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Growth and Nutrient Content of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana (A

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Growth and Nutrient Content of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana (A AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MILTON DAVID PLOCHER for the degree of. MASTER OF SCIENCE in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on September 28,1976 Title: GROWTH AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA SEEDLINGS FROM CONTRASTING SOILS IN COOS COUNTY, OREGON Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Donald 13/.Zobel A study of growth and nutrient content of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Part, was undertaken to determine whether differing soil nutrient conditions have resulted in ecotypic differentia- tion within Coos County, Oregon.Seedlings were collected from near Coquille River Falls, from a productive forest soil; from North Spit on dune sand; from Seven Devils, an indurated pansoil.; from Rock Creek, in a roadcut through ultramafic rock,Soils from the first three sites and from Iron Mountain, another ultramatic site, were brought to Corvallis for a reciprocal transplant study in the, green- house. Height growth was measured weekly from March li.;ovEmber, 1974, for the fourteen soil X population treatments.(Rock Creek and North Spit seedlings were not grown on the Seven Devilsell. Cliamee in seedling wet weight over the term of theexperiment was used as another growth measurement.Soil and foliage contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, and S were determined at the beginning and end of the experiment. No one population was capable of significantly. more growth on its native soil than all other transplanted populations.However, the fact that the North Spit population grew the tallest on all soils, and that the Coquille Falls population grew well but stopped growth earlier than North Spit on Coquille Falls soil. suggested real possi- bilities of ecotypic differentiation.Regression analysis showed that at least ninety percent of the variability in height growthwithin each population was associated with the variation in foliar K, Ca, and N levels.Potassium was the dominant factor in the regression equa- tions, responsible for 64 to 95 percent of the variability.Adaptation to low K and Ca in its native soil may h.ave resultedin greater growth of the North Spit population on the other soilwith higher K but low Ca contents.The difference in height between North Spit and Coquille Falls populations on Coquille Falls soil appeared to use due to.phen- ology rather than to nutrient conditions.North Spit_ may not possess a mechanism to stopgrowth in the fall, which appears to limit the Coquille Falls population.Rock Creek and e,:Te.... De:s seedlings did not exhibit the capacity to take as fun advantageof the fertile Coquille Falls soil as did the native population. Another possible expression of ecotypic differences. wasthe different relative amounts of growth amongpopulations on the different soils.The significant soil X population interaction for height growth also suggested that innate differences exist among populations in the amount of growth possible on the varioussoils. The argument that foliar nutrient content of the populations onthe different soils was innately different was supported by thedifferent rankings of population foliar nutrient content across thesoils as well as some soil X population interactionswhich were determined significant by analysis of variance. Growth and Nutrient Content of Chamaeeypar is lawsoniana Seedlings from Contrasting Soils in Coos County, Oregon by Milton David Plocher A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed September 28, l97b C omme nce merit June 1977 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Associate Professor of Botany in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Head of Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presentedSeptember 28, 197E Typed by Susie Kozlik for Milton David Plocher ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would like to thank Dr. Donald Zobel for his patient support, thoughts, and encouragement throughout this study.Thanks also to Dr. David Moore of the Oregon State University Soils Department for answering my often foolish questions. The number of friends who helped when two hands were not enough is tremendous, but special thanks to Carlyn Swan, Carol Jefferson, Ron Southard, Alan Davenport, and Bruce Nicholson for the ir ass istance. This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. With continuing thanks for the love and support of my mother and family I would like to dedicate this thesis to my father and my God. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 I. INTRODUCTION Distribution and Environment 1 Ecotypic Differentiation 3 II STUDY AREAS 12 METHODS 21 Collection 21 Greenhouse Environment 22 Growth Measurement and Analysis 24 Soil Analysis 26 Foliage Characteristics and Analysis 26 IV RESULTS 29 Height Growth 29 Change in Wet Weight 33 Soil. Nutrients 35 Foliar Nutrient Content 37 Foliage Color 41 The Relationship of Growth to Foliar Nutrition 43 DISC USSION 47 LITERATURE CITED 59 APPENDICES Appendix I 65 Appendix II 67 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 13 1 Study Area Locations oC 2 Temperature Data, 15 17 3 Precipitation Data 4 Woody Vegetation of the Study Areas 19 5 Seedling Survival Per Treatment 23 6 Methods Used for Analysis of Soils andPlant Samples 27 7 Coefficients of Equations for Growth Curvesof Experimental Treatments 31 8 Average Height Growth by Treatment 33 9 Significance of Relationships as Determinedby Analysis of Variance, F Test 34 10 Average Change in Wet Weight byTreatment 35 11 Soil Nutrient Content 36 12 Foliar Nutrient Content 38 1.3 Regression of Height Growth on FoliarNutrient Content 44 14 Correlations of Foliar Nutrient Contentwith Height Growth and Change in Wet Weightfor Samples Grouped by Population 45 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Map of Study Areas 14 2 Seedling Height Growth 30 3 Seedling Height Growth Computed from Regression Equations 32 GROWTH AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA SEEDLINGS FROM CONTRASTING SOILS IN COOS COUNTY, OREGON Io INTRODUCTION Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port Orford Cedar) has been studied for its economic usage but no extensive ecological research on it has been undertaken.Whittaker's (1960) community study of the Siskiyou Mountains and Youngberg's (1958) seedling nutri- tion study are the only works in which Chamaecyparis lawsoniana plays a major role. This study was part of a larger investigation of autecology and synecology of C. lawsoniana in Oregon and California, and of C. taiwanensis and C. formosensis in Taiwan.The purpose of this part of the study was to investigate soil and plant nutrient relationships of C. lawsoniana.The possibility of ecotypic differentiation in C. lawsoniana in response to edaphic conditions was also under investiga- tion. Distribution and Environment Chamaecyparis lawsoniana grows abundantly in some areas but has a limited range from coastal Douglas County, Oregon to the Mad River in California, and inland over the crest of the Coast and Siskiyou Mountain Ranges (Fowells, 1965; Glenn M. Hawk, personal communi- cation).Disjunct populations are found further inland in the upper 2 Trinity and Sacramento River drainages in California (Griffin and Critchfield, 1972).It occurs from sea level to above 1700 m. The climate throughout the range is tempered by the maritime influence.The majority of the precipitation falls from October through March with annual averages of 160 to 190 cm along the coast and up to 250 cm on the slopes of the Coast Range.Snowfall is rare on the coast, averaging only 5 cm per year but may exceed250 cm at higher elevations (Fowells, 1965). Thermograph data from 1975 (D. B. Zobel, unpublished) indi- cated that daytime temperatures within forests over the range average - 1 to 6 C in January and 15 to 17C in July.Average maxima for January are 0 to 7 C and for July 21 to 24 C. Minimum averages are - 3 to 3 C for January and8 to 11 C for July.Temperatures rarely exceed 40 C or drop below -10 C.The growing season within the range varies from 170 to 250 frost free days (Zobel,unpublished). Chamaecypar is lawsoniana grows well on many different soils within its range.Although it is most abundant on the medium textured coastal terrace soils and the clay loam and sandy loam soils of the Coast Range, C. lawsoniana also grows on swampy sites and dry rocky areas (Fowells, 1965).In the Siskiyous on soils of diorite, gabbro, and serpentine C. lawsoniana is restricted to the more mesicravines, sheltered slopes and some open northerly slopes (Whittaker,1960). In Whittaker's (1960) study area, C. lawsoniana is dominant on 3 serpentine sites, shares dominance with Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus monticola on diorite, and is a less abundant codominant with Pseudotsuga on gabbro. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana grows in all physiographic locations on the western slopes and sometimes over the ridgesof the Coast Range in Coos and northern Curry County, Oregon.Toward the south and interior of the range it is found increasingly on serpentine and related ultramafic soils (Griffin and Critchfield, 1972), becoming more restricted to sites with year-round seepage (Glenn M. Hawk, personal communication). Ecotypic Differentiation One of the objectives of this study was to determine whether C. lawsoniana exhibited ecotypic differentiation due to edaphic conditions. Turesson (1922) defined an ecotype as "an ecological unit to cover the product arising as a result of the genotypical response of the ecospe- cies to particular habitat." Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey(1940), while investigating different species complexes across California, found
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