such as Asir region, from the foods, which is thus characterized by its have become tourist destinations on national and location strategic. international scales. Domestic tourism has soared Geoarchaeology applies knowledge and in the recent years. Asir is now considered as the techniques from different earth science disciplines main tourist attraction in the Kingdom of Saudi in order to resolve historic-archaeological Arabia. Hundreds of local, Arab and international problems (Bennedetti, Cordova, & Beach,2011, tourists annually visit the region. Asir is currently p.85; Butzer,1982; Canti& Huisman, 2015, one of the most popular tourist destinations in p.96; Nicoll& Murphy, 2014, p. p1-4; Panin& the Arab World and has been selected to be the Bronnikova, 2014, pp,1-5). and is directly Capital of Arab Tourism in 2017 (Arab Tourism linked with paleoenvironmental reconstruction Organization, 2015). Therefore, we must preserve in archaeological contexts (Dincauze, 2000). and value the heritage in Asir region shedding A main focus of geoarchaeology is the study light on its historical importance throughout the of urban areas as they often have a higher ages and historical periods. degree of complexity in comparison with more rural settlements (Rothschild& Dizerega, 2. The Studied Area: 2008). Indeed, a geoarchaeological approach Jurash is located in the governorate of Auhd can be highly informative for understanding Rufda in Asir region in southwest Saudi Arabia urban processes, demographic cycles, and the and is located 15 km south of . intersection between sites and their surrounding Jurash archaeological site in between of Mount landscapes (Butzer, 2008). "Hamouma" and Jabal "Shukr". The site contains Since the establishment of the General Authority the remains of large buildings, some of the stones for Tourism and National Heritage in 2000, Saudi and other clay and contains the prehistory dating Arabia has sought to facilitate the aggressive back to the pre-Islamic period and successive development of tourism at the national level. periods until the eleventh century AD, where The efforts so far are likely to bring about there were indications of settlement during the massive tourism expansion in the upcoming Abbasid period in the north and center of the years. Development in the Saudi tourism sector site, and in the south of the site. There are signs has rather focused on areas of high potential to of settlement during the middle and late Islamic be mass markets, i.e., sites of natural beauty and period. Jurash is located on the pilgrimage road mild climate. coming from Yemen. It was famous for its leather However, the impact of tourism development on and war industries. Jurash was also known during the environment has not been properly assessed the period of the Prophet's mission as an important

