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Recent Extreme Wind Events and Damage Assessment in

Junji MAEDA

Division of Architecture and Urban Design, Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In Japan, natural disasters that threaten the living environment of developed urban areas include and tornadoes, as well as earthquakes. The change of urban form that has occurred with the vertical development of buildings for the past 30 years has brought about new wind damage situations, and the damage caused by Mireille in 1991 highlighted the need for new wind-resistant measures. In addition, there is growing concern about the destructive damage caused by recent extreme winds accompanying tornadoes in residential areas and around public facilities. Even if the area damaged is not so large, the sudden occurrence of tornadoes has sometimes caused serious destruction and many casualties within some districts. The wind-induced damage which occurred from 2005 to 2006 as the result of tornadoes led to operation of a new tornado advisory system. Some measures have recently been taken to reduce damage caused by wind-borne debris, which is continuously generated under extreme winds. This report describes recent extreme wind-induced damage in Japan and discusses some features of the damage. Although the damaged objects were mainly buildings and structures, an accident involving a railcar and another involving temporary construction are also noted.

Key words: extreme-wind residential damage rate, tornado events, typhoon events, wind-induced structural damage, wind-induced loss, windy typhoons

1. Introduction – Features of Extreme Wind typhoons have decreased by more than 90% as com- Disasters in Japan pared to those of the 1970s, as shown in Fig. 1 (Ishizaki et al., 1970, Hayashi & Mitsuta, 1992). Although it is One of the typical extreme winds in Japan is gener- true that the number of damaged buildings and injured ated by typhoons, which are classified into “rainy people caused by recent typhoons has decreased sub- typhoons” and “windy typhoons.” Before the 1970s, stantially, the damage to roofing material and external when flood control measures were insufficient, flood cladding of buildings and structures has not decreased as and landslide disasters over wide areas were the most serious damage experienced from typhoons. For exam- ple, much damage was caused by (1959, known as the Ise Bay Typhoon in Japan), which was one of the worst natural disasters experienced in Japan, was mostly due to high tides instead of strong winds. On the other hand, we refer to Typhoons Muroto (1934), Ruth (1951), Marie (1954, Toyamaru in Japan) and Nancy (1961, the 2nd Muroto in Japan), etc., as windy typhoons which have hit Japan’s mainland. Then, there was a period of 30 years where no windy typhoons struck Japan until in 1991, a windy typhoon, which caused severe damage. During this period, wooden houses characteristic of Japanese residences experienced much damage caused by earthquakes. The resulting rapid improvement of their earthquake resistant also improved their wind resistance. As a result, the rates of casualties and com- Fig. 1 Rate of completely-destroyed houses (Ishizaki et al., pletely-destroyed buildings caused by the most recent 1970; Hayashi & Mitsuta, 1992).

