Representasi Ronggeng Dalam Tiga Novel Indonesia

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Representasi Ronggeng Dalam Tiga Novel Indonesia bahasa & sastra, Vol. 14, No.1, April 2014 REPRESENTASI RONGGENG DALAM TIGA NOVEL INDONESIA Yulianeta Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia FPBS UPI Korespondensi: Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi No.229 Bandung 40154 Pos-el: [email protected] Abstrak Tulisan ini didasari oleh fenomena bahwa ronggeng merupakan artefak budaya yang sangat populer dalam kehidupan masyarakat, terutama di Jawa. Tradisi ini pada awalnya merupakan bagian dari ritual yang sakral, akhirnya menjadi seni pertunjukan yang cenderung dipandang negatif. Dalam konteks sejarah, ronggeng yang pada konsep awalnya dipandang sebagai budaya sakral pada perkembangannya menjadi budaya profan. Resepsi terhadap ronggeng tidak hanya terlontar secara lisan, tetapi juga tertuang dalam tradisi tulis, yakni di dalam karya sastra yang bergenre prosa fiksi, yakni novel Trilogi Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk karya Ahmad Tohari (2003), Ronggeng karya Dewi Lingga Sari (2007), dan Karti Kledek Ngrajek karya S.W. Warsito (2009). Hasil kajian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa sosok ronggeng yang direpresentasikan dalam ketiga novel tersebut beragam. Meskipun ada kesamaan, tetapi pengarang memiliki tingkat resepsi yang berbeda mengenai ronggeng. Hal itu menggambarkan perkembangan pemikiran masyarakat, ronggeng sebagai artefak kebudayaan daerah merupakan perwujudan dari kemampuan masyarakat setempat dalam menanggapi dan menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan secara aktif. Demikian pula apa yang direpresentasikan dalam ketiga novel tersebut tentang ronggeng merupakan cermin dari masyarakat yang melahirkannya. Kata-Kata Kunci: Novel, representasi, resepsi, ronggeng Abstract This paper is based on the phenomenon of dancer or “tayub” which is celebrated as a very popular cultural artifact in public life, particularly in Java. This tradition is originally part of a sacred ritual, which ultimately became a performing art, but tends to be viewed negatively. In a historical context, the dancer was originally seen based on cultural concept and evolves into culturally sacred profane. Negative reception of ronggeng is not only uttered orally but also embodied in the written tradition. It is found in the genre of literary fiction such as in Trilogy Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk written Ahmad Tohari (2003), Ronggeng works Dewi Lingga Sari (2007), and Karti Kledek Ngrajek by S.W. Warsito (2009) . The results of this study illustrate that the figure of dancer who is represented in Indonesian fiction are various. Although there are similarities, but the authors tend to have different reception levels regarding “ronggeng”. “Ronggeng” as cultural artifacts is the manifestation of the ability of local communities to respond and adapt to the environment actively. Similarly, what is represented in fiction about “ronggeng” is a mirror of the society where the work was born. Key Words: novel, representation, reception, ronggeng 79 bahasa & sastra, Vol. 14, No.1, April 2014 PENDAHULUAN Kakawin Ghatotkacasraya maupun Ronggeng atau tayub adalah salah Kakawin Bharata Yudha. satu bentuk tari rakyat yang sangat Fenomena di atas menunjukkan populer. Ronggeng merupakan artefak bahwa ronggeng atau tayub sebagai tradisi budaya yang berkembang di seluruh sudah mengalami perkembangan karena Indonesia. Seni pertunjukan sejenis ini berbagai adaptasi atau menurut istilah dikenal dengan berbagai sebutan yaitu, Denys Lombard (2000) silang budaya, tayub, gandrung, lengger, taledhek, tandak baik dengan budaya daerah tertentu, dan sebagainya. Ronggeng Melayu maupun dengan pelaku budayanya. berkembang di Sumatra, Ronggeng Betawi Ronggeng atau tayub di dalam ilmu sastra, berkembang di Jakarta, Bangreng khusus sastra lisan (folklor) dapat berkembang di Subang dan Sumedang, dikelompokkan sebagai folkor lisan, Jawa Barat. Gandrung dikenal di folklor setengah lisan dan folklor bukan Banyuwangi, Bali, dan Lombok. Lengger lisan (Brunvand, 1968). dikenal di Purwokerto, Wonosobo, dan Menurut tradisi lisan kata tayub Magelang. Sementara itu sebutan taledhek, berasal dari keratabasa atau jarwodosok ledhek, kledek, joged, ronggeng, serta dari ditata cikben guyub, maksudnya tandak digunakan untuk menyebut penari tariannya diatur secara baik agar menjadi perempuan dalam pertunjukan tayub di kerukunan orang. Etimologi rakyat tersebut beberapa daerah di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa tentu saja bertolak belakang dengan makna Timur, sedangkan di Jawa Barat disebut kata tayub dalam kamus. Misalnya di sindhen atau ronggeng. Bahkan menurut dalam kamus Baoesastra Djawa kata tayub Raffles (1965: 381) dasawarsa kedua abad diberi makna ”kasukan jejogedan nganggo ke-19 ronggeng terdapat di seluruh daerah dijogedi ing tledek” (Poerwadarminta, Jawa. 1939:586). Maksudnya