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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced trom the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be tram any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproductio~ is dependent upon the quallty of the copy submltted. Broken or indistind print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. ln the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiU"indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left ta right in squal sections with small overtaps. Photographs induded in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6- x 9- black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly ta arder. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Raad, Ann Arbor. MI 481Q6.1346 USA 800-521-0600 THE VAMPIRES Of TRANSYLVANIA: ETHNIC ACCOMMODATION AND LEGAL PLURALISM Eugen Crai McGili University, Montreal August 1999 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements ofthe degree of Masters of Law. National Ubrary Bibliothèque nationale 1.1 of Canada du canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie services services bibliographiques 39S Welington Street 395. rue W~lington Ottawa ON KtA om Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 canada canada The author bas granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Librmy ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distnbuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse Di des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pemusSlon. autorisation. 0-612-64267-4 ABSTRACT This thesis presents a theoretical discussion of how legal pluralism and the idea of parallel systems of justice can address issues of ethnic accommodation. It is divided into four chapters: (1) an introduction why Transylvania has been seleeted as a site of analysis; (II) a brief presentation of the ethno-history of Transylvania; (III) an analysis of law foeusing on the possibility of applying parallel legal systems. in contemporary states. taking as a case study how Romania might deal with Transylvania; (IV) finding conclusions between utopia and reality. The evolution of the ethnie composition of Transylvania over the centuries is used to iIIustrate the complexity of the legal and political issues that must be addressed. Several questions of legal theory are then addressed. When does a norm become legal? What is the relationship between Law and state institutions or the relationship between Law and society? Is Law a singular or a pluralist phenomenon? How is Law cuIturalIy, historically or politically determined? How can ethnicity or cultural membership be defined inlegaltenns? The two main justifications for accommodating ethnic minorities through parallel legal systems are then examined: the argument based on the collective rights of national groups; and the argument based on protecting the cultural continuity ofa national group. The thesis suggests that thinking about parallel legal system must be grounded in the specific historical. political, ethnic, and legal context of a region. The goal of "The Vampires of Transylvaniall is to challenge contemporary legal thinking rather than ta provide an absolute final condusion on the topic ofparallellegal systems. Final answers in this field are possible only after legal mythology and ethncrcultural taboos have bath been demolished. ii SOMMAIRE Cette thèse présente un analyse théorique de la contribution du pluralisme juridique et de l'idée des systèmes de justice parallèles à la résolution des questions relatives à l'accommodation des minorités ethniques. Elle se divise en quatre chapitres: (i) ('introduction qui explique pourquoi l'auteur a choisi (a Transilvanie; (H) un court resumé ethna-historique de (a Transilvanie; (iii) une analyse du phénomène juridique. concentrée sur la possibilité d'appliquer (a notion de systèmes juridiques parallèles dans (es états contemporains, en particulier dans (e cas de la Roumanie; (iv) la conclusion. L'évolution de la diversité ethnique de Transilvanie à travers les siècles sert à illustrer la complexité des questions juridiques et politiques qui doivent être abordées. La thèse soulève certaines questions de théorie juridique. Quand peut-on dire qu'une norme devient une norme juridique? Quel rapport existe-t-il entre (e droit et les institutions étatiques ou encore entre le droit et la societe? Est-ce que le droit est un phénomène moniste ou pluraliste? Comment le droit est-il façonné par la culture, l'histoire ou la politique? Comment peut-on definir, en termes juridiques, la diversité ethnique et l'apartenance