Global Environmental Research ©2009 AIRIES 13/2009: 125-132 printed in Japan 126 J. MAEDA much. Losses from damage caused by the major windy 2. Extreme Wind Damage Caused by Recent typhoons since the 1990s is listed in Table 1 (Architec- Typhoons tural Institute of Japan, 2006). Typhoon Mireille in 1991 established a new world record of payment by insurance Typhoon Mireille (T9119) recorded new maximum companies at that time for wind damage. The record of instantaneous wind speeds at more than 26 meteorologi- loss payments associated with Typhoon Mireille was cal stations as well as new maximum wind speeds at broken by those for in the following 12 stations across Japan. There are many reports on the year 1992, and so the two worst economic losses in the wind damage caused by Typhoon Mireille (Mitsuta, world caused by natural disasters at that time were both 1992). Typhoon Mireille (T9119) claimed 62 lives and listed as being associated with extreme wind damage. injured 1,261 people. Although the number of the dead Following this, the loss payments made against the wind and injured was not large when compared with earlier damage caused by (2004), one of ten typhoon disasters, Mireille caused the greatest extent of typhoons that landed on the mainland of Japan in 2004, extreme wind-induced damage at that time, as symbol- is close to that of Typhoon Mireille. In addition, wind ized by the payments made by insurance companies of damage to public structures and to lifeline facilities, 6 billion US dollars. Hence, Typhoon Kinna (T9117), such as power grids that have developed over the past which hit Japan on the same course just two weeks 30 years, have frequently occurred. These situations before Typhoon Mireille, and (T9313), have been the motivation for new countermeasure which set high wind speed records in the southern research as well as residential damage countermeasures. Kyushu region, did not receive as much attention Since the end of the 1990s, tornadoes, gust fronts (Maeda, 1992). Below is an introduction to the major and other phenomena, which cause serious gusty wind typhoon damage which was caused by their extreme damage have drawn attention as other extreme wind winds since the 1990s, in comparison with Typhoon events. Wind damage caused by tornadoes or gusty Mireille (T9119). winds corresponding to F0 – F1 on the Fujita scale is Figure 2 illustrates the tracks of the major windy reported somewhere almost every year. In 1990 tornado typhoons (Mireille T9119, Yancy T9313, Bart T9918 damage in Mobara City, Chiba was caused by one of the and Songda T0418) which struck Japan since the 1990s biggest tornadoes ever recorded in Japan, corresponding (Research Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster, 2000, to F3 on the Fujita scale. In addition, tornadoes in Research Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster, 2005, Toyohashi F3 (1999), Saga F2 (2004), Nobeoka F2 Architectural Institute of Japan, 2006). All of the (2006) and Saroma F3 (2006) caused comparable dam- Typhoons Mireille, Bart and Songda entered the Sea of age. In Japan tornadoes rarely cause death, but more Japan after making on northern Kyushu, and so than one death was recorded by the F2 Nobeoka tornado most of mainland Japan was located at the eastern side and the F3 Saroma tornado in 2006. of the typhoons. Such a typhoon is often called a “Sea of This paper describes the recent extreme wind events Japan” Typhoon and it is known that the wind damage is and the resulting damage in Japan. Generally in Japan, a more severe to the eastern side of a typhoon with a typhoon is named by a number, based on the order of northerly track in the Northern Hemisphere because the occurrence in a given year. Below, a typhoon’s name is movement speed of the typhoon is added to the wind described by attaching its inherent name to the year of speed around the typhoon center. Figure 3 shows the occurrence and ordinal number for that year. For exam- ple, the 19th typhoon in 1991 is described as “Typhoon Mireille (T9119).”

Table 1 Losses paid out due to the major windy typhoons since the 1990s. Payment Rank Typhoon Date of Insurance Mireille 1 Sep. 26-28, 1991 $ 6.0 billion (T9119) Songda 2 Sep. 4-8, 2004 $ 4.1 billion (T0418) Bart 3 Sep. 21-25, 1999 $ 3.3 billion (T9918) Yancy 4 Sep.3, 1993 $ 1.8 billion Yancy(T9313) (T9313) Bart(T9918) Vicki Mireille 5 Sep. 22, 1998 $ 1.7 billion (T9119) (T9807) Songda(T0418) Tokage 6 Oct. 20, 2004 $ 1.5 billion Fig. 2 Courses of the main windy typhoons (Mireille (T0423) T9119, Yancy T9313, Bart T9918, Songda T0418) (unit US$) since the 1990s.

