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RESTORING TIMBER ROADS USING PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana), a THREATENED NATIVE SPECIES

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RESTORING TIMBER ROADS USING PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana), a THREATENED NATIVE SPECIES i RESTORING TIMBER ROADS USING PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), A THREATENED NATIVE SPECIES by James Andrew Cullison A THESIS Presented to the Department of Biology of Southern Oregon University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Education Ashland, Oregon February 2018 ii APPROVAL PAGE RESTORING TIMBER ROADS USING PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), A THREATENED NATIVE SPECIES Accepted by: __________ ___________________________________________ Date Dr. Stewart Janes, Professor of Biology __________ ___________________________________________ Date Dr. Michael Parker, Professor of Biology __________ ___________________________________________ Date Dr. John Roden, Professor of Biology iii ABSTRACT OF THESIS RESTORING TIMBER ROADS USING PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), A THREATENED NATIVE SPECIES by James Andrew Cullison This study surveys the growth and survival of a population of Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) seedlings planted in and near decommissioned timber spur roads, without any amendments or changes to the road environment. Port-Orford-cedar (POC) is a conifer tree restricted to a small range in Southwestern Oregon and Northern California, and currently is threatened by a non-native root pathogen, Phytophthora lateralis. Seedlings in this study were cultivated progeny of native POC trees with natural resistance to P. lateralis provided by USFS, and out-planted in South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve near Coos Bay, OR in 2013. Results show no significant differences in growth between seedlings in and outside the road environment, and soil bulk density measurements of the road don’t appear to reach levels prohibiting plant growth. There also is a negative correlation between predominantly bare ground surroundings and tree growth. These results suggest it is possible to plant POC seedlings in a road environment without modifying the roadway, and planting in pockets of litter or other ground cover may be preferential to planting in predominantly bare ground. Reasons for the unexpected success of plants may be connected with the coastal Pacific Northwest climate, the characteristics of Port-Orford-cedar, or some combination. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Dr. Richard Sniezko, USFS researcher Dorena Genetice Research Center, for helping me find and develop this project. Hannah Schrager, Stewardship Coordinator at South Slough National Estuarian Research Reserve, also played an integral part in overseeing the initial plantings and data collection in 2013, 2014, and 2015, and in supporting and facilitating the 2017 field surveys. Richard and Hannah, along with others, coordinated the project from the start. I also would like to thank Dr. Stewart Janes, my committee chairmen, for working through countless iterations of thesis ideas until I managed to find one that stuck. Also Dr. Michael Parker and Dr. John Roden provided considerable technical support and editorial assistance. v To my mother and father, who have always encouraged me to continue learning and put up with my endless questions as a child. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction 1 Methods 4 Results 9 Discussion 16 Literature Cited 20 vii LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES Figure Page Figure 1. Comparison and Pictures of Three Study Sites 5 Figure 2. PC1 (Overall Tree Health) Comparison of Various Road Habitats 12 Figure 3. PC1 (Overall Tree Health) Versus Ground Cover 13 Figure 4. Soil Bulk Density and Water Content 14 Table Page Table 1. Results of Principle Component Analysis 9 Table 2. Growth and Survival Descriptive Statistics 11 1 INTRODUCTION Revegetation using native plants is a common technique used to restore ecosystem services along former roadways (Trombulak & Frissell 2000, Elseroad 2003, Switalski 2004), and provides an opportunity to reestablish desired plant communities back to the environment. This research analyzes growth and survival of a cohort of Port- Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) seedlings planted within and around three decommissioned timber “spur” roads to determine the success of one such restoration project. Port-Orford-cedar (POC) is a large, long-lived conifer confined to a small geographic range along the coast of Southern Oregon and Northern California. The introduction of a non-native pathogen, Phytophthora lateralis, in the early 20th century caused high mortality throughout the majority of the native population, leading to the species being listed as threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (Farjon 2013). Besides this introduced pathogen POC currently has no other large-scale pressures on its population. It is a major constituent of the mixed conifer forests within its range, and historically has been a valuable timber commodity (Goheen et al. 2003). One of the leading efforts to curb the impact of P. lateralis has been selective cultivation of native POC trees with apparent resistance to the disease, followed by reintroduction into the wild (Hansen et al. 2000). Since POC is easily cultivated (Sniezko 2012), a program has been in place at USFS Dorena Genetic Research Center since 1997 to test and provide P. lateralis resistant seedlings to public and private land managers. 