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Volume 21 No. 3 Tahun 2019 Daftar Isi Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya Volume 21 No. 3 Tahun 2019 Halaman PengantarRedaksi iii Topik: Strategi Pengembangan Pariwisata Berdasarkan Preferensi Masyarakat Asli: Studi Kasus di Raja Ampat 271 Ade Yunita Iriani Dampak Sosial-Ekonomi Pemindahan Paksa: Studi Atas Penyintas Lumpur Lapindo, Jawa Timur 293 Anton Novenanto Framing and Navigating Breastfeeding as A Development Issue 317 Sentiela Ocktaviana & Angga Sisca Rahadian Resignification: Wacana Balik Orang Papua dalam Menanggapi Rasisme 327 Ubaidillah Reproduksi Moda (Pertukaran) Pangan: Menyemai Daulat Hidup di Sumba Barat (Daya) 341 PM Laksono, Esti Anantasari, & Olga Aurora Nandiswara Tragedi Kebun Tebu : Pengaruh Perubahan Sosial pada Pertunjukan Ludruk 355 Herlina Kusuma Wardani, Andayani, Djoko Sulaksono, & Kundharu Saddhono Watu Semar: Sebuah Refleksi Pemikiran dan Budaya Lokal Masyarakat Sambongrejo, Bojonegoro 371 Milawaty Discourse of Family Well-Being and The Value of Work at Rptra’s Testimonial Videos 383 Sunar Wibowo, Rustono Farady Marta, Hana Panggabean Tinjauanbuku: Repertoar Masyarakat Migran: Sebuah Perjalanan Mencari Identitas 397 Anggy Denok Sukmawati Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya , Volume 21 No. 3 Tahun 2019 i TRAGEDI KEBUN TEBU: PENGARUH PERUBAHAN SOSIAL PADA PERTUNJUKAN LUDRUK TRAGEDI KEBUN TEBU : THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CHANGE ON LUDRUK PERFORMANCE Herlina Kusuma Wardani, Andayani, Djoko Sulaksono, Kundharu Saddhono Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] Abstract Ludruk, cultural heritage from East Java,has existed since the colonial era. At that time, Ludruk was a popular entertainment for itsviewer. The story of Ludruk is originated from daily activity and oppression. Hence, Ludruk is also one of the strategies to keep the fighting spirit, particularly during Dutchand Japan Occupation. Ludruk alsouses as a political propaganda forparties' interest mainly during Old Order and New Order. Ludruk Performance, dependsonan author, which community he grewup, makes a huge impact in the story he made. This paper described changes of social and community condition surrounding the author and its impact by analyzing the story of Tragedi Kebun Tebu, using sociologic literature analysis. The conclusion is the author faced social and community changes in terms of family background and future challenges; involved in the change of leadership in Karya Budaya group; reaction toward the challenges; developmentof his career and work opportunity; and last, understand of ideology and socio-cultural changes . Keywords: author, society, Ludruk, sociology of literature. Abstrak Ludruk merupakan budaya Jawa Timur yang sudah ada sejak zaman penjajahan. Ludruk merupakan sarana hiburan yang fenomenal pada saat itu. Cerita ludruk diambil dari kisah kehidupan sehari-hari yang dialami oleh masyarakat bawah yang mengalami kesulitan ekonomi dan ketertindasan. Oleh karena itu, ludruk juga menjadi alat perjuangan di masa penjajahan Belanda dan Jepang. Bahkan juga menjadi alat propaganda partai politik di masa Orde Lama maupun Orde Baru. Salah satu unsur yang sangat penting dalam pementasan ludruk ialah adanya pengarang. Pengalaman kehidupan pengarang memiliki andil yang besar dalam proses pembuatan cerita ludruk. Tulisan ini mendeskripsikan perubahan sosial yang dialami pengarang dan masyarakat yang diangkat di dalam lakon ludruk Tragedi Kebun Tebu, yang dianalisis menggunakan sosiologi sastra. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengarang dan masyarakat mengalami perubahan sosial yang berkaitan dengan latar belakang keluarga dan tantangan masa depan, perubahankepemimpinan grup ludruk Karya Budaya dan siasat menghadapi tantangan, karier pengarang dan kesempatan kerja bagi masyarakat, ideologi pengarang dan perubahan sosial masyarakat, serta menyikapi travesti di masyarakat. Kata kunci: pengarang, masyarakat, Ludruk, sosiologi sastra. Pendahuluan Rinaldi (2016: 150) menunjukkan bahwa warna lokal yang terdapat dalam karya sastra menjadi Karya sastra terkait dengan kondisi sosial wadah bagi pengarang untuk mempertahankan budaya yang melingkupinya (Kusmarwanti, 2015). identitas lokal yang sedang terancam. Anggaplah Proses penciptaan karya sastra tidak terlepas dari sebagai “wasiat pengarang” terhadap apa yang ideologi dan latar belakang sosial pengarang seharusnya menjadi jalan keluar jika persoalan yang merupakan anggota dari suatu sistem sosial yang sama ditemukan dalam realitas sosial. atau anggota masyarakat (Setyawan, Saddhono, dan Rakhmawati, 2018). Sebuah karya sastra Tujuan sosiologi sastra adalah meningkatkan adalah cermin atau tiruan kehidupan masyarakat. pemahaman bahwa sastra erat kaitannya dengan Kehadiran sebuah karya sastra membawa pesan masyarakat, juga menjelaskan bahwa rekaan yang