Recent Extreme Wind Events and Damage Assessment in Japan 127 distribution of damage rate of residential houses caused windy typhoons occurring after Typhoon Mireille by each typhoon. Since a typhoon generally fades with (T9119), and furthermore, their tracks were very similar, latitude after landing, the damage tends to decrease in as shown in Fig. 2. Figure 4 shows the peak gust speeds northern Japan. But it is known that a typhoon occasion- and maximum 10-minute-averaged wind speeds associ- ally regains strength in the northern part of the Sea of ated with Typhoons Bart and Songda. The patterns of Japan and can cause much damage in , located wind speed distribution and damage due to both in northern Japan, which happened in the case of typhoons corresponded with well each other, but the Typhoon Songda (T0418) (Research Committee on damage rate resulting from was a little Wind-Induced Disaster, 2005, Architectural Institute of higher because the wind speeds associated with Japan, 2006). Typhoon Bart were a little higher. Figure 5 shows the From Table 1 it turns out that Typhoon Mireille damage rates of residential houses in each city in caused the most serious damage among recent typhoons. Kyushu arranged by maximum 10-minute wind speeds Because poorly-constructed buildings were renovated in and peak gust winds (Tomokiyo & Maeda, 2009). such a way as to perform higher wind-resistance after Although the figure indicates the damage rate varies damaged due to typhoons, it may seem that the damage widely even at the same wind speed, it is found that the caused by subsequent typhoons which passed along very maximum gust wind speed is more closely related to the similar courses became less. damage rate than the maximum 10-minute wind speed, Generally the wind damage rate of buildings and and a gusty wind of around 30 m/s may trigger residen- structures, especially residential houses, is related to the tial damage. As mentioned, the difference in the wind gust wind speed (Hayashi & Mitsuta, 1992). Residential resistant performance can result from local traditional damage is, however, strongly affected by local topogra- construction methods and the reinforcement/renewal of phy, surrounding obstacles, traditional construction and homes damaged by the previous typhoons. This can maintenance methods, and so the damage factors range affect the damage rate distribution. widely (Tomokiyo & Maeda, 2009). Although we can One of the most frequent features of the latest struc- understand the damage conditions by site investigation, tural damage due to strong wind is damage to external it is not easy to estimate the damage that could be cladding, especially roof materials (Tamura et al., 2005). caused by a subsequent typhoon. It is necessary to con- Typhoon Songda (T0418) seriously damaged the roofs sider the local damage history also to estimate overall of public buildings as shown in Fig. 6 (Architectural wind damage which might be caused by a subsequent Institute of Japan, 2006). Damage to metal roofing and typhoon. waterproof sheeting was seen in many damaged build- Typhoon Mireille (T9119) which was responsible for ings, despite the relatively recent completion of con- extreme winds over the whole of Japan also caused criti- struction. Some faults inherent in the construction cal damage to power transmission towers, especially in process of metal roofing have been pointed out Kyushu and Tohoku region (Uematsu et al., 1992, (Architectural Institute of Japan, 2008). Most public Tomokiyo & Maeda, 2004). The wind damage to trans- buildings are expected to be used as shelters in times of mission towers at that time covered the widest region emergency such as the occurrence of natural disasters. ever experienced. This damage led to the construction of Consequently, the wind vulnerability of metal roofing a wide area network system for wind measurement needs to be reduced quickly. When ten typhoons struck using transmission towers (Maeda et al., 1995). the mainland of Japan in 2004, there was a special focus The damage caused by Typhoon Bart (T9918) and in post disaster investigations on damage to roofs of Songda (T0418) has been compared using wind records public structures. A detailed report on the damage (Maeda, H. et al., 2005). Both Typhoons were typical caused by the ten typhoons in 2004 has been published

Residential damage rate 10%～ 1～10% 0.1～1% 0.01～0.1% ～0.01% (a) Typhoon Mireille (T9119) (b) Typhoon Bart (T9918) (c) Typhoon Songda (T0418) Fig. 3 Distribution of damage rate of residential houses caused by typhoons.

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Songda Songda (T0418) (T0418)

60 50 40 30 Bart 30 Bart 20 (T9918) 20 (T9918) 10 m/s m/s (a) Peak gust speeds (b) Max. 10-minute-average wind speeds Fig. 4 Distributions of peak gust speeds and maximum 10-minute-average wind speeds resulting from typhoons in Kyushu, based on NeWMeK data.

100% 100% 10% 10% 1% 1% 0.1%0% 0.1%0% Rate of Rate of 0.01%0% 0.01%0% 0.001% 0.001%0% Bart residential damage damage residential

residential damage damage residential 0% Songda 0.0001%0% 0.0001%0% 10 20 30 50 70 (m/s) 10 20 30 50 70 (m/s) (a) Maximum wind speed (b) Peak gust speed

Fig. 5 Relationship between residential damage rates and wind speeds based on NeWMeK data.

