Quaternary Brampton
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Quaternary Geology Brampton Area Ontario Geological Survey Report 257 2005 Quaternary Geology Brampton Area Ontario Geological Survey Report 257 P.F. Karrow 2005 ©Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2005 ISSN 0704-2582 ISBN 0-7794-5806-0 All publications of the Ontario Geological Survey and the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines are available for viewing and purchase at the following locations: Mines and Minerals Information Centre (MMIC) Mines Library Macdonald Block, Room M2--17 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level A3 900 Bay Street Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Toronto, Ontario M7A 1C3 Telephone: (705) 670-5615 Telephone: (416) 314-3800 Fax: (416) 314-3797 Purchases may be made only through: Publication Sales 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level A3 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Telephone: (705) 670-5691 (local) 1-888-415-9845 (toll-free) Fax: (705) 670-5770 E-mail: [email protected] Use of Visa or Mastercard ensures the fastest possible service. Cheques or money orders should be made payable to the Minister of Finance. National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Karrow, P.F., 1930- Quaternary geology of the Brampton area (Ontario Geological Survey report, ISSN 0704-2582; 257) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7794-5806-0 1. Geology—Ontario—Brampton Region. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic—Quaternary. I. Ontario Geological Survey. II. Ontario. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. III. Title. IV. Series. QE696 K37 2005 551.7’9’09713535 C2004-964001-1 Every possible effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this report; however, the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information. If you wish to reproduce any of the text, tables or illustrations in this report, please write for permission to the Team Leader, Publication Services, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level B4, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5. Cette publication est disponible en anglais seulement. Parts of this report may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference be made in the following form: Karrow, P.F. 2005. Quaternary geology of the Brampton area; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 257, 59p. ii Contents Abstract .................................................................................. vii Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Location and Access ..................................................................... 1 Previous Work ......................................................................... 1 Field Work ............................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ..................................................................... 2 Physiography .............................................................................. 3 Relief ................................................................................ 3 Drainage .............................................................................. 3 Physiographic Classification .............................................................. 3 Paleozoic Geology .......................................................................... 7 Ordovician ............................................................................ 7 Silurian ............................................................................... 7 Economic Geology ...................................................................... 7 Structural Disturbance ................................................................... 8 Quaternary Geology ......................................................................... 10 Geomorphology ........................................................................ 10 Bedrock Topography ................................................................. 10 Bedrock Scarps .................................................................. 10 Buried Valleys .................................................................. 10 Escarpment Re--entrant Valleys..................................................... 11 Topography and its Influence on the Distribution of Bedrock Formations.................... 11 Palimpsest Topography ............................................................... 12 Till Plains .......................................................................... 12 Wentworth Till Plain ............................................................. 12 Halton Till Plain ................................................................. 12 Drumlins and Flutings ................................................................ 13 Moraines .......................................................................... 13 Acton Moraine .................................................................. 14 Cheltenham Moraine ............................................................. 14 Kelso Moraine .................................................................. 15 Trafalgar Moraine ............................................................... 15 Kames ............................................................................ 15 Eskers ............................................................................. 15 Kettles ............................................................................ 16 Outwash Plains ..................................................................... 16 Meltwater Channels .................................................................. 17 Lake Plains ........................................................................ 17 Abandoned Shorelines ................................................................ 18 Deltas ............................................................................. 18 Stream Terraces and Flood Plains....................................................... 19 Swamps and Bogs ................................................................... 19 Lake Ontario Shoreline ............................................................... 20 Stratigraphy ........................................................................... 20 Valley Exposures ................................................................... 20 Sixteen Mile Creek ............................................................... 20 Credit River .................................................................... 20 Etobicoke and Mimico Creeks...................................................... 20 iii Humber River ................................................................... 20 Stratigraphic Nomenclature........................................................... 21 Escarpment Crevice Deposits.......................................................... 21 York Till ........................................................................... 22 Sunnybrook Till ..................................................................... 23 Wentworth Till ...................................................................... 24 Newmarket Till ..................................................................... 24 Maple Formation .................................................................... 24 Halton Till ......................................................................... 26 Late Glacial Glaciofluvial Deposits..................................................... 27 Glaciolacustrine Deposits ............................................................. 28 Alluvial Deposits .................................................................... 29 Organic Deposits ................................................................... 30 Lake Ontario Deposits ................................................................ 31 Historical Geology ...................................................................... 31 Economic Geology ...................................................................... 32 Agricultural Soils ................................................................... 32 Sand and Gravel .................................................................... 32 Water Supply ....................................................................... 33 Peat .............................................................................. 33 Clay .............................................................................. 34 Engineering Geology ................................................................. 34 Appendix 1: Descriptions of Measured Sections.................................................. 35 Appendix 2: Logs of Cores from Holes Drilled for the Ontario Geological Survey....................... 43 Appendix 3: Locations of Sample Sites Other Than Those Described in Appendix 1..................... 48 Appendix 4: Analytical Results ................................................................ 51 References ................................................................................ 55 Metric Conversion Table ..................................................................... 59 FIGURES 1. Location of study area ................................................................. 1 2. Physiographic regions within the study area............................................... 4 3. Bedrock geology of southern Ontario..................................................... 6 4. Areas of influence of major glacial lobes in the vicinity of the study area....................... 11 5. Location of major moraines