Contemporary Evolution of Plant Growth Rate Following Experimental Removal of Herbivores. Author(S): Nash E

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Contemporary Evolution of Plant Growth Rate Following Experimental Removal of Herbivores. Author(S): Nash E The University of Chicago Contemporary Evolution of Plant Growth Rate Following Experimental Removal of Herbivores. Author(s): Nash E. Turley, Walter C. Odell, Hanno Schaefer, Georg Everwand, Michael J. Crawley, and Marc T. J. Johnson Source: The American Naturalist, Vol. 181, No. S1, A Critical Look at Reciprocity in Ecology and Evolution (May 2013), pp. S21-S34 Published by: The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668075 . Accessed: 22/04/2013 11:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press, The American Society of Naturalists, The University of Chicago are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Naturalist. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 142.150.9.14 on Mon, 22 Apr 2013 11:40:30 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions vol. 181, supplement the american naturalist may 2013 Symposium Contemporary Evolution of Plant Growth Rate Following Experimental Removal of Herbivores Nash E. Turley,1,* Walter C. Odell,2 Hanno Schaefer,3 Georg Everwand,4 Michael J. Crawley,5 and Marc T. J. Johnson1 1. Department of Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.; 2. Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; 3. Biodiversita¨t der Pflanzen, Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; 4. Georg-August-University Go¨ttingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Go¨ttingen, Germany; 5. Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom Online enhancement: appendix. Dryad data: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cp00b. defense traits observed among plants (Fraenkel 1959; Ehr- abstract: Herbivores are credited with driving the evolutionary lich and Raven 1964; Becerra 1997; Agrawal 2007; Walters diversification of plant defensive strategies over macroevolutionary time. For this to be true, herbivores must also cause short-term 2011). Plant defenses are often classified as either resistance evolution within plant populations, but few studies have experi- traits or tolerance traits, where the former reduce herbi- mentally tested this prediction. We addressed this gap using a long- vore damage and the latter limit the negative fitness con- term manipulative field experiment where exclosures protected 22 sequences of damage (Karban and Baldwin 1997; Strauss plant populations from natural rabbit herbivory for !1to26years. and Agrawal 1999). For herbivores to drive the evolution We collected seeds of Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae) from our of plant defenses over macroevolutionary timescales, they plots and grew them in a common greenhouse environment to quan- must also drive the evolution of defenses over micro- tify evolved differences among populations in individual plant growth rate, tolerance to herbivory, competitive ability, and the concentra- evolutionary timescales (one to hundreds of generations). tion of secondary metabolites (tannins and oxalate) implicated in Numerous studies show that the ingredients necessary for defense against herbivores. In 26 years without rabbit herbivory, plant this short-term adaptive evolution are ubiquitous: plants growth rate decreased linearly by 30%. We argue that plant growth contain heritable variation for both resistance and toler- rate has evolved as a defense against intense rabbit herbivory. In ance (Berenbaum et al. 1986; Maddox and Root 1987; contrast, we found no change in tolerance to herbivory or concen- Nu´n˜ez-Farfa´n et al. 2007), and herbivores impose selection trations of secondary metabolites. We also found no change in com- petitive ability, suggesting that contemporary evolution may not feed on these traits (Rausher and Simms 1989; Marquis 1992; back to alter ecological interactions within this plant community. Stinchcombe et al. 2002; Agrawal 2005). Despite these im- Our results combined with those of other studies show that the portant results, few studies have explicitly linked the pres- evolution of gross morphological traits such as growth rate in re- ence or absence of herbivores to actual evolutionary re- sponse to herbivory may be common, which calls into