3. Wind Damage Caused by Recent Junior high school in Ebetsu City Tornadoes and Extreme Gusty Winds

So far, a catastrophic tornado exceeding F4, well known in North America, has never occurred in Japan. Yamaguchi Center for The latest information on wind damage caused by torna- Arts and Media does has been reported by Professor Y. Tamura (Tamura, Isumo Dome 2008). Figure 7 shows the annual variations of gusty Stadium wind events from 1991 to 2007. The number of events causing structural damage is also shown in Fig. 7. The sudden increase in the number of events since 2006 may be due to the inclusion of smaller events rather than a Spring-8 change in meteorological patterns. Itsukushima Shrine Figure 8 shows the number of tornado events Yamaguchi Kirara Genki Dome arranged according to the Fujita scale (F scale). Most Factory building in Omuta City tornadoes were classified as being less than F1. The tornadoes exceeding F1 caused damage to some West high school structures (Research Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster, 2004), however, only 23 such events occurred during the Fig. 6 Damaged roofs of public buildings and path of last eight years. If the gusty wind events that are not typhoon Songda (T0418). recognized as having been caused by tornadoes are

counted, it is thought that the number of events would by the Architectural Institute of Japan (Research Com- increase further. Figure 8 indicates that the Kyushu and mittee on Wind-Induced Disaster, 2005, Architectural Insti- Okinawa districts have higher rates of damage due to F2 tute of Japan, 2006). tornadoes than other districts, while there were not as many tornadoes causing damage to the Kinki district.

Recent Extreme Wind Events and Damage Assessment in Japan 129

Tornado damage often continues to spread by wind- gusty winds since the 1990s. Some of them are outlined borne debris in addition to damage caused by wind below. pressure acting directly on structures. In Japan, basic (1) Makurazaki tornado, , February 1990 countermeasures to defend against wind-borne debris Makurazaki City, Kagoshima has experienced many are not yet well developed, but research concerning tornadoes, and is known as a “Tornado City” (Fujita, damage mitigation to public buildings and infrastructure 1973). This tornado hit a rural area within the city hav- is being conducted. ing many traditional Japanese houses and so the damage Figure 9 indicates the locations where structural expansion caused by wind-borne roof tile debris was damage occurred due to the major strong tornadoes and one of the features. Besides structural damage, some elementary school students were injured because the 70 tornado outbreak occurred as they were returning home Number of gusts after school. The tornado was judged to be F2 or F3 60 Number of cases that caused some damage 50 after site investigation of structural damage (Hayashi et al., 1990). 40 (2) Mobara tornado, Chiba, December 1990 30 In 1990 a powerful tornado corresponding to F3 20 moved through Mobara City, Chiba and caused one of Number of cases 10 the worst tornadic disasters in Japan. The tornado swept 0 an area of about 600 m in width and 6.5 km in length, claiming 1 life and injuring 73 people, and completely 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 or partially destroyed more than 1,800 homes. Most of the damaged structures were wooden but steel and rein- Fig. 7 Annual number of gusty wind events causing damage to structures from 1991 to 2007. forced concrete buildings were also damaged. A build- ing constructed of reinforced concrete suffered damage to most of its window glass (Kanda & Katsura, 1991). (3) Toyohashi tornado, Aichi, September 1999 (Fig. 10) 160 Hokaido and Tohoku The outbreak of tornadoes is not uncommon while a Hokuriku, Kanto, Koshin and Tokai 140 Kinki typhoon is approaching. The Toyohashi tornado in 1999 Chugoku and 38 120 Kyushu and Okinawa was associated with an approaching typhoon as was the

100 16 Nobeoka tornado in 2006. Four tornadoes struck the 2 urban area of Toyohashi City, Aichi when Typhoon Bart 80 21 (T9918) approached the west coast of Kyushu. The 60 55 10 11 11 10 biggest tornado traveled a maximum of 19 km and 5 Number of gusts 40 29 completely or partially destroyed more than 3,000 struc- 35 tures, injuring 450 people. It was classified as an F3 20 8 5 33 1 3 1 2 18 1 64 8 tornado (Hayashi & Ishikawa, 2000). 0 4 5 F3 F2 F1～F2 F1 F0～F1 F0 (4) Saga tornado, Saga, June 2004 (Fig. 11) An F2 tornado, which hit a residential area in Saga Fig. 8 Number of tornado outbreaks arranged according to the Fujita scale (F scale). City, has attracted attention as a big tornado in a region which rarely experienced tornadoes. Wind-borne debris caused damage to many structures, but it was observed that several houses that had been shuttered in the early Nov. 2006 morning suffered less damage. It was recorded that Tornado in Saroma Town 370 structures were fully or partially destroyed, and that 15 people were slightly injured (Maeda, J. et al., 2005). (5) Nobeoka tornado, Miyazaki, September 2006 Continued outbreaks of tornadoes occurred along the Dec. 1990 east coast of Kyushu when Typhoon Shanshan (T0613) Tornado in Mobara City approached the west coast of Kyushu. The biggest June. 2004 tornado, which hit Nobeoka City, Miyazaki traveled Tornado Sep. 1999 7.5 km through an urban area, claiming three lives and in Saga City Tornado in Toyohashi City injuring 143 people, and damaging more than 1,800 Sep. 2006 buildings (Maki, 2007). It was the first time that a loss Feb. 1990 Tornado of three lives had been experienced since the Meteoro- Tornado in Nobeoka City logical Agency started tornado records in 1971. A railcar in Makurazaki City traveling at reduced speed was overturned by a tornadic Fig. 9 Locations where structural damage has been gusty wind and the big unsteady force caused by the caused by major tornadoes and gusty winds. gusty wind was brought to wind engineers’ attention (Takeuchi et al., 2008).