Vol.12 (1) March 2020 9 10 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.12 (1) March 2020 (1) locationofstudyarea. p.408) Ghamedi,1996, (Al- kingdoms. Arab the restoflocalmarketsduringera which startsfromitscommercialtransactions,to Jurash, which confrms that it was the main center, commercial centerinthisregioncomparableto sources arenotrememberedandthereisno the east,toRedSeacoastsinwest.Old of the north regionof Asir, and from Tathlith in from Najraninthesouthtoendsofborders commercial centerservesawidearea.Itextends in thispartofthe ,becauseits the remainingsettlementsandculturalcenters geographical location is of great importance, for the kingdomsofsouthern Arabia itsnorth.Its is locatedonthecommercialroad,whichconnects commercial center. Jerashisimportantbecauseit Fig. (1) The location ofstudyarea. fg. Islam. IthadbeenusedduringtheearlyIslamic fortress oratempledatingbacktoperiodbefore blocks, whichislikelytohavebeenapartof detected withthickwallsbuiltusinglarge stone Peninsula apartofthearchitecturalunitwas most importantsitesinthehistoryof Arabian For results. the archeologicalsiteofJurash,itisone signifcant producing now, until has completedthesiteexplorationsince1431H by ajointSaudi-Americanteam. The Sauditeam of twomosques. The excavationswereperformed features of an Islamic civilization in the existence dating backto3,000yearsandhaveillustratedthe that theexcavationsrevealedancientmonuments back toBCandtheIslamicera.Itisnoteworthy 3.1 History 3- Results Jurash containingthatarchaeologicalsitedate Mena Elassal Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an urban archaeological of Jurash, Southwest of Saudi Arabia. period, and it had seen some modifcations and There were fgures from the Prophet Muhammad’s additions. It was mentioned that Jurash was in time (peace be upon him), Urwah ibn Mas’ud and historical sources, as the traveler (Arab Hamdani Ghailan ibn Salamah, who lived in Jurash to learn 945 m). In that way, incense trade in ancient about catapults and tanks during the siege of Taif, times south of the Arabian Peninsula to the reinforcing the city’s historical signifcance (Bin Mediterranean Sea, has passed through the frst Jurais, 1998, p.68). millennium Jurash BC. Jurash is one of the most Hamwi has stated that Jurash from Mikhalev important sites on the road to the ancient caravan. Yemen. On the one hand, is in the frst Jurash, near in the southwest Asir region region. It is the length of 65 degrees and width of is one of the most important archaeological 17 degrees (Hamwi, 1906, p.127). Thus, it is an sites in the history of the Arabian Peninsula, area of about almost 122.655 Km², and currently, with excavation teams unearthing relics dating an area of about 81000Km². The area of Mikhlaf back thousands of years. It was famous for Jurash was the largest area of Asir region now manufacturing weaponry, including catapults and about almost 41655Km². The boundaries of war machines that could be described as tanks, as Mikhlaf Jurash were vast, including Asir and well as being a rest stop and meeting point due regions. Located north of and its trade route location. Jurash was an important south of Mecca, Mikhlaf Jerash was the area city in the pre-Islamic era playing a cultural and currently occupied by the military city in Khamis economic role due to its industries, and the Saudi Mushayt and its surrounding areas. It is now the Commission for Tourism and National Heritage archaeological site of Jurash area. Fig. (2) Border (SCTH) has been exploring the area for almost a of Jurash. decade. Lion pouncing on a bull found in Jurash are proof of the city’s ancient past. Historical and archaeological sources showed that Ahad Rafdah and the area around it were known as Mikhlaf Jurash. Jurash ruins were still visible in Ahad Rafdah city even now, "based on early sources, the number of industries was limited. The leather industry fourished greatly and Abu’l-Fida and Ibn Al-Mujawir talked about this industry’s good quality that helped it become famous outside the Arabian Peninsula, until this leather became famous in foreign markets such as Iraq, Persia, the Levant and others.” Mikhlaf Jurash was renowned for imanufactured tanks: Wooden machines covered with cowhide that men would ride near besieged fortresses. Wealthy citizens from Makkah, Taif and elsewhere in the Arabian Peninsula focked to Jurash to learn about these goods so they could protect themselves and their assets. Modifed:( Grace, 1998, p.70). Fig. (2) Border of Jurash.

Vol.12 (1) March 2020 11 12 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.12 (1) March 2020 al-Ela, 1975,p.19)fg.(3)Geologicalmap. covered with gravellysoilsandrockspasms(Abu by basaltblocks. There is Wadi Bishawhichis consist mainlyofgraniterocks,andarecovered has severalmountainousvolcanicpeaks,which and cracking(Al-Walya'i, 1997,p.30). The area a complexgeologicalhistoryofseverefolding valleys wherethestudyareapassedonavery Paleozoic periods, inadditiontothesedimentsof of rocks sedimentary by covered is dates tothe Triennial andQuadraticperiods. pre-Cambrian era.Itisspreadbybasalt,which igneous andmetamorphic,whichdatesback It isanancientlandmassformedfromrocks basis ofthe Asir region,ofwhichJurashispart. The Arabian Shieldrepresentsthegeological 3-2 Geology Fig. (3)Geologicalmapof thestudyarea geomorphological characteristicsfg.(4): main morphologicalunits,eachwithdistinct below. The studyareacanbedividedintothree different geomorphicunitsofstudyareaaregiven of descriptions The mapped. and identifed were various geomorphicunitsandtheircomponent high anddiversegeomorphologicalfeaturesthe one ofthemostSaudi Arabia regions,complex, is It Mountain. appearance its by characterized which thecitywasbuilt. The studyareais to the Triennial andQuadraticperiodduring which dates back pre-Cambrianera. It dates volcanic, from rocks igneous and metamorphic, a to laterally passing slopes low by characterized the past"(Abual-Enein,1981,p.36).Jurashare Haton explained that "the present is the key to 3-3 Geomorphology t li, which plain, fat ne svrl mountainous several fanked Mena Elassal Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an urban archaeological of Jurash, Southwest of Saudi Arabia.