question sponses within plant populations, and these studies are assumptions about some of the most popular theories of plant typically observational (Zangerl and Berenbaum 2005; defense. Stenberg et al. 2006). Thus, our understanding of which Keywords: community genetics, eco-evolutionary interactions, her- plant traits will evolve due to the direct or indirect con- bivory, plant competition, plant defenses, Rumex acetosa. sequences of herbivory are limited. This represents a large gap in our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of plant-herbivore interactions (Agrawal 2011; Johnson Introduction 2011). Herbivores have fed on plants for more than 400 million Several observational studies provide strong evidence years (Labandeira 2007), and these interactions are be- that natural selection imposed by the presence or absence lieved to have driven the diversification of the myriad of herbivores drives the microevolution of plant defensive traits. Both Stenberg et al. (2006) and Zangerl and Ber- * Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected]. enbaum (2005) found a positive correlation between her- Am. Nat. 2013. Vol. 181, pp. S21–S34. ᭧ 2013 by The University of Chicago. bivory pressure and the level of plant defenses among plant 0003-0147/2013/181S1-53415$15.00. All rights reserved. populations, suggesting that the absence of herbivores DOI: 10.1086/668075 drives the evolution of decreased defenses and the presence This content downloaded from 142.150.9.14 on Mon, 22 Apr 2013 11:40:30 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions S22 The American Naturalist of herbivores drives the evolution of increased defenses. gland are an excellent setting to test the evolutionary im- Lennartsson (1997) found similar results with respect to pacts of herbivores. In this system, rabbits crop plants tolerance to herbivory. The results from these observa- closely to the ground, which prevents flowering and causes tional studies are consistent with the prediction that the individual plants to be much smaller than when rabbits presence and absence of herbivores can impose natural are absent (fig. 1). On average, grazing directly reduces selection on plant defense traits that cause evolutionary average plant height in communities by 56% p p change over tens to hundreds of years. However, these (ungrazed mean18 cm, grazed mean 8 cm) and standing p results are not sufficient to conclusively implicate a role aboveground biomass by 25% (ungrazed mean 80 g, p 2 of herbivores in driving evolution as recent theory shows grazed mean 60 g dry weight per 0.125 m ; M. J. Crawley, that such correlations based on observational data can unpublished data). Excluding rabbit herbivores also has result from multiple evolutionary processes, including cascading effects on net primary productivity (measured those that do not involve selection from biotic agents as total aboveground biomass produced in a growing sea- (Nuismer et al. 2010). son) and nutrient availability in soil, which increase by Herbivores can drive the evolution of plant traits ∼60% and ∼180%, respectively, following 14 years of rab- through the direct effects of consumption and through bit exclusion (Olofsson et al. 2007). Furthermore, rabbits any indirect effects of herbivory that modify the abiotic alter the composition of plant communities over time due or biotic environment (Miller and Travis 1996; Agrawal et to the direct effects of grazing and indirect effects mediated al. 2006). This is especially true for interactions between through competitors (Farrow 1917; Watt 1962; Crawley plants and grazing vertebrate herbivores, which have large 1990). Specifically, some species (e.g., Holcus lanatus, Se- impacts on plant community structure and are in many necio jacobaea, and Trifolium repens) increase in relative ways fundamentally different from those involving ar- abundance and other species (e.g., Achillea millefolium, thropods (McNaughton 1984; Pollard 1992; Edwards and Vicia sativa, and Festuca rubra) decrease in relative abun- Crawley 1999). Grazing can impose selection directly on dance in the presence of rabbit grazing (Crawley 2005). traits, such as plant palatability, morphology, and growth Experimental evidence suggests that increasing species are rate (McNaughton 1984), but also indirectly, for example, faster growing and more tolerant to repeated damage than by influencing nutrient availability or by altering com- decreasing species (Del-Val and Crawley 2005a). A third petitive hierarchies among plant species (Crawley 1983; class of species (e.g., Rumex acetosa, Stellaria graminea, Agrawal et al. 2006). Thus, predicting what traits will and Veronica chamaedrys) does not significantly change in evolve in response to the presence or absence of herbivores