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(6) Saroma tornado, Hokkaido, November 2006 (Fig. 12) 4. Other Wind Damage Although an F3 tornado which hit 350 people living in the Wakasa district of Saroma Town located in north- Recently, wind damage caused by gusty winds due to eastern Hokkaido left a small damaged area 400 m long extreme wind events such as downbursts or gust fronts, and between 100 m to 250 m wide, 9 people who were etc., as well as typhoons and tornadoes came to be in a temporary office building for construction work, focused in people’s minds. Moreover, the measures which was hit directly, lost their lives (Research against wind damage not only to buildings but also to Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster, 2007). railcars, agricultural facilities such as pipe houses, and temporary facilities beside buildings under construction have been raised as important subjects of wind disaster mitigation. The overturning of railcar due to a tornado associ- ated with an approaching typhoon was described in the Nobeoka tornado above. Since train services are con- trolled as a typhoon approaches, most overturns or derailments of railcars associated with strong winds have been caused by unexpected gusty winds such as tornadoes and gust fronts. The derailment accident of an express railcar due to a gusty wind following passage of a cold air mass from the in Yamagata in December 2005 was an example of this and caused 37 casualties (Kobayashi et al., 2006a). It is extremely difficult to observe the gusty wind of a tornado using ground-based observations. But, there is Fig. 10 Damage by tornado in Toyohashi. an example measurement which showed that gust wind speeds increased rapidly to a wind speed of 20 m/s in a few seconds due to a frontal passage. This gusty wind derailed a railcar just before its arrival at a station in Fukuoka City. Figure 13 shows the wind speed record observed 500 m windward from the accident site (Takeuchi et al., 2008). Mesh sheeting, which increases wind pressure force, is often stretched across temporary scaffolding sur- rounding a building under construction. Since a forecast of a gusty wind might be issued at short notice outside of a typhoon season, there is often insufficient time to detach the sheeting and so crash accidents of scaffold might happen more often as compared with a typhoon season. A rough idea of the potential for crash accident occurrences of scaffolds can be estimated from the num- Fig. 11 Damage by tornado in Saga. ber of days with wind speed of 20 m/s or more. The frequency of these winds in Tokyo for each month is shown in Fig. 14 (Shimomura et al., 2006). The figure indicates the average number of days when winds reach or exceed 20 m/s is larger during the winter and spring than in the typhoon season from July to September. The outbreak of strong winds of about 20 m/s which appear outside the typhoon season are easily missed; but, should not be overlooked.

40 30 20 10 0 Wind speedWind (m/s) 19:11:00 19:12:00 19:13:00 19:14:00 (time)

Fig. 12 Damage left by tornado in Saroma Town. Fig. 13 Time evolution of wind speed at Imajuku, Fukuoka City.

