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Status and Exploitation of Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands

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Status and Exploitation of Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands An Assessment of the Status and Exploitation of Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands TCOT Final Report: Section 6 Page 1 This document is part of a larger publication and should be cited as: Godley BJ, Broderick AC, Campbell LM, Ranger S, Richardson PB (2004) 6. An Assessment of the Status and Exploitation of Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands. In: An Assessment of the Status and Exploitation of Marine Turtles in the UK Overseas Territories in the Wider Caribbean. pp 96-123. Final Project Report for the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The full report is hosted in PDF format at the Project website: http://www.seaturtle.org/mtrg/projects/tcot/finalreport/ This project was implemented by the Marine Turtle Research Group (University of Exeter in Cornwall, UK), the Marine Conservation Society (UK), and Duke University (USA) in association with the Cayman Islands Department of Environment, Cayman Turtle Farm, and University of Cardiff (UK). This initial consortium was expanded to include a large number of organisations across the Overseas Territories. TCOT Final Report: Section 6 Page 2 6. Status and Exploitation of Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands Contents Page 6.1. Summary and Recommendations 96-100 6.2. Geographic Overview 101 6.3. Historical Overview 101 6.4. Organisations Involved with Marine Turtles in the BVI 101-102 6.5. Status of Nesting Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands 102-106 6.5.1. Data from beach monitoring 102-103 6.5.2. Data from TCOT socio-economic questionnaire 103-104 6.5.3. Genetics 104-105 6.5.4. Threats 105-106 6.6. Status of Foraging Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands 106-111 6.6.1. In-water sampling around Tortola and nearby islands 106 6.6.2. In-water sampling at Anegada 107 6.6.3. Data gathered through Caribbean Turtlewatch 107-108 6.6.4. Information gathered from sailing community 108 6.6.5. Trends in abundance gathered from the TCOT SEQ 109-110 6.6.6. Genetics 110 6.6.7. Threats 110-111 6.7. Direct Use of Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands 112-118 6.7.1. Overview 112 6.7.2. Harvest of adults on the nesting beach 112-113 6.7.3. Harvest of eggs 113 6.7.4. Harvest at sea 113-116 6.7.5. Views of turtle fishers on regulation of the fishery 117 6.7.6. Trade in shells and shell products 117 6.7.7. Incidental catch in marine fisheries 117-118 6.8. Indirect Use of Marine Turtles in the British Virgin Islands 118-119 6.8.1. Turtle watching on beaches 118 6.8.2. Dive/snorkelling tourism 118-119 6.8.3. Aquaria holding captive turtles 119 6.8.4. Other marketing uses 119 6.8.5. Data from the TCOT socio-economic questionnaire 119 6.9. Attitudes to Conservation 119-121 6.10. Capacity Building and Outreach Activities During TCOT 121-122 6.10.1. Capacity building 121 6.10.2. Outreach activities 121-122 6.11. Acknowledgements 122-123 6.12. References 123 TCOT Final Report: Section 6 Page 96 6.1. Summary and Recommendations Additionally, we make a major overarching recommendation to the UK Government to support the Summary conservation and management of marine biodiversity At least three species of marine turtle (leatherback, green in the UK OTs under the Environment Charters. and hawksbill turtles) nest in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) but in critically low numbers (see table 6.1). Although there The Overseas Territories of the UK have long been may have been a modest recovery of some species in recent acknowledged as being rich in biodiversity (Proctor & years, much needs to be done to ensure the continued Fleming 1999). The small islands or island archipelagos existence of marine turtles nesting in the BVI and facilitate of the Caribbean UK Overseas Territories currently their recovery. Foraging marine turtles (generally green do not or are unable to carry out sufficient monitoring, and hawksbill turtles) are widespread in BVI coastal waters research, management and educational outreach required of the BVI and, based on preliminary work carried out as to ensure the sustainability of their marine and coastal a result of TCOT, appear to be locally abundant at some natural resources. TCOT strongly recommends that the sites, despite having been subject to direct exploitation for UK Government further contributes to marine biodiversity a long period of time. Direct exploitation still occurs at levels conservation and management in the UK Overseas much reduced from the recent past but we estimate that Territories through provision of funding and expertise >150 green turtles and >50 hawksbills are likely taken per under the FCO/DfID Overseas Territories Environment year in a directed fishing effort. Programme (OTEP), Defra’s Darwin Initiative and through the provision of bespoke scholarships for tertiary education TCOT recommends that the Government of the British in biodiversity/conservation related subjects for citizens of Virgin Islands takes all necessary steps to ensure the the OTs. Additionally, much of the environmental legislation sustained existence of nesting and foraging populations of in the OTs is in need of revision to facilitate the conservation marine turtles in the BVI and facilitate their recovery. of marine turtles and their habitats, and therefore TCOT strongly recommends that HMG provide the necessary This will require actions under the following headings: support to the OTs to facilitate the required legislative amendments. 