Recommended publications
  • Veronica Plants—Drifting from Farm to Traditional Healing, Food Application, and Phytopharmacology
    molecules Review Veronica Plants—Drifting from Farm to Traditional Healing, Food Application, and Phytopharmacology Bahare Salehi 1 , Mangalpady Shivaprasad Shetty 2, Nanjangud V. Anil Kumar 3 , Jelena Živkovi´c 4, Daniela Calina 5 , Anca Oana Docea 6, Simin Emamzadeh-Yazdi 7, Ceyda Sibel Kılıç 8, Tamar Goloshvili 9, Silvana Nicola 10 , Giuseppe Pignata 10, Farukh Sharopov 11,* , María del Mar Contreras 12,* , William C. Cho 13,* , Natália Martins 14,15,* and Javad Sharifi-Rad 16,* 1 Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran 2 Department of Chemistry, NMAM Institute of Technology, Karkala 574110, India 3 Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India 4 Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Panˇci´c”,Tadeuša Koš´cuška1, Belgrade 11000, Serbia 5 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania 6 Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania 7 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Gauteng 0002, South Africa 8 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey 9 Department of Plant Physiology and Genetic Resources, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia 10 Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy 11 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan 12 Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 13 Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China 14 Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • A Floristic Survey of Fair Isle
    Edinburgh Research Explorer A floristic survey of Fair Isle Citation for published version: Quinteros Peñafiel, CV, Riddiford, N & Twyford, A 2017, 'A floristic survey of Fair Isle', New Journal of Botany, vol. 7, no. 2-3, pp. 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/20423489.2017.1393191 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1080/20423489.2017.1393191 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: New Journal of Botany General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 New Journal of Botany Journal of the Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland ISSN: 2042-3489 (Print) 2042-3497 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ynjb20 A floristic survey of Fair Isle C. V. Quinteros Peñafiel, N. J. Riddiford & A. D. Twyford To cite this article: C. V. Quinteros Peñafiel, N. J. Riddiford & A. D. Twyford (2017) A floristic survey of Fair Isle, New Journal of Botany, 7:2-3, 101-111, DOI: 10.1080/20423489.2017.1393191 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/20423489.2017.1393191 © 2017 The Author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • (Dr. Sc. Nat.) Vorgelegt Der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftl
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 Flowers, sex, and diversity: Reproductive-ecological and macro-evolutionary aspects of floral variation in the Primrose family, Primulaceae de Vos, Jurriaan Michiel Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-88785 Dissertation Originally published at: de Vos, Jurriaan Michiel. Flowers, sex, and diversity: Reproductive-ecological and macro-evolutionary aspects of floral variation in the Primrose family, Primulaceae. 2012, University of Zurich, Facultyof Science. FLOWERS, SEX, AND DIVERSITY. REPRODUCTIVE-ECOLOGICAL AND MACRO-EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF FLORAL VARIATION IN THE PRIMROSE FAMILY, PRIMULACEAE Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Jurriaan Michiel de Vos aus den Niederlanden Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Elena Conti (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Antony B. Wilson Dr. Colin E. Hughes Zürich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s ist ein zentrales Ziel in der Evolutionsbiologie, die Muster der Vielfalt und die Prozesse, die sie erzeugen, zu verstehen.