Recent Extreme Wind Events and Damage Assessment in Japan 131

25 50 which began to show a new disaster aspect with changes The largest number of年最大瞬間風速出現率 days 最多日数 in urban form has made many people desire effective Average number of days 20 40 measures of damage mitigation and more accurate fore- Occurrence ratio of annual peak gust speed casts of damage. Tokyo 15 30

10 20 Acknowledgment

Number of of days Number

5 Occurrence ratio (%) 10 This report has been supported by many researchers

when high speed windoccurred in wind engineering. The writer would like to express 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 his heartfelt thanks to Professor Yukio Tamura of Tokyo Observational month Polytechnic University, Professor Fumiaki Kobayashi of the National Defense Academy and Professor Eriko Fig. 14 Number of days when high speed wind exceeding Tomokiyo of Kyushu University. 20m/s occurred in Tokyo, Japan

Extreme wind events cause damage to farming areas References as well as urban areas. Other than the structures and vehicles noted above, the damage to power equipment Architectural Institute of Japan (2006) Wind Damage in 2004 and such as transmission towers and to agricultural equip- Lessons, Architectural Institute of Japan, Maruzen. (in Japanese) ment such as pipe houses in farming areas, etc. has often Architectural Institute of Japan (2008) Wind Resistant Design and been reported. In Japan serious damage to high voltage Assessment of External Cladding of Buildings and Structures. transmission towers caused by typhoons was seen in the Architectural Institute of Japan. (in Japanese) 1990s and since then countermeasures have been taken. Fujita, T. (1973) Tornado, Vol.1, Kyoritsu Shuppan, Co., Ltd. Since the beginning of the 2000s, serious damage to a Hayashi, T, J. Maeda and T. Maruyama (1990) Tatsumaki at transmission tower due to strong winds has not occurred. Makurazaki on 19th February, 1990. Journal of Wind Engineer- On the other hand, although power transmission facili- ing, 43:45-48. (in Japanese) Hayashi, T. and Y. Mitsuta (1992) Damage caused by high wind ties have not experienced tornado damage, it is impor- during typhoon 9119. Proceedings of 12th National Symposium tant to note that the probability that power grid facilities, on Wind Engineering, 91-94. having a large scale with a line-like structure, will Hayashi, T. and H. Ishikawa (2000) Tatsumaki in Toyohashi on encounter a tornado is much higher than for usual struc- September 24, 1999. Journal of Wind Engineering, 82: 3-6. (in tures. Japanese) Ishizaki, H., R. Yamamoto, Y. Mitsuta and T. Murota (1970) Wind damages to houses due to Typhoon Miyakojima No.3. Annual 5. Concluding Remarks Report of Institute of Disaster Prevention, Kyoto University, 13A: 449-461. Despite periods of years when no typhoons have Kanda, J. and J. Katsura (1991) Tornado damage in Mobara City, struck Japan, is prone to typhoons with an average to Chiba. Journal of Wind Engineering, 46:39-42. (in Japanese) Kobayashi, F., M. Matsui and Y. Tamura (2006a) Strong Wind two typhoon strikes every year and economic losses Disasters in Northern Japan on December 25-26, 2005. Wind running into the billions of dollars. After a period of Engineers, JAWE, 31(2): 133-144. (in Japanese) 30 years without a typhoon striking Japan Typhoon Kobayashi, F. (2006b) Wind Disasters in 2004. Wind Engineers, Mireille in 1991, which was a typical windy typhoon, Japan Association for Wind Engineering, 31(2): 93-98. (in caused the worst economic loss up to that time. After Japanese) that, several years passed until Typhoon Bart struck in Maeda, H., E. Tomokiyo and J. Maeda (2005) Gust properties of 1999, and then Japan was hit by 10 typhoons, which left typhoons striking the Kyushu area in 2004 – Comparison with Typhoons in the 1990s. Proceedings of The 6th Asia-Pacific serious damage over the whole of Japan, in 2004 Conference on Wind Engineering (APCWE-VI): 1995-2006. (Kobayashi, 2006b). Maeda, J. (1992) Damage of residences and structures for trans- In the 2000s, the damage caused by tornadoes, which missions due to Typhoons No.17 (Kinna) and 19 (Mireille) of has frequently occurred in urban areas, has not been 1991 in Kyushu area. Journal of Wind Engineering, 53: 15-26. limited to structural damage and railcar accidents, etc. (in Japanese) Maeda, J., N. Tomonobu et al. (1995) Wide area network system Over the years many people have become victims of of wind measurement utilizing power transmission line systems. extreme wind disasters. Over a number of years, Japan International Symposium on Cable Dynamics, Belgium: has made significant progress in its preparedness against 537-544. a huge earthquake. Furthermore, the improvement of the Maeda, J., E. Tomokiyo et al. (2005) Tornado disaster in Saga earthquake resistant performance of structures has also prefecture, Japan, on June 27, 2004. Proceedings of The 6th brought about improvement in wind resistant perform- Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering (APCWE-VI): ance of buildings and structures. Nevertheless, damage 2874-2887. Maki, T. (Project Leader) (2007) Structural damage in Kyushu to sheathing material and wind-borne debris are still area caused by T0613 and wind distribution, Research on significant issues that require separate countermeasures. Extreme wind, tornado and flood disaster caused by Typhoon The recent extreme wind-induced damage in Japan Shanshan (T0613), and its measurement. Report of Research