2 Survival and growth of P. lateralis resistant POC seedlings have been studied in field trials and controlled greenhouse environments (Kitzmiller & Sniezko 2000, Harrington et al. 2012, Sniezko et al. 2012), but more information is needed on responses across a range of environmental conditions. To my knowledge growth and survival of POC on reclaimed roadways, or any other compacted soil environments, has not been studied. Federal agencies and private land trusts have implemented out-planting of P. lateralis resistant seedlings as a part of their management strategy for increasing POC populations (USDA 2003, Farjon 2013). Common practice, however, has been to avoid planting on roadways or abandoned skid roads due to the belief that these are unsuitable POC growing environments (Harrington et al. 2012). Roadways are considered a major source of transmission and introduction of P. lateralis to POC (Jules et. al 2002). Removing POC near roadways that are susceptible to P. lateralis is one form of mitigating the spread of P. lateralis (Hansen et al. 2000), but I suggest that when permanent road closure or removal is possible, replanting the roads using P. lateralis resistant POC (perhaps mixed with other species), may be a useful management tool for stopping the spread of P. lateralis across the landscape while also restoring the road environment. This study focuses on the impacts of the road environment on POC seedling growth and survival. Growth and survival between the three road environments, “In” “Border” and “Out,” and the three separate spur roads, North Salal, South Salal, and Northgate, will be compared. Also a subset of volunteer, non-cultivated POC seedlings tagged in 2013 will be compared with planted, P. lateralis resistant seedlings. 3 I predict soil compaction will have a negative impact on growth and survival, therefore plants either in the “Border” or “Out” road habitats will have better growth and survival than those within the roadway. Seedlings in microhabitats with predominantly bare ground will have lower growth and survival than those surrounded mostly by other ground covers (shrub, litter, moss, tree or grass). Bare ground is associated with soil erosion and surface runoff (Zuazo & Pleguezuelo 2009), which I predict will expose the roots of the young planted seedlings and remove nutrients and organic matter from the surrounding soil. Results of this study are specifically intended to guide future POC out- planting, but may well have implications for future road restoration projects using any species, especially those within a similar ecosystem or habitat. 4 METHODS The study area (43.292° N, 124.314° W) is located within the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR) near Charleston, OR, and near the northern extent of POC’s natural range. This land, historically used for timber harvest, was purchased in 2005 by SSNERR and incorporated into a broader conservation preserve. The area is mixed conifer forest adjacent to the South Slough Estuary where Picea sitchensis (Sitka Spruce), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hemlock) & Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (POC) are the dominant over-story species. Three spur roads, North Salal, South Salal, & Northgate Road were selected as out-planting sites. Each road is roughly 500m long and composed of a dirt/sand substrate. The native soil is predominantly a silt loam. All three roads have an average width of 2.5 m and N/NW orientation. North and South Salal were last logged in 1998, and Northgate was logged in 2001. Since purchase in 2005 the roads have been open to foot traffic only, with no evidence of major vehicular traffic since the last timber harvests. The three spur roads have a few unique features. S Salal was the wettest, especially in the center where slopes created a basin containing standing water much of the year. Northgate and N Salal had less overall slope and standing water. At the entrance to Northgate road coarse woody debris in the form of downed logs, snags, twigs, etc. were piled horizontally across the road, presumably to block vehicle access to the road, but the intention is unknown. 5 a) b) c) Figure 1. The three study sites; a) Northgate, b) South Salal, and c) North Salal
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