1- Red Sea coast area, known as Tihama plain. 3- 4 Geoarchaeology and stratigraphic features: It is known as a Tihama Asir, narrow coastal The geographic location that Jurash has enjoyed plain. It is a specifc geomorphological unit has created a strategic position, both in the which consists some of basaltic fows and cones economic or political, making it, are classifed of volcanic ash materials, and the tongues of the within the centers of civilization of great aharat (Habib, 2005, p.9). On the Tihama Plain importance during the period from the second spans range of Parallel valleys, which descending and the frst centuries BC to the sixth century from the mountains of Sarwat Such as the valleys AD. Jurash was known in this period as one of of (Bish, Jizan and Sabia) and other short and fast- Mkhalef Yemen, on the one hand Mecca, and it fowing valleys. It contains dry and wet sabkha, was a great city and state wide, to the upper Najd. some of the high hills, Sand dunes, and deposits From this defnition, it indicates that Jurash was of lime and salt (Al-Sharif, 1984, p.41). a large province, extended between Najran in the south and north of Bisha. It is currently known as 2- Mountain range the region of Asir Province (Al- Ghamedi,1996, The mountain range extends from north to p.410). south, adjacent to the Red Sea, known as the The wells are scattered along the road, and this is Asir Mountains. The mountains descend rapidly evidence that the choice of this route and its route and suddenly towards the west to Red Sea coast must provide important water resources. Several and descend gradually towards the east. The stone installations were also monitored, as well mountains range a height of from 1500 meters to as a mosque. We fnd that the lack of specialized more than 3,000 meters. This elevation exceeds sources and references, and a little written about some of the high mountain peaks, such as the the subject in detail, where most of the sources "Souda" mountain, 3015 meters above sea level. dominated fragments of useful information The highlands of the mountain range are water- scattered here and there. The information of these dividing areas for valleys draining into direction geographic sources was fragmentary, not clearly east and west (Al- hidab, 1992, pp. 10-11). indicative of the route or of determining land ownership or tribal ownership. At the beginning 3- Plateaus and Piedmont range: of the ffth century AD caravans took another This range is the northern and eastern parts of the route across the mountainous plateau, whose study area. This range represents the transition stations and houses differed from the frst route zone between the mountain range, known as the between the ports of Yemen and Tabala, located Piedmont range or the range of the mountain in the southeast of Mecca. It seems that by the feet. This range is the sedimentation surface of name of Dar es'ad al-Kamel, this transformation the valleys and the spherical fans consisting took place during the reign of King Al-Hamiri of gravel, glamide, rock masses and sand. The As'ad al-Kamel, who lived in the early ffth surface of the scale is characterized by the relative century AD. Although this road was bumpier than fat and gradient of the gradient from west to east. the frst incense road across the eastern valleys, It is characterized by a strong separation due to there were more water and vegetation, Abraha tectonic movements. Floodplains, Rocky hills, al-Habashi takes him in his disastrous campaign Rock outcrops, volcanic cones, and Isenberg (Al- on Mecca for the great elephant's need for water Koumi, 2004, p. 1455). and fodder (El emri, 2003), which is not available

