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23 Martie 2016 SUMAR REVISTA DE ISTORIE MILITARĂ • Istorie medievală Publicaţia este editată de – ALEXANDRU MADGEARU – Dominația mongolă și desprinderea Minis terul Apărării Naţionale, românilor din Muntenia de sub dominația Regatului Ungariei ......................... 1 prin Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare şi Istorie – SABINA STĂNILĂ-MADGEARU – The Figuretive Language of Holy Militară, membru al Consor ţiului Defences in Transylvania – Fortified Churches of the Thirteenth to Sixteenth Acade miilor de Apărare şi In­ Centuries .............................................................................................................................. 15 stitutelor pentru Studii de Se­ – VASILE MĂRCULEȚ – Bătălia de la Philippopolis (31 iulie 1208) ............... 22 curitate din cadrul Partene­ riatului pentru Pace, coordo­ nator naţional al Proiec tului de • Istorie modernă Istorie Paralelă: NATO – Tratatul – ANDREI POGĂCIAȘ – Imperiali contra fanarioți – campaniile de la Varşovia din Moldova în anul 1717 .......................................................................................... 31 COLEGIUL DE REDACŢIE • Primul Război Mondial • General­maior (r) dr. MIHAIL – ȘERBAN FILIP CIOCULESCU – România în vara anului 1916: E. IONESCU, direc torul Institu­ paradigma actorului rațional și câteva mecanisme psiho­cognitive specifice tului pentru Studii Politice de procesului decizional ................................................................................................... 37 Apărare şi Istorie Militară • Academician DINU C. G I U R E S C U , A c a d e m i a • Războiul Rece Română – CERASELA MOLDOVEANU – Vestul Peninsulei Balcanice – istorie • D r. J A N H O F F E N A A R , Preşedintele Comisiei Olandeze și geopolitică: Albania, de la „protecționism” la „izolaționism” ......................... 54 de Istorie Militară • Prof. univ. dr. DENNIS • Securitatea României DELE TANT, London Univer­ –MANUEL STĂNESCU – Armata României în misiuni internaționale ..... 67 sity • Colonel (r) dr. PETRE OTU, • Viaţa ştiinţifică directorul ştiinţific al Institu tului – DANIELA ȘIȘCANU – Prezentarea Conferinţei Internaţionale: pentru Studii Politice de Apărare „100 de ani de la deschiderea Frontului Românesc în Primul Război şi Istorie Militară Mondial (1916­2016)”, Iași, 22­23 martie 2016 ...................................................... 82 • Prof. univ. dr. MIHAI RETEGAN, Universitatea • Recenzii Bucureşti – Robert D. Kaplan, În umbra Europei. Două războaie reci și trei • IULIAN FOTA, consilier decenii de călătorie prin România și dincolo de ea, Humanitas, prezidenţial 2016 – CAROLA FREY .............................................................................................. 85 • Dr. SERGIU IOSIPESCU, cc. şt., Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare şi Istorie Militară • Prof. univ. dr. ALESANDRU DUŢU, Universitatea „Spiru Haret” • Prof. univ. dr. MARIA • Revista este inclusă în baza de date a Consiliului Naţional al Cercetării Ştiinţifice GEOR GESCU, Universitatea în Învăţământul Superior, fiind evaluată la categoria „C”. Piteşti • Comandor (r) GHEORGHE VAR TIC • Poziţia revistei în lista-catalog a publicaţiilor este la numărul 5017 ISSN 1220-5710 CONTENTS • Medieval History – ALEXANDRU MADGEARU – The Mongol Domination and the Detachment of the Romanians of Walachia from the Hungarian Kingdom Domination ............................................................................................ 1 – SABINA STĂNILĂ-MADGEARU – The Figuretive Language of Holy Defences in Transylvania – Fortified Churches of the Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries .................................................................................. 15 – VASILE MĂRCULEȚ – The Battle of Philippopolis (July 31st 1208) ............................................................... 22 • Modern History – ANDREI POGĂCIAȘ – Imperials vs Phanariotes – The Campaigns of 1717 in Moldavia ......................... 31 • First World War – ȘERBAN FILIP CIOCULESCU – Romania in the Summer of 1916: the Paradigm of the Rational Actor and Some Psycho­cognitive Mechanisms Specific to the Decision­making Process ................................ 37 • Cold War – CERASELA MOLDOVEANU – The West of the Balkan Peninsula – History and Geopolitics: Albania, from “Protectionism” to “Isolationism” .......................................................................................................................... 54 • Security of Romania – MANUEL STĂNESCU – The Romanian Armed Forces in International Missions ...................................... 67 • Scientific Life – DANIELA ȘIȘCANU – Conference: „100 Years Since the Opening of the Romanian Front in the First World War (1916­2016)”, Iași, March 22­23, 2016 ...................................................................................................... 