Electing a Diverse Canada Edited by Caroline Andrew, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley Electing a Diverse Canada The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities, and Women © UBC Press 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from Access Copyright (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), www.accesscopyright.ca. 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in Canada on ancient-forest-free paper (100 percent post-consumer recycled) that is processed chlorine- and acid-free, with vegetable-based inks. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Electing a diverse Canada: the representation of immigrants, minorities, and women / edited by Caroline Andrew ... [et al.]. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7748-1485-0 1. Minorities – Canada – Political activity. 2. Immigrants – Canada – Political activity. 3. Women in politics – Canada. 4. Political participation – Canada. 5. Representative government and representation – Canada. 6. Canada – Politics and government – 2006-. I. Andrew, Caroline, 1942- JL186.5.E44 2008 324’.08900971 C2008-903463-5 UBC Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support for our publishing program of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP), and of the Canada Council for the Arts, and the British Columbia Arts Council. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens Set in Stone by Artegraphica Design Co. Ltd. Copy editor: Andy Carroll Proofreader and indexer: Dianne Tiefensee UBC Press The University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 604-822-5959 / Fax: 604-822-6083 www.ubcpress.ca Contents Maps and Tables / vii Acknowledgments / ix Introduction / 3 Caroline Andrew, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley 1 Reputation and Representation: Reaching for Political Inclusion in Toronto / 23 Myer Siemiatycki 2 Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver / 46 Irene Bloemraad 3 Political Representation of Minorities in the City of Montréal: Dream or Reality? / 70 Carolle Simard 4 More than Just Cowboys with White Hats: A Demographic Profile of Edmonton and Calgary / 92 Shannon Sampert 5 Our Unrepresentative but Somewhat Successful Capital: Electoral Representation in Ottawa / 111 John Biles and Erin Tolley 6 Many Faces, Few Places: The Political Under-Representation of Ethnic Minorities and Women in the City of Hamilton / 136 Karen Bird vi Contents 7 Representation Deficits in Regina and Saskatoon / 156 Joseph Garcea 8 The Patterning of Political Representation in Halifax / 180 Karen Bridget Murray, with the assistance of Michael Caverhill 9 Diversity and Political Representation in Winnipeg / 205 Brenda O’Neill and Jared J. Wesley 10 Ethnoracial Minorities in the 38th Parliament: Patterns of Change and Continuity / 229 Jerome H. Black Conclusion / 255 Caroline Andrew, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley Contributors / 270 Index / 271 Maps and Tables Maps 1.1 Federal electoral map of Toronto, 2001 / 28 2.1 Federal electoral map of Vancouver, 2001 / 53 2.2 Distribution of Chinese and East-Indian ethnic groups, Vancouver, 2001 / 62 3.1 Federal electoral map of the new City of Montréal, 2001 / 74 4.1 Federal electoral map of Edmonton, 2001 / 95 4.2 Federal electoral map of Calgary, 2001 / 96 5.1 Distribution of recent immigrants, Ottawa, 2001 / 118 5.2 Federal electoral map of Ottawa, 2001 / 119 6.1 Federal electoral map of Hamilton, 2004 / 146 7.1 Distribution of visible minorities and Aboriginals, Regina, 2001 / 162 7.2 Distribution of visible minorities and Aboriginals, Saskatoon, 2001 / 163 8.1 Federal electoral map of Halifax, 2001 / 181 8.2 Distribution of visible minorities, Halifax, 2001 / 196 9.1 Federal electoral map of Winnipeg, 2001 / 207 9.2 Distribution of Métis and French, Winnipeg, 2001 / 212 Tables 1.1 Visible minority population, Toronto, 2001 / 28 1.2 Ethnic origins, combined single and multiple responses, Toronto, 2001 / 30 1.3 Proportionality indices for select groups of Toronto’s elected officials / 33 2.1 Top ten countries of birth of immigrants, Vancouver, 2001 / 50 2.2 Top twenty-five ancestries, Vancouver, 2001 / 51 2.3 Diverse representation in Vancouver indices of proportionality / 59 viii Maps and Tables 3.1 Gender of population and elected representatives, Montréal, 2001 / 78 3.2 Ethnic origin of population and elected representatives, Montréal, 2001 / 81 3.3 Proportionality indices, Montréal / 82 4.1 Key demographic characteristics, Edmonton and Calgary, 2001 / 99 4.2 Sex by city and position, Edmonton and Calgary / 103 4.3 Position by immigrant status, Edmonton and Calgary / 104 4.4 Proportionality indices, Edmonton and Calgary / 108 5.1 Immigration to Ottawa, top source countries, 1996-2001 / 115 5.2 Visible minority groups, Ottawa (total responses), 2001 / 115 5.3 Selected ethnic