Corporate Ownership & Control / Volume 11, Issue 1, 2013, Continued
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Corporate Ownership & Control / Volume 11, Issue 1, 2013, Continued - 11 CORPORATE КОРПОРАТИВНАЯ OWNERSHIP & CONTROL СОБСТВЕННОСТЬ И КОНТРОЛЬ Postal Address: Почтовый адрес редакции: Postal Box 36 Почтовый ящик 36 Sumy 40014 г. Сумы, 40014 Ukraine Украина Tel: +380-542-611025 Тел.: 38-542-611025 Fax: +380-542-611025 Факс: 38-542-611025 e-mail: [email protected] эл. почта: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.virtusinterpress.org www.virtusinterpress.org Journal Corporate Ownership & Control is published Журнал "Корпоративная собственность и four times a year, in September-November, контроль" издается четыре раза в год в сентябре, December-February, March-May and June-August, декабре, марте, июне издательским домом Виртус by Publishing House “Virtus Interpress”, Kirova Str. Интерпресс, ул. Кирова 146/1, г. Сумы, 40021, 146/1, office 20, Sumy, 40021, Ukraine. Украина. 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Права защищены. 891 Corporate Ownership & Control / Volume 11, Issue 1, 2013, Continued - 11 CORPORATE OWNERSHIP & CONTROL Volume 11, Issue 1, 2013, Continued - 11 CONTENTS PRESERVING THE PAST: AN ACCOUNTABILITY STUDY OF THE ANNUAL REPORTING PRACTICES BY LEADING MUSEUMS IN USA, UK AND EUROPE 893 Vida Botes, Rory Diver, Howard Davey ORGANIZATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF BANK LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND UKRAINIAN PRACTICE 907 Dmitriy Riabichenko CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY – COMPARING RUSSIAN OIL AND GAS COMPANIES AND SOUTH AFRICAN GOLD PRODUCERS 917 Thomas Gstraunthaler HIV AND AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A SOCIAL AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN SHAPING ORGANISATIONAL ACTION 928 Renitha Rampersad THE ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOME MIDDLE EAST CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STANDARDS AFTER THE GLOBAL CRISIS 933 Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy INTEGRATED REPORTING IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN MINING SECTOR 947 Candice Carels, Warren Maroun, Nirupa Padia ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS: INFLUENCE OF THE GOVERNANCE ON PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL DISTRESS OF FIRMS. AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY 962 Patrizia Pastore, Silvia Tommaso 892 Corporate Ownership & Control / Volume 11, Issue 1, 2013, Continued - 11 PRESERVING THE PAST: AN ACCOUNTABILITY STUDY OF THE ANNUAL REPORTING PRACTICES BY LEADING MUSEUMS IN USA, UK AND EUROPE Vida Botes*, Rory Diver**, Howard Davey*** Abstract Museums as custodians of important cultural heritage assets attract significant sponsorship from government and communities and a need exists to understand how the resources made available are being spent, to maintain and increase the value of these assets. The significance placed on museums warrants further investigation into their accountability and the purpose of this paper is to analyse museums reporting practices, as a way to discharge performance accountability. The reporting practices of the world’s leading museums in the USA versus those predominately located in the UK (with a small focus on Europe) were examined, compared and contrasted, in order to suggest better practice for improved accountability in in annual reporting so as assist in improving the governance of museums. To assess the annual reports, a modified version of a research instrument which works in conjunction with the balanced scorecard framework to evaluate performance accountability, namely the Museums’ Performance Accountability Index (MPADI) by Wei, Davey and Coy (2008) has been adopted. Evidence is found that the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard were emphasized differently between USA and UK/European institutions. The findings demonstrate areas of strength s but also recommend improved reporting practices for museums. The study draws out a number of detailed observations which offers suggestions for better practice in reporting by museums. Until recently there has been little research on the performance and accountability of this sector. This work assists in addressing this deficiency. Keywords: Museums, Accountability, Reporting, BSC *Corresponding author. Department of Accounting, Waikato Management School, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand Tel: 0064-7-838-8102 Fax: 0064-7-838-4332 Email: [email protected] ** University of Waikato Management School, Hamilton, New Zealand ***University of Waikato Management School, Hamilton, New Zealand Introduction the museum sector (Jackson, 1991; Weil, 1994; Pignataro, 2002; Gstranthaler and Piber, 2007; da Museums are key repositories of human kind‟s Silva Menezes, Carnegie and West, 2009) cultural heritage and as such are significantly investigations into appropriate measures with which important in the preservation of our knowledge bases to measure museum accountability are limited. The for current and future generations. As well as being work of Wei, Davey and Coy (2008) in creating a custodians of valued artefacts, museums are also Museums Performance Accountability Disclosure influential in educational development and lifelong Index (MPADI) to measure the level of accountability learning throughout society. (Wei, et al., 2008). Like in annual reports of museums is the exception. any public entity museums require a level of The objective of this study is twofold. The first accountability not only regarding the services that objective is to address the limitations identified in the they provide, but also how they account for the use of earlier Wei, et al (2008) research in order to propose a public money and charitable donations. (Brown and modified version of the MPADI. Secondly, through Troutt, 2007; Weil, 2002; Rentschler and Potter, application of this revised MPADI, determine, 1996). examine, compare and contrast the reporting practices This paper supports the notion that it is essential of world‟s leading museums in the USA, UK and for museums to have greater accountability if they Europe, in order to suggest better accounting practice, wish to continue to attract future funding. Although to ensure improved accountability by museums. there has been some research into accountability in 893 Corporate Ownership & Control / Volume 11, Issue 1, 2013, Continued - 11 Communication is central to the issue of organization or government entity… and be discharging accountability and the annual reporting essentially educational in nature. The notion of a non process presents a primary mechanism for this. profit organisation (NPO) is also firmly supported by Although there have been questions raised by the International Council of Museums (ICOM, 2007) Carnegie and West (2005) regarding the merits of which includes in their definition a description of the using financial measures such as annual reporting to tasks performed by museums such as acquiring, report on museum activities the work undertaken on conserving, researching, communicating, exhibiting, museum performance at Wintergreen (Weil 1994) educating, and making available for research, material makes it very clear that performance indicators are the evidence of people and their environment. The only way that museums can demonstrate their British Museums Association (BMA) (1998) defines performance. By improving the performance museums along similar lines saying that Museums measures created in the MPADI, this paper also enable people to explore collections for inspiration, provides additional insights to a largely under- learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that researched area in the literature. collect, safeguard and make accessible artefacts and The paper is structured as follows. In setting the specimens, which they hold in trust for society. This biographical and legislative context of the study, the definition includes art galleries with collections of paper first presents an understanding of what works of art, as well as museums with historical constitutes a museum. The theoretical framework of collections of objects. The AAM, ICOM, and BMA stakeholder theory within which museum definitions thus include elements of non-profit, accountability is set is then covered. A literature education, communication, and research and heritage covering changes to the MPADI and a discussion of preservation. broader topics of Not for Profit (NPO) accountability and voluntary disclosure. Focus is then placed on the Museums in the USA research method used. The findings