    [Show full text]
  • Veronica Chamaedrys Group, Plantaginaceae Sl
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (2010) 771–786 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Disentangling phylogeography, polyploid evolution and taxonomy of a woodland herb (Veronica chamaedrys group, Plantaginaceae s.l.) in southeastern Europe Katharina E. Bardy a,b, Dirk C. Albach c,d,*, Gerald M. Schneeweiss a, Manfred A. Fischer b, Peter Schönswetter a,e a Department of Biogeography and Botanical Garden, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria b Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria c Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Bentzelweg 9, D-55099 Mainz, Germany d Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany e Department of Systematics, Palynology and Geobotany, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria article info abstract Article history: Southeastern Europe is a centre of European biodiversity, but very little is known about factors causing Received 12 March 2010 the observed richness. Here, we contribute to fill this gap by reconstructing the spatio-temporal diversi- Revised 21 June 2010 fication of the cytologically variable and taxonomically intricate complex of Veronica chamaedrys (Plan- Accepted 26 June 2010 taginaceae s.l.), growing in open forests, forest edges and grasslands, with flow cytometry, molecular Available online 13 July 2010 markers (AFLPs, plastid DNA sequences) and morphometry. Our results show that both diploid and tet- raploid cytotypes are widespread, but diploids predominate on the southern Balkan Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • A Floristic Survey of Fair Isle
    Edinburgh Research Explorer A floristic survey of Fair Isle Citation for published version: Quinteros Peñafiel, CV, Riddiford, N & Twyford, A 2017, 'A floristic survey of Fair Isle', New Journal of Botany, vol. 7, no. 2-3, pp. 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/20423489.2017.1393191 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1080/20423489.2017.1393191 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: New Journal of Botany General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 1 A floristic survey of Fair Isle 2 Camila V. Quinteros Peñafiel 3 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR 4 [email protected] 5 Nick J. Riddiford 6 Schoolton, Fair Isle, Shetland, ZE2 9JU 7 [email protected] 8 Alex D. Twyford 9 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, 10 Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL 11 [email protected] 12 A floristic survey of Fair Isle 13 14 Fair Isle is a small isolated island located off the northern tip of Great Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Sexual Reproduction in Veronica (Plantaginaceae)
    EVOLUTION OF THE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN VERONICA (PLANTAGINACEAE): PHYLOGENY, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND INVASION Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Romain Scalone geboren am 7 Mai 1981 in Colombes Hauts de Seine (Frankreich) Mainz, 2011 Dekan: 1 Berichterstatter: 2 Berichterstatter: Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Dezember 2011 1 « Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. » Theodosius DOBZHANSKY (1900-1975) « We do not even in the least know the final cause of sexuality; why new beings should be produced by the union of the two sexual elements, […] The whole subject is as yet hidden in darkness. » Charles DARWIN (1809-1882) Veronica filiformis Smith 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 LIST OF FIGURE, TABLE, APPENDIX & ILLUSTRATION 4 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 PAPER ONE: PHYLOGENY OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 18 “Evolution of the pollen-ovule ratio in Veronica (Plantaginaceae)” 3 PAPER TWO: SPECIATION AFFECTED BY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 52 “Phylogenetic analysis and differentiation of V. subgenus Stenocarpon in the Balkans” 4 PAPER THREE: DEGRADATION OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 90 “Degradation of sexual reproduction in V. filiformis after introduction to Europe” 5 THREE SHORT RESEARCH NOTES 156 “Induction of flower production in Veronica” “Evolution of self-sterility in Veronica” “Variation of capsule size in V. filiformis” 6 ABSTRACTS 196 3 LIST OF FIGURE Variation of P-O and estimated sexual systems across the Veronica phylogeny 42 Relationships among sexual
    [Show full text]
  • An Illustrated Key to the Alberta Figworts & Allies
    AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE ALBERTA FIGWORTS & ALLIES OROBANCHACEAE PHRYMACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE Compiled and writen by Lorna Allen & Linda Kershaw April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen Key to Figwort and Allies Families In the past few years, the families Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae and Scrophulariaceae have under- gone some major revision and reorganization. Most of the species in the Scrophulariaceae in the Flora of Alberta (1983) are now in the Orobanchaceae and Plantaginaceae. For this reason, we’ve grouped the Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Phrymaceae and Scrophulariaceae together in this fle. In addition, species previously placed in the Callitrichaceae and Hippuridaceae families are now included in the Plantaginaceae family. 01a Plants aquatic, with many or all leaves submersed and limp when taken from the 1a water; leaves paired or in rings (whorled) on the stem, all or mostly linear (foating leaves sometimes spatula- to egg-shaped); fowers tiny (1-2 mm), single or clustered in leaf axils; petals and sepals absent or sepals fused in a cylinder around the ovary; stamens 0-1 . Plantaginaceae (in part) . - Callitriche, Hippuris 01b Plants emergent wetland species (with upper stems and leaves held above water) or upland species with self-supporting stems and leaves; leaves not as above; fowers larger, single or in clusters; petals and sepals present; stamens 2-4 (Hippuris sometimes emergent, but leaves/ fowers distinctive) . .02 2a 02a Plants without green leaves . Orobanchaceae (in part) . - Aphyllon [Orobanche], Boschniakia 02b Plants with green leaves . 03 03a Leaves all basal (sometimes small, unstalked stem leaves present), undivided (simple), with edges ± smooth or blunt-toothed; fowers small (2-5 mm wide), corollas radially symmetrical, sometimes absent.