origins, Ottawa (total responses), 2001 / 116 5.4 Proportionality indices for key variables, Ottawa / 121 6.1 Descriptive representation, Hamilton / 149 7.1 Socio-demographic profile of population, Saskatoon and Regina, 2001 / 159 7.2 Top twenty-five ethnic origins, Saskatoon and Regina CMAs, 2001 / 160 7.3 Proportionality indices, Saskatoon and Regina / 164 7.4 Demographic profile of elected officials, Saskatoon and Regina, 2001 / 166 8.1 Proportionality indices, Halifax / 181 9.1 Demographic profile, Winnipeg, 2001 / 211 9.2 Demographic profile of elected officials, Winnipeg, 2004 / 217 9.3 Proportionality indices, Winnipeg / 221 10.1 Ethnoracial origins of Canadian MPs elected in 1993, 1997, 2000, and 2004 / 234 10.2 Incumbency status of all MPs and minority MPs, 1993-2004 / 238 10.3 Party affiliation of minority MPs, 1993-2004 / 243 10.4 Party affiliation among three major categories of minority MPs, 1993-2004 / 244 10.5 Minority women elected, 1993-2004 / 247 10.6 Education and occupation of all MPs and minority MPs, 1993-2000 and 2004 / 249 10.7 Proportionality indices for MPs / 250 C.1 Electoral representation across Canada: Summary of results / 259 Acknowledgments This volume examines the electoral representation of immigrants, minorities, and women in cities across Canada. It is the first of its kind and, perhaps most importantly, it provides a baseline of data against which we can com- pare future electoral outcomes. When researchers, policymakers, and civil society organizations think about integration and inclusion, much of their attention tends to focus on economic indicators, with far less attention be- ing given to other indicators, including those related to political participa- tion, electoral involvement, and civic engagement. This is unfortunate, and perhaps misguided, given that it is elected bodies and other decision-making structures that largely regulate labour market policies and thus have the potential to shape economic outcomes. We hope that this volume goes some distance toward readjusting this balance. A volume of this nature has a significant gestation period and complex parenthood. Its origins lie in the Third International Metropolis Conference, which was held in Israel in 1998. At that time, researchers from eleven cities from around the world came together to consider our existing knowledge of newcomers’ participation in formal electoral processes in Australia, Can- ada, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This foundation led to nearly a decade of work within Canada and internationally under the aegis of the Metropolis Project, with this publication standing as one of the important results. Along the way, versions of some chapters have been presented at meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association in London, Ontario, the Seventh National Metropolis Conference in Montreal, and the Biennial Meeting of the Can- adian Ethnic Studies Association in Ottawa. We are grateful to participants for their thoughtful insights and constructive feedback. Equally, we extend our gratitude to our chapter authors for their hard work and remarkable patience and for the collaborative spirit that is needed to create a truly comparative edited volume. x Acknowledgments We also thank the elected officials who participated in the research for this project; the graduate students who collected data in earlier iterations; Shuguang Wang and Andrea Kmetty of Ryerson University who developed the data tables and maps for each chapter; Eric Leinberger of the University of British Columbia who prepared the maps for production; the reviewers selected by UBC Press who provided valuable and constructive comments; Emily Andrew and Holly Keller at UBC Press for their support in the develop- ment of the manuscript and their capable assistance through every facet of the publishing process; and Leslie Kenny and her colleagues at the University of Victoria’s Centre for Studies in Religion and Society as well as Danielle Turpin of Llama Communications who ably formatted the manuscript. Finally, we recognize a number of collaborators who began this journey with us but were not able to stay with us to the end: Anver Saloojee who returned to South Africa to take an active role in the policy life of that country, Jim Curtis who sadly and unexpectedly passed away, and Tina Chui and Steven Bittle who, through the exigencies of life, were unable to continue with the project. This volume is based on a survey of elected officials at three levels of gov- ernment from across the country, which was made possible through funding from the Metropolis Project, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, and the Department of Canadian Heritage. This funding supported data collection and the initial meeting of contributors that laid the groundwork necessary to complete a comparative volume of this scope.