culturelle? L'auteur examine les deux raisons principales qui justifientl'accommodation des minorités ethniques par ('entremise de systèmes juridiques parallèles: soit l'argument basé sur les droits colledifs des groups ethniques; soit l'argument basé sur la protection de la continuité culturelle de ces mêmes groupes. La thèse propose que toute réflection sur les systèmes juridiques parallèles doit se fonder sur une analyse minutieuse du context historique, ethnique, politique, et juridique spécifique d'une région donnée. L'objectif du "Vampires de la Transilvanie" est de provoquer la pensée juridique contemporaine plutôt que de proposer certaines conclusions absolues dans le domaine des systemes juridiques parallèles. Des réponses finales aux questions abordées ne seront possible qu'après l'abolition de la mythologie juridique et la suppression des tabous ethno-culturels. Hi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Working for this thesis was an important step in my life and career, and it involved significant efforts, not only from my part. That is why 1want to thank my family and my sponsor for giving me the opportunity to study at McGill University. Thanks also ta my sister, Luminita-Elena Crai, for the technical support offered during my research for the histary of Transylvania. Special thanks ta ail my professors and administrative staff from McGill University for showing me patience and care. Last, but mest important, 1want ta express my gratitude for ail the generous support 1 have received from my thesis supervisor and mentor, Roderick A. Macdonald. Without his generous support this thesis would not have been finished. Thank youl iv TABLE Of CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is Transylvania? ... ............................. .. 1 1.2 Why Transylvania? 4 CHAPTER 2. A BRIEF ETHNO-HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA 2.1 Penodizing the Ethno-History of Transylvania ............... .. 9 2.2 Early History of Transylvania 9 A. A Methodological Caveat 9 B. From Paleo-Iithic Times to Aurelian's Evaeulation 11 B.1 The Oaeians (Getae) 11 B.2 Oaeia Felix (106-275) 13 C. The Millenium of Migrations 15 C.1 The Ongins of the Romanian People 15 C.2 From the Dace-Romans to the Romanians (3rd - 9th century) 17 2.3 The Hunganan Period ....... ... ...................... 20 A. From the arrivai of the Hungarians until the End of the 13th century .... • ...... ...•................ .. 20 B. From the 13th century to the End of the Hungarian Domination 24 B.1. Was Transylvania Ever Autonomous Ouring The Hungartan ImperialPertod? 24 B.2 The anti-Ottoman Struggles of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia ... ........................ .. 27 2.4 Autonomous Transylvania (1541-1688) 29 A. Early Years 29 A.1 Imperial Rivalries .. ............. ... ....... 29 v A.2 The First Unification of Transylvania. Moldavia and Wallachia under Michael the Brave of Wallachia (1600-1601) 30 B. The Aftershocks of the Carpathian Confederation (1601-1688)31 2.5 The Austrian Regime in Transylvania (1688-1918) 34 A. The Austrian Occupation 34 A.1 The Union of the Romanians with the Church of Rome 35 A.2 The National Struggle of the Romanians in Transylvania 38 B. "Enlightened absolutism" in Transylvania ............. .. 39 B.1 The Failure of the Reforms of Joseph Il 40 B.2 Supplex Libelfus Va/achorum .. ................ 41 C. From the Revolution of 1848 to the end of the Dual Monarchy .................................. 43 C.1 From 1848 to the Dual Monarchy of 1867 ....... .. 43 C.2 The Dual Monarchy till 1918 ................. .. 46 2.6 Romanian Transylvania (1918-1999) 49 A. World War 1and the Union of Transylvania with Romania .. 49 B. Border revisionism (1940-1944) 50 C. The Magyar Autonomous Region (1952-1965) 51 2.7 The Lessons of the Histary of Transylvania 52 CHAPTER 3. LAW WlTHIN CULTURALLy AND ETHNICALLY DIVERSE SOCIETIES 3.1 Plural law and Multiple Legal Systems 56 3.2 Is Law a Singular af a Plural Phenomenon? .. .............. .. 57 A. Formai Law and the Law of Society 59 B. Excursus on Legal Monism 64 C. The Respanse of Legal Pluralists 67 3.3 From the Pluralism of Law ta the Multiplicity of Legal Systems 70 A. Introductory Considerations and Theoretical Framework ... 70 B. Notions of Identity and Equality of Identities ........... .. 74 3.4 Trends Conceming the Justification af Parallel Systems of Justice . n vi A. Collective rights in the name of national groups 80 A.1 Terminological Considerations 81 A.2 The Value of Cultural Membership 86 A.3 Individual Freedom ta Choose an Ethnie Identity .
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