Vol.12 (1) March 2020 13 14 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.12 (1) March 2020 through theeasternoutskirts of Asir andmay Thalithian valleyandthen deviatestothewest north-west ofthe Arabian Peninsula throughthe while the other branch of the road goes to the stations tobelocatedonthebankof Wadi Bisha, of these that Jurashwasprobablyone evidence in roadhousesacrosstheeasternvalleys. This is Fig. (4)Geomorphologicalcharacteristicsofstudyarea. (5) locationofJurash. pass throughJurashnearKhamisMushayt,Fig. Mena Elassal Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an urban archaeological of Jurash, Southwest of Saudi Arabia.

Modifed: (Grace, 1998, p.70). Fig.(5) Location of city of Jerash archaeological site. Picture. (1) The archaeological hills.

The site of Jerash is characterized as a rectangular shape, about 1,000 m from north to south, and 500 meters from east to west. It extends along the north from the south to the archaeological hills. It contains a major hill, and a number of small hills concentrated density in the middle (Picture 1). On the eastern side, there are rocks of large size. The area of the site is limited due to modern urban extension. The length is up to 80 cm and the width to 60 cm. During the feld visit in April 2019, there was a large mosque built above a mosque below it, and they date back to the early Islamic period, built on the foundations of a fortress dating back to the period pre-Islamic (Picture 2). In addition to the inscription on the rock of a lion and a bull written down them, the predicate line of this painting was carried out by prominent engraving of molar in both the lower and upper parts, of different shapes and sizes which are carved from sandstone (Picture 3).

Vol.12 (1) March 2020 15 16 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.12 (1) March 2020 It goesback to212 AD (Fig. 6). As aresult,it to the period (211- 217 AD) have beenfound. process thatRomancoin cashwhichdatesback 1996, pp.439-441).Itwas duringthedrilling this researchhasreliedon astudy(Al-Ghamdi, historical andeconomicconnotations. Therefore, on thedatesofarchaeologicalsite.Itcarries important archaeological and pottery. Cash currencyisoneofthemost archaeological on In ordertodatethesiteofJurash,itwasbased ndings such as cash currency cash as such fndings fndings which is reliable Picture. (2)Partsofmosquebuiltabovea Picture. (3)Someofmolars 0.072 cm/year(Fig.7)Planning ofJurashsite. cm/ in1784.Consequently, the sedimentationrate of theRomancoincash.It wasaboutalmost130 difference betweenthedateofdrilling andthedate Jurash couldbeinferredthroughcalculatingthe route. Accordingly, thesedimentationrate of it wasthestationfortradeexchangeonold Jurash was positionedinaneconomicarea.Moreover, that confrms This usages. commercial Its arrivalinJurashwasconsiderednormalthe emphasizes the prosperity of the land trade routes. Mena Elassal Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an urban archaeological of Jurash, Southwest of Saudi Arabia.

materials and description soil data, from bottom to top, with the aim of obtaining a high depth/ time resolution fg. (7) Planning trench and coring of Jurash site, fg. (8) Stratigraphy of Log J1.

After: (Al-Ghamdi, 1996, p. 441). Fig. (6) Roman coin cash in Jurash site. Jurash archaeological site contains two distinct types of installations. The frst is in the buildings of the huge type which contain stone foundations and built in the way of prominent parties by using the method of installation triangle angles. Five After: (Graf et al, 1981) & (Al-Ghamdi, 1996) buildings of this type were found; although some Fig. (7) Planning trench and coring of Jurash site. have recently been exposed to some changes. The second type is characterized by the use of burnt bricks, mud and small stones. However, the damage caused to the site of the erosion factors has removed mud without affecting bricks or stones. Hence, the site seems huge of rubble and stones. Using carbon-14 method of analysis, the results show that Jurash area has witnessed a period of settlement during the frst time period the B.C. Then a second period was at the beginning of the Islamic era where lower layers of soil go back to the frst century AD. The ffth layer dates back to 280 AD, the fourth to 510 AD, the third to the Islamic era, and the second and frst to 1030 AD (Zairins et al, 1981, p.25). In order to know the sequence of layers of human settlement, the soil layers of the surface were sieved, and it turns out that they date back to the Islamic era depending on the remains of the pottery. The bottom layer samples were analyzed with carbon 14, and it was found that it dates back to the third and ffth centuries AD (Graf et al, 2008, pp.31- 32). The technique was selected from trench drilling Log J1 to identify the stratigraphic and morphological layers depending on extracting sections which were sampled by archaeological