6.1.1. Increasing the capacity for marine turtle management Specific Recommendations 6.1.1.1. Increasing the capacity of the BVI Conservation 6.1.1. Increase capacity for marine turtle management and Fisheries Department. in British Virgin Islands 6.1.1.2. Establishing a multi-stakeholder marine turtle TCOT has significantly contributed to the skills and technical management process. knowledge of BVI Conservation and Fisheries Department (CFD) officers. However, their enforcement patrol, research 6.1.2. Amend legislation and policy to facilitate marine and monitoring capacity is currently compromised due to turtle population recovery a shortage of staff, equipment and a limited budget. It is essential that the CFD receives adequate resources to 6.1.2.1. Revision of harvest legislation. effectively carry out their custodianship of the BVI’s highly 6.1.2.2. Strengthening BVI’s marine protected areas valuable marine and coastal resources on which the system. country’s economy so heavily depends. 6.1.2.3. Planning policy and beach management. 6.1.2.4. Revision of MEA legislation. To date there has been long-term dedicated marine turtle research in the BVI, yet no permanent decision-making 6.1.3. Establish systematic monitoring of marine process that involves all stakeholders. Marine turtle turtle populations to determine trends in abundance conservation and management in the BVI is of significant 6.1.3.1. Establish systematic monitoring efforts of nesting public interest, especially among certain sectors (fisheries, beaches. diving, sailing). It is essential that public compliance with 6.1.3.2. Establish constant-effort in-water monitoring marine turtle management measures continues and, to programmes. facilitate such compliance, it is necessary that stakeholders have meaningful input into a decision-making progress. 6.1.4. Establish further conservation and awareness programmes to sensitise those living in and visiting 6.1.1.1. Increase the capacity of the Conservation and British Virgin Islands to marine turtle conservation Fisheries Department requirements a) Ensure CFD has the capacity, staff and resources to 6.1.4.1. Encourage and implement sensitive practices at carry out enforcement and monitoring duties relevant existing nesting beaches. to marine turtle management, including data collection, 6.1.4.2. Implement general awareness programmes entry and analysis for turtle monitoring programmes as regarding marine turtle conservation in the BVI. part of their overall marine and coastal environment monitoring and research. TCOT Final Report: Section 6 Page 97 Species Nesting Foraging Harvest Green Turtle Small numbers Adults & juveniles Still present at reduced (Chelonia mydas) Trend unknown present levels largely targeting Large numbers in foraging juveniles some areas Probably low levels of egg harvest Hawksbill Turtle Small numbers Adults & juveniles Still present at reduced (Eretmochelys Trend unknown present levels largely targeting imbricata) Large numbers in foraging juveniles some areas Probably low levels of egg harvest Leatherback Turtle Small numbers Rarely encountered Almost eliminated (Dermochelys Possibly increasing at sea coriacea) Possibly very occasional egg harvest Loggerhead Turtle Possible occasional Occasionally Unlikely (Caretta caretta) nest encountered Table 6.1. Marine turtle species present and summary of harvests in the BVI. b) Given the importance of all natural resources of TCOT recognises that cessation of all marine turtle fishing Anegada, a priority for increased capacity would be would significanlty contribute to the recovery of depleted a field-base (for visiting staff in addition to permanent turtle populations. TCOT also recognises that, although direct personnel) and supporting infrastructure, including a exploitation of marine turtles is no longer a major economic research/enforcement vessel, based in Anegada. activity of many fishers, turtle meat is a component of the c) Ensure that all new research staff are adequately traditional BVI diet and trunk oil is highly valued. However, trained in marine turtle biology, as well as research and we recommend that any/all future harvest of turtles must conservation techniques. be carried out in a highly regulated and controlled manner, with programmes in place to monitor stock abundance and 6.1.1.2. Establish a multi-stakeholder marine turtle mechanisms to reduce or close the fishery in response to management process measured decreases in turtle stocks.
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