ingin diungkapkan oleh penulisnya. Pesan tidak berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Karya yang dibawa oleh kehadiran atau terciptanya sastra bukan semata-mata gejala individual, sebuah karya sastra adalah berusaha mencari tetapi juga gejala sosial (Ratna, 2011:11). solusi dari permasalahan yang diangkat oleh Sosiologi sastra memperhatikan kekhasan fakta cerita tersebut (Normuliati, 2016: 61). Senada, sastra (Escarpit, 2005: 14). Lebih lanjut, fakta Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya , Volume 21 No. 3 Tahun 2019 355 sastra secara umum diperoleh dari para pencipta, material dalam karya sastranya. Walaupun hasil karya, dan publik atau masyarakat luas. seorang pengarang sering menggunakan peristiwa Tulisan ini mendeskripsikan latar sosial nyata sebagai bahannya, tetapi pada kenyataannya pengarang dan masyarakat melalui lakon ludruk sebuah karya sastra diubah dalam kerangka Tragedi Kebun Tebu . Peneliti memilih lakon kehidupan masyarakat yang bersangkutan dan tersebut karena cerita ini merepresentasikan disesuaikan dengan situasi dan kondisi zamannya fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi di masyarakat (Alaini, 2017). Melalui bahasa, seorang pengarang serta mewakili sikap pengarang terhadap mengkreasi sebuah dunia dengan kehidupan permasalahan tersebut. manusia-manusia di dalamnya yang sering kali merupakan refleksi atas kehidupan nyata Studi tentang sosiologi sastra yang (Yulianto, 2017). Bahasa yang digunakan oleh dilakukan oleh Setyawan, Saddhono, dan Rakhmawati pengarang dalam karya sastra mencerminkan (2018) menjelaskan mengenai potret sosial identitas kelompok etnik dari pengarang masyarakat Jawa yang tercermin dalam naskah tersebut. Seperti pada penelitian yang dilakukan ketoprak klasik gaya Surakarta. Potret sosial, oleh Setyawan, Saddhono, dan Rakhmawati ditinjau dari konflik sosial, sistem nilai, dan (2017) yang menyebutkanbahwa: bahasa yang digunakan dalam naskah, yang menunjukkan konflik politik, perebutan kekuasaan, “In the classical ketoprak script of dan perjodohan. Sistem nilai yang ada dan Surakarta style, the languageused is relevan dengan situasi dan kondisi sekarang, Surakarta dialect. This is evident from the hampir sebagian besar masyarakat sudah mulai languageused in the dialogues. This fact kehilangan karakter dan jati diri. Bahasa yang cannot be separated from the fact that the author is actually a ketoprak artist from digunakan menggambarkan masyarakat Jawa Surakarta. Therefore, the background of the yang mengedepankan unggah-ungguh basa . scriptwriter is very important in determining Perbedaan dengan kajian ini, penulis the languageused” memfokuskan pada sosiologi pengarang dan masyarakat, sedangkan penelitian yang dilakukan Penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Setyawan, Saddhono, dan Rakhmawati memfokuskan pengarang dalam naskah ketoprak klasik gaya pada sosiologi karya sastra sebagai bagian dari Surakarta menggunakan dialek Surakarta dalam metode penelitian sosiologi sastra. dialognya hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang penulis yang merupakan seniman di Penelitian mengenai ludruk dilakukan Surakarta. Bahasa yang digunakan oleh setiap oleh Michael (2018), yang meneliti tentang ludruk pengarang dapat memperkaya khazanah bahasa sebagai asimilasi hukum untuk pemberantasan bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Apabila bahasa korupsi, menunjukkan bahwa Ludruk dapat punah, maka kelompok etnik itu sendiri akan digunakan sebagai sarana untuk menyatakan kehilangan identitas, baik itu identitasnya segala sesuatu tentang korupsi. Pengajaran anti bertransformasi menjadi bentuk lain yang lebih korupsi dapat disampaikan melalui ludruk dominan atau menjadi bentuk percampuran yang selama itu tetap sesuai dengan sifat ludruk itu sporadis. Bagi Indonesia yang pluralisme, sendiri. Perbedaan dengan penelitian ini, penulis keberagaman etnis menjadi ciri khas sekaligus memfokuskan pada perubahan sosial yang kekuatan persatuannya, ancaman kepunahan dialami oleh pengarang dan masyarakat yang bahasa-bahasa daerah berarti juga ancaman bagi termanifestasi dalam lakon ludruk Tragedi pluralisme etnisnya (Imelda, 2017). Kebun Tebu yang dibuat oleh pengarang. Pengarang yang jeli menuangkan Kajian ini mengungkapkan bagaimana peristiwa yang menarik hati dan pikirannya perubahan sosial yang terjadi pada pengarang menjadi sebuah karya sastra yang manis dan masyarakat, serta bagaimana perubahan (Uniawati: 2016). Sementaraitu, masyarakat sosial tersebut termanifestasi dalam karya sastra adalah sekelompok orang yang hidup bersama yang menarik dan diterima oleh penikmat karya dalam suatu wilayah dan memiliki suatu sastra. Anwar (2010: 99) mengatakan bahwa kebudayaan dan adat istiadat tertentu serta pengarang adalah fenomena sosial spesifik yang terikat oleh suatu aturan yang berlaku dapat
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