Vol.12 (1) March 2020 17 18 The Egyptian Journal Of Environmental Change Vol.12 (1) March 2020 Draw: Dependingontheresults oftheexcavations,1996. Fig. (8)Stratigraphy ofLogJ1. Mena Elassal Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an urban archaeological of Jurash, Southwest of Saudi Arabia.

Conclusions: understanding of the past. Geoarchaeology should The paleoenvironmental record of this be considered an essential part of archaeological sedimentary sequence is highly complex and excavations in modern urban areas for better characterized, both in space and time, by deposit interpretation of the rich and complex history sand features related to human activities mixed with of cities. Thus, it results in obtaining physical those of a natural sedimentary origin. According evidence to prove the heritage value and tourism to Castro (2007), the archaeological data indicate importance of the city and its economic role in that the study area from the frst century BC until achieving the vision of the Kingdom of Saudi the eleventh century AD is, stratigraphically, an Arabia 2030. evidence that the stratigraphic records are likely contemporaneous, and the formation of the silt- Acknowledgements: clay layers may have been related to human I thank Saudi commission for Tourism and activity. Radiocarbon dating performed for this National Heritage in the Abha region, and the study allows a more precise chronology for the director Mr. Awad Alqahtani of the Jurash site different pedosedimentary formations, integrated and his work team, for their allowed me to enter with archaeological data, which is able to present Jurash site. a chronological frame work for human activity. references: Landscape evolution at Jurash was affected 1- Al-Walya'i, Abdullah (1997), Climate Change by urban development. Urban growth and new in the Dry Zone: A Case Study of the Kingdom spatial dynamics led to a change in the position of of Saudi Arabia, The Annual Geography Book, the site relative to the city. The site once occupied Imam Mohamed bin Saud Islamic University, a peripheral position as an agricultural land . use and later became incorporated with in the 2- Al- Ghamedi, Abdul Kareem A.S. (1996) city. However, this circumstance changed when Analytical study of pottery samples from the remains of the site were exhumed. At this point, Archeological site of Jurash, south west Saudi geoarchaeological research intervened, providing Arabia, Journal of King Saud University, Issue 8, essential information about the environmental pp. 407- 447. and archaeological context of the site. From this moment on, the archaeological remains took on a 3- Hamawi, Yaqoot ibn Abdullah, Dictionary of new meaning for the city due to the information countries, First Edition, Press of Elsaida, Cairo, provided about its past, with a new focus on the 1323 AH, 1906 AD. importance of Jurash. This discovery, without 4- Joris Zairins, Abdel-Jawad Murad, Khaled doubt, has helped to create a new vision and Elayish(2001), a Program comprehensive sense of identity for the city. This site is now archaeological survey of the territory of the integrated into the city with the Ministry of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the second initial Tourism and Antiquities. Hence, this increases report, survey for South Western Region, its value as part of the city's cultural heritage. Atlal,Yearbook of archaeology of Saudi Arabia, The associated pedostratigraphic record should Fifth issue (1981- 1401), Second Edition (2001- also be considered part of the city's geological 1422). heritage in that it provides essential information 5- David Graf, Abdul Karim Al-Ghamdi, Def on Jurash historical environment that frames our Alla Ettalhi, Saeed Al – Otaibi, Thomas Lestin,

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