    [Show full text]
  • Gentianella Campestris & G
    Gentianella campestris & G. uliginosa Status Gentianella uliginosa is very rare species which is G. campestris: currently known in Devon (Holyoak 1999), and along UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority species. the south coast of Wales from the Gower to Tenby IUCN Threat category: Vulnerable (2005). (Lousley 1950). It is probably extinct in Derbyshire G. uliginosa: (Rich 1996), and records from Scotland (Rose 1998) UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority species. are errors for annual G. amarella. It could be over- Red Data Book. looked elsewhere. Schedule 8 Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981. IUCN Threat category: Vulnerable (2005). Identification & Field survey Identification of Gentianella can be problematical for Taxonomy four main reasons (Pritchard 1959): Magnoliopsida: Gentianaceae Scientific name: i. Extensive hybridisation occurs between some of Gentianella campestris (L.) Börner the species which may result in introgression. Common names: Field Gentian, Crwynllys y Maes ii. Any one population of some species may contain both annuals and biennials, which frequently differ Magnoliopsida: Gentianaceae in such characters as habit and leaf shape. Scientific name: Gentianella uliginosa (Willd.) Börner iii. Local populations show great variability in Common names: morphology which is partly related to (i) and (ii). Dune Gentian, Crwynllys y Tywod iv. There is considerable variation between separate Gentianaceae is a distinctive family of ± hairless populations in small geographical areas. annual to perennial herbs with leaves in opposite pairs and no stipules, tubular flowers with 4, 5 or Gentianella campestris (L.) Börner (Gentiana more lobes at the top, a superior ovary and the fruits campestris L., Gentianella baltica sensu E. Warb. et al., are linear capsules which split from the top.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plants and Ferns of Keele University David W
    Flowering Plants and Ferns of Keele University David W. Emley Updated June 2019 Keele is perhaps more interesting for its trees than for its flowering plants, however there are a few unusual species amongst them. The deciduous woodland, consisting mainly of Oak and Sycamore, has a poor ground flora which makes for a fine display of Bluebells in the spring. It also has Yellow Archangel, a plant associated with ancient woodland as well as the lovely Wood Sorrel. The former sewage-works site, just south of Lake 5, was once home to a small colony of Harebell and Betony. The area between that site and the entrance to Lymes Road used to be very good for plants. Indeed, there was a colony of Common Spotted Orchids and a few Northern Marsh Orchids. These appear to have gone - it is too overgrown now. The small gully that leads into Lake 7 is lined with Bluebells but also Ramsons or Wild Garlic; its main site at Keele. Keele has a good bramble flora and is the type locality for Rubus sneydii, named by Eric Edees; a national expert on brambles who lived nearby. One plant, Rhododendron ponticum, is causing problems in the deciduous woodland where it is very invasive and is unfortunately the host of Phytophthora ramorum. This virus can seriously affect oaks, larches and many other trees. Because of this Keele has to remove all its Larch and most of its Rhododendron. This will, of course, open up the woodland to let the native ground flora grow up and extensive replanting with native trees is scheduled to start in autumn 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • MARY's GARDENS RESEARCH a Progress Report
    MARY'S GARDENS RESEARCH A Progress Report John S.Stokes Jr. Queen of the Missions, March 1955. Paradoxically, the very literature and book learning which destroyed the oral religious traditions of the Christian countrysides during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries took it upon themselves to record the disappearing externals of those same traditions in the nineteenth. It is thus secular lexicographers, not religious tradition, that we are to thank for the preservation of many of the centuries­old popular "Mary" names of plants which have come down to us today. For this reason many religious people unfamiliar with the old religious plant names. Mrs. Lillie Pioneers However, it was not from secular dictionaries that the Mary Flower tradition took root and found