82 • Reviews – Robert D. Kaplan, În umbra Europei. Două războaie reci și trei decenii de călătorie prin România și dincolo de ea, Humanitas, 2016 – CAROLA FREY .................................................................................................. 85 • Responsabili de număr: PETRE OTU • VOICU ALEXANDRU – redactor • ADRIAN PANDEA – coperta • ELENA LEMNARU – tehnoredactare computerizată Adresa redacţiei: strada Constantin Mille nr. 6, cod 010142, Bucureşti, sector 1, telefon: 0213157827, telefax: 004021-3137955www.mapn.ro/diepa/ispaim B 00136/23.11.2016 Istorie medieval` DOMINAţiA MONGOLă şi DESPRINDEREA ROMÂNILOR DIN MUNTENIA DE SUB DOMINAţIA REGATULUI UNGARIEI ALEXANDRU MADGEARU * Abstract The Golden Horde stopped the expansion of Hungary on the line of the Carpathians, cre- ating thus an opportunity to develop for the small Romanian political organizations ruled by voivodes or cnezi, in the region east of Olt. After 1241, only Oltenia remained the single region where the Hungarian domination survived in certain forms until 1291, when a new Tatar offensive extended along the Danube, up to Serbia, the domination of the Isaccea emirate ruled by Nogai. In Oltenia, the voivode Litovoi tried in 1278 to liberate his small country from the Hungarian vassalage, and to extend it east of Olt. The Tatar hegemony provided stability and favored the establishment of the first Romanian state in northern Walachia. The legenda- ry founder Negru Vodă came from the Făgăraş area with his military suite in 1290, when their properties were confiscated. If his identity with the father of Basarab remains controversial, it is however certain that the voivodate of Curtea de Argeş, established by the middle of the 13th century, gained its freedom from the Hungarian pretentions through the protection of the Golden Horde. Keywords: Golden Horde, Hungary, Wallachia, Banate of Severin, Ladislau IV, Litovoi, Basarab I, Curtea de Argeş, Câmpulung-Muscel, Cetăţeni Configuraţia politică a teritoriilor extracar- frontierei. Potrivit mărturiei din 1241 a croni- patice populate de români a suferit o schim- carului Albericus Trium Fontium, regele duo bare radicală după 1241, atunci când corpurile castra contra eos firmavit ultra sylvas, et ne- de armată mongole comandate de Kadan, Büri mora in partibus illia fecit indaginari, id est, in şi Böček au atacat Transilvania. Comandan- plasseta redigi (“a întărit două cetăţi contra lor tul suprem Batu (nepotul lui Genghis Khan) în (ţara) ultrasylvană, iar cu copacii din acele pornise marea ofensivă în Europa Centrală pe părţi a făcut indagines, adică i-a transformat mai multe direcţii, din Polonia până în Unga- în garduri”). Aşadar, avem dovada că în cel ria. Ungaria era de fapt ţinta atacului, căci toţi puţin două din zonele din spatele trecătorilor războinicii nomazi veniţi din Asia o găseau din Carpaţii Orientali s-au efectuat lucrări de potrivită cu modul lor de viaţă. Regele Bela fortificare. În plus, regele a trimis într-o ex- IV era prevenit încă din 1239 de posibilitatea pediţie contra tătarilor o oaste comandată de unei invazii şi a luat măsuri de consolidare a un comes Ultrasilvanus, care era ori comitele * Cercetător științific gr. I, Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare și Istorie Militară. Revista de istorie militară 1 secuilor însărcinat cu apărarea hotarului de cea mai uşoară de a ajunge în Ungaria. Armata pe Carpaţii Orientali, ori, aşa cum presupune Ungariei a fost nimicită în bătălia de la Muhi, Tudor Sălăgean, acel Ladislaus, comes Ultrasil- pe râul Sajo (11 aprilie 1241)2. vanus, menţionat într-un document din 1238. Pentru întreaga Europă Centrală şi de Est, El a pierit într-o luptă în zona Mării de Azov invazia mongolilor din 1241 a reprezentat un (Contra Tartaros vero misit comitem Ultrasil- moment de răscruce3. Ea a afectat foarte grav vanum, qui in quodam angusto transitu palu- potenţialul militar al Ungariei. Pericolul atacu- dum Meotidarum (...) in illis partibus perisse rilor Hoardei de Aur, care s-a constituit după (...).1 Din relatările cronicarilor Tholomeus de această invazie, s-a menţinut timp de un secol, Lucca, Iohannes Longus de Ypre şi Marino dar fără a se mai produce o devastare similară Sanudo Torsello reiese că în martie 1241 tre- cu cea din 1241. A mai existat o singură invazie cătorile Carpaţilor au fost apărate în comun în Transilvania, cea din 1285, care s-a produs de de români (Olaci) şi secui (Siculi). Barajele fapt la instigarea cumanilor care fuseseră izgo- de lemn de la trecători şi din adâncime (pri- niţi din Ungaria de regele Ladislau IV. Invada- săci sau indagines) au fost distruse. Una dintre torii au pătruns prin trecătorile Rodna, Oituz şi căile de ofensivă a fost trecătoarea
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