bersuka ria menari Pertunjukan ronggeng atau tayub di bersama penari taledhek. Jawa merupakan tradisi yang sudah sangat Ronggeng atau tayub merupakan tua (Soedarsono, 1991; Narawati, 2003; fenomena budaya yang banyak disinggung Caturwati, 2008). Istilah tayub sudah dalam berbagai tulisan, Serat Centini dikenal pada masa Jawa Kuna, seperti yang (1818) karya sastra Jawa terkenal yang disebutkan dalam buku Old Javanese – berupa tembang dan Babad Mangir Jilid I, English Dictionary karya P.J, Zoetmulder serta tulisan-tulisan para pengamat asing dan S.O. Robson (1982) sebagai berikut. yang pernah mengamati kondisi budaya di Penggalan dari Kakawin Ghatotkacasraya Indonesia antara lain Thomas Stamford berbunyi “ ... tan hunine watek bini hajin Raffles dalam bukunya The History of panayub anapuk arja sasmita; penggalan Java (1965), Claire Holt dengan karyanya kalimat dari Kidung Wanbang Wideya berjudul Art in Indonesia: Continuitis and berbunyi “... aluwaran sri bupati, kuneng Change (1967), dan P.J. Zoetmulder dalam rahaden S. Malih anayub”; penggalan dari bukunya Old Javanese-English Dictionary Kakawin Arjuna Pralabda berbunyi “... (1982). sang angigel awusan mantuk ndan sang Tulisan-tulisan tersebut pada aulun malih anayub prasama linggih umumnya sebagian besar memaparkan mangko” (Zoetmulder dan S.O Robson, ronggeng sebagai perempuan penari 1982). Dalam penggalan kalimat-kalimat klangenan yang dikelilingi banyak laki- di atas, dijelaskan kata anayub atau nayub laki, dipuja, disanjung, atau dijadikan mirip dengan istilah tayub. Dengan patner tidak saja di arena pertunjukan tari, demikian dapat dikatakan istilah tayub tetapi juga di atas ranjang. Bahkan Raffles sudah muncul pada masa Jawa Kuna abad dalam bukunya The History of Java (1965: ke-12, seperti yang disebutkan dalam 381) menyatakan ronggeng tidak ada 80 bahasa & sastra, Vol. 14, No.1, April 2014 bedanya dengan pelacur yang hanya dalam novel Indonesia yakni Trilogi memikirkan uang dan imbalan yang besar Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk karya Ahmad serta perusak rumah tangga orang. Tohari (2003), Ronggeng karya Dewi Dari beberapa hasil tulisan di atas Linggasari (2007), dan Karti Kledek terlihat bahwa ronggeng atau tayub pada Ngrajek karya S.W. Warsito (2009). awalnya merupakan bagian dari tarian Representasi ronggeng dalam ketiga prosa dalam upacara keagamaan, berkembang fiksi tersebut menggambarkan menjadi tarian persembahan pada upacara perkembangan pemikiran masyarakat bedah bumi atau bersih desa, yakni upacara tentang tayub atau ronggeng. Karena itu, yang berkaitan dengan kesuburan atau dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas representasi persembahan kepada Dewi Sri. Pada tahap ronggeng dalam ketiga novel tersenut berikutnya tayub menjadi tari hiburan yang dengan menggunakan teori sosiologi berkembang di keraton, sebagai bagian sastra. tradisi para priyayi. Tayub pun kemudian Teori sosiologi sastra sebagai tumbuh di luar keraton menjadi bagian dari suatu jenis pendekatan terhadap sastra upacara bedah bumi sekaligus tumbuh memiliki paradigma dengan asumsi dan menjadi hiburan tradisional rakyat di desa- implikasi epistemologis yang berbeda desa yang cenderung dipandang negatif daripada yang telah digariskan oleh teori karena disertai dengan minuman keras dan sastra berdasarkan prinsip otonomi sastra. tindakan yang tidak senonoh baik dari Tulisan -tulisan sosiologi sastra penari atau ronggeng maupun para menghasilkan pandangan bahwa karya sastra penayub. Namun tayub yang cenderung adalah ekspresi dan bagian dari masyarakat, dipandang negatif, saat ini sudah mulai dan dengan demikian memiliki keterkaitan mendapatkan citra yang lebih baik sejak resiprokal (saling berbalasan) dengan adanya akademisi kesenian dan perhatian jaringan-jaringan sistem dan nilai dalam pemerintah terhadap kesenian rakyat. masyarakat tersebut (Laurenson dan Tayub dikemas dalam berbagai bentuk tari Swingewood, 1972). dan berkembang di lingkungan yang lebih Sosiologi adalah ilmu pengetahuan luas. yang objek studinya berupa aktivitas sosial Resepsi negatif terhadap seni tayub manusia. Sementara itu, sastra adalah tidak hanya terlontar secara lisan, tetapi karya seni yang merupakan ekspresi juga tertuang dalam tradisi tulis. Hal ini kehidupan manusia. Dengan demikian, tampak pula dalam kajian Yulianeta (2013) meskipun antara karya sastra dengan yang memaparkan bahwa ronggeng atau sosiologi merupakan dua bidang yang tayub merupakan artefak budaya yang berbeda, tetapi keduanya saling berkaitan. sangat populer dalam kehidupan Sosiologi tidak hanya menghubungkan masyarakat, terutama di Jawa. Ronggeng manusia dengan lingkungan sosial yang pada konsep awalnya dipandang budayanya, tetapi juga dengan alam. Sastra sebagai budaya sakral pada merupakan suatu refleksi lingkungan perkembangannya menjadi budaya profan. budaya dan juga suatu teks dialektika Hal ini juga direpresentasikan dalam prosa antara pengarang, yaitu situasi sosial
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