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Project, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (2006, Tomokiyo, E. and J. Maeda (2009) Method of identifying No.1890002). (in Japanese) affectors on residential damage due to strong wind – Analysis Mitsuta, Y. (Project leader) (1992) Research on wind disaster of influencing factors with quantified structural conditions of caused by Typhoon No. 19 in 1991. Report of Research Project, houses. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (1992, No.(A)03306022). AIJ, 74(642): 1423-1431. (in Japanese) (in Japanese) Uematsu, Y., J. Suzuya and T. Nozawa (1992) Building damage in Research Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster (2000) Traces of Aomori and Akita prefectures die to Typhoon No.19 of 1991, Wind Disasters and its Lessons, Japan Association for Wind Journal of Wind Engineering, Japan Association for Wind Engineering (JAWE). (in Japanese) Engineering, 51: 35-47. (in Japanese) Research Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster (2004) Research Report on Extensive Strong Wind Disasters on October 6 and 7, 2002. Japan Association for Wind Engineering (JAWE). Research Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster (2005) Research Report on Wind Disaster in 2004, Japan Association for Wind Junji MAEDA Engineering (JAWE). (in Japanese) Research Committee on Wind-Induced Disaster (2007) Research Junji Maeda is a Professor in the Division Report on Extreme Wind Disasters Caused by Tornadoes of Architecture and Urban Design, during the Passing of Typhoon 0613 Which Occurred at Kyushu University. Saroma Town, Hokkaido on December 7, 2006, Japan Associa- He is interested in wind engineering tion of Wind Engineering (JAWE). (in Japanese) in general and, as a specialty, has been Shimomura, Y., H. Koyamada et al. (2006) Risk analysis of working for many years on wind-resistant countermeasures for transmission towers. construction sites in strong winds. Proceedings of Twenty- In connection with this work, he has Second Symposium on Building Construction and Management undertaken development of wind re- of Projects, 97-102. (in Japanese) sponse measurement techniques for towers and wind data analysis Takeuchi, T., J. Maeda and H. Kawashita (2008) The overshoot of methods, while studying the structure of atmospheric turbulence under aerodynamic forces on a railcar-like body under step-function- strong winds, fluctuating wind speed generation procedures and the effects like gusty winds. 6th International Colloquium on Bluff Bodies of terrain on local winds. The great damage to transmission towers caused Aero Dynamics & Applications (BBAA6), 193-196. by Typhoon Mireille, which hit Japan in 1991, led him to construct a Tamura, Y., K. Ohkuma et al. (2005) Lessons from wind-induced wide-area network system for wind measurement that utilized power grids in cooperation with a power company, which could collect high-resolution damage to a long-span steel roof due to two typhoons in 2004. wind data by ground-based observation over a wide area. Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind The wind data recorded by the system provides significant informa- Engineering, Seoul, Korea, 2940-2949. tion for structural damage investigators as well as estimations for wind Tamura, Y. (Project leader) (2008) A survey of actual damage to simulation based on typhoon models. Recently, he has reported various buildings and structures caused by gusty winds, the considerable results in the study of non-steady forces on bluff bodies actual condition of tornadoes, etc., and their occurrence, predic- under short-rise-time gusty winds using a specially-equipped wind tunnel. tion and countermeasures, Sub-3. Promotion of the Expeditious The results are expected to be useful in estimating wind loads caused by Action to Important Policies, Special Coordination Funds for tornadoes, downbursts and other destructive wind events. Promoting Science and Technology. (in Japanese) Tomokiyo, E. and J. Maeda (2004) Typhoon damage analysis of transmission towers in mountainous regions of Kyushu, Japan. (Received 17 November 2009, Accepted 25 December 2009) Wind & Structures, An International Journal, 7(5): 345-357.