new life in the United States in the early nineteen thirties. It came as an offshoot from the old popular tradition which still survives in the monasteries and countrysides of England. For it was in England that Mrs. Frank R. Lillie, of Chicago, first learned of the Mary­named flowers, and conceived of the idea of planting a number of them in the "Garden of Our Lady" adjacent to the Angelus Tower she had given to St. Joseph's Church, Woods Hole, Cape Cod, Massachusetts in 1929. Not the Mary names, but the spirit behind them was the important thing to Mrs. Lillie. She saw that in their origin these names were of the heart. She realized that before the invention of printing the people of the countryside had no books telling of Mary. "The flowers were all they had." In their day the Mary named plants may have been more potent than any book of theology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) and Its Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere As Revealed by Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Variation
    Org. Divers. Evol. 1, 61–79 (2001) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ode The phylogeny of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) and its colonization of the southern hemisphere as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation K. Bernhard von Hagen*, Joachim W. Kadereit Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany Received 21 August 2000 · Accepted 29 December 2000 Abstract The generic circumscription and infrageneric phylogeny of Gentianella was analysed based on matK and ITS sequence variation. Our results suggested that Gentianella is polyphyletic and should be limited to species with only one nectary per petal lobe. Gentianella in such a circum- scription is most closely related to one part of a highly polyphyletic Swertia. Within uninectariate Gentianella two major groups could be rec- ognized: 1) northern hemispheric species with vascularized fimbriae at the base of the corolla lobes, and 2) northern hemispheric, South Amer- ican, and Australia/New Zealand species without vascularized fimbriae. When fimbriae are present in this latter group, they are non-vascular- ized. Whereas ITS data suggested a sister group relationship between the fimbriate and efimbriate group, the matK data suggested paraphyly of the efimbriate group with Eurasian efimbriate species as sister to the remainder of the clade. Based on the phylogeny and using geological and fossil evidence and a molecular clock approach, it is postulated that the efimbriate lineage originated in East Asia near the end of the Ter- tiary. From East Asia it spread via North America to South America, and from there it reached Australia/New Zealand only once by a single long- distance dispersal event.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species Recognition Skills in Finnish Students and Teachers
    education sciences Article Plant Species Recognition Skills in Finnish Students and Teachers Arja Kaasinen Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; arja.kaasinen@helsinki.fi Received: 7 March 2019; Accepted: 15 April 2019; Published: 19 April 2019 Abstract: Limited awareness about nature and its species can have a negative influence on children’s relationship to nature. Plant species recognition and outdoor education are perhaps the easiest way to approach nature relationships and increase knowledge. Unfortunately, it has been shown that people do not recognize plant species very well. This phenomenon is called “plant blindness”. This study presents information about the phenomenon in Finland. The purpose of this research was to determine how well Finnish students from different age groups recognize plant species and which variables explain recognition of plant species in general education in Finland. The subjects were pupils from primary school to university teachers. A total of 754 people took part in the research. The results showed that Finnish pupils do not recognize plant species very well, with wide variations in responses between student levels. Species recognition skills improved from primary school to university teachers. Keywords: plant species recognition; plant blindness; outdoor education 1. Introduction Plant species can be found everywhere, and people are surrounded by them. However, it has been shown that people do not recognize plant species very well. Wandersee and Schussler [1,2]
    [Show full text]