CBC Nir Apr 12.Indd

News in Review Resource Guide

April 2012 Credits Resource Guide Writers: Sean Dolan, Kim Earle, Peter Flaherty, Jim L’Abbé Copy Editor and Desktop Publisher: Susan Rosenthal Production Assistant: Carolyn McCarthy Resource Guide Editor: Peter Flaherty and Jill Colyer Supervising Manager: Laraine Bone Host: Michael Serapio Senior Producer: Nigel Gibson Producer: Lou Kovacs Video Writer: Nigel Gibson Director: Douglas Syrota Graphic Artist: Mark W. Harvey Editor: Stanley Iwanski

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News in Review, April 2012 1. Election 2011 and the Robocall Scandal (Length: 13:51) 2. Bill C-30 and Internet Privacy (Length: 13:33) 3. Generation One: Living in Two Worlds (Length: 13:55) 4. The Drug War in Mexico (Length: 16:43) Contents In This Issue ...... 4

ELECTION 2011 AND THE ROBOCALL SCANDAL...... 6 Introduction...... 6 Video Review...... 7 Anatomy of a Scandal...... 9 Finding Voters...... 13 Four Corners Activity: You Be the Judge...... 16 BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY...... 17 Introduction...... 17 Video Review...... 18 What is Bill C-30?...... 20 Fixing Bill C-30...... 22 The Vikileaks Affair...... 25 Activity: A Parliamentary Committee Hearing ...... 27 GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS...... 29 Introduction...... 29 Video Review...... 30 Generational and Cultural Conflicts...... 32 Generation One Profiles...... 36 Nahlah Ayed: The Face of Generation One...... 39 Activity: The Challenges Facing Gen One...... 41 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO ...... 42 Introduction...... 42 Video Review...... 43 Mexico in Crisis: Drug Cartels...... 45 Mexico in Crisis: The Response of Two Presidents...... 47 Canada and the World Respond ...... 49 The Canadian Connection...... 51 Activity: How to Deal with Drugs...... 53

News in Review Index...... 54

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page In This Issue . . .

ELECTION 2011 AND THE ROBOCALL SCANDAL (Length: 13:51) NiR Study A large-scale investigation is underway into allegations of illegal behaviour during Modules Using print and video the last federal election. Thousands of Canadians have complained that they received material from archival phone calls aimed at discouraging them from voting. In this News in Review story we issues of News in look at the political reaction and at the search for those responsible. Review, teachers and students can create NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos thematic modules The Life and Death of Jack Layton The Making of a Political Animal for independent October 2011 The Trouble with Experts assignments, and small Canadians Vote in a Spring Election group study. May 2011 Parliament and the Election Question March 2011 Related CBC Videos Other videos available Canadians to Vote in Federal Election from CBC Learning; October 2008 see the back cover for contact details.

BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY (Length: 13:33) The federal government has tabled a bill that many believe could threaten the civil rights of Canadians and the freedom of the Internet. Bill C-30 would require Internet service providers to gather information on their clients and allow police to access that information without a warrant. In this News in Review story we examine the bill and why so many Canadians want it changed or scrapped.

NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos Canada’s Controversial Crime Bill Are We Digital Dummies? December 2011 Can You Hack It? The Attack on Your How Facebook Changed the World Personal Info April 2011 Facebook Factor: Social Networking for Wikileaks and the Information War Profit February 2011 Facebook Follies The Fate of the Long-Gun Registry Google World October 2010 Hackers and Cyber Terrorists The Controversy over the Census Security Threat: The New World Order September 2010 Web Warriors

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS (Length: 13:55) Canada is a country of immigrants—who help change the country and who are in turn changed by it. In this News in Review story we look at the so-called Generation One, children of immigrants who were born in Canada but are still heavily influenced by the cultures and traditions of the countries where their parents once lived. NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos The Horror and Fear of Honour Killing Landed: Six New Lives in Canada February 2012 Little Mosque on the Prairie A New Campaign to Fight Bullying Promised Land (audio) December 2010 Murder Unveiled How Tolerant Are Canadians? May 2010 Queuing Up for Canada Changing Canada’s Immigration Rules Who Do We Think We Are? May 2008

THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO (Length: 16:43) It’s one of the most violent wars in the world, and it’s happening in Mexico, a country about a million Canadians visit every year. For years, the Mexican government has been fighting that country’s powerful drug cartel, and tens of thousands of people have been killed. In this News in Review story we look at that brutal war and why defeating the cartels is proving so difficult.

NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos Vacation Nightmare in Mexico, March 2011 Broken Border A Community Fights Gangs and Guns Cannabiz November 2008 Dealing With Drugs: New Options Harsh Reality: Mexico’s NAFTA Problem June 2006

Sections marked with this symbol contain content suitable for younger viewers. Exercises marked with this symbol indicate that a worksheet to aid in the exploration of the topic is available online.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page ELECTION 2011 AND THE ROBOCALL SCANDAL Introduction In late February 2012, a potentially candidates over their Liberal or NDP Focus damaging scandal broke around Prime opponents. To those who alleged that the This CBC News in Review story focuses Minister Stephen Harper’s Conservative scandal was a Conservative-instigated on the robocall government. It focused on allegations attempt at voter suppression, they asked scandal that has raised that someone in the party may have been that the results of the election in at least disturbing questions involved in giving voters misleading those ridings had to be viewed as invalid about whether voters information about the location of polling and by-elections called immediately. were given misleading places during the federal election on For its part, the Harper government information that May 2, 2011. The affair quickly became strongly denied it had been responsible could have affected the result of the last known as the robocall scandal because for any wrongdoing and challenged federal election. the voters involved had received the opposition parties to provide hard this erroneous information through evidence to support their claims. It called automated phone calls, or robocalls, upon Elections Canada to investigate purportedly from Elections Canada. the whole affair. The Conservatives also Elections Canada is the non-political charged that both the Liberals and NDP body responsible for running elections had been responsible for some telephone in Canada. In some cases he calls were dirty tricks of their own during the received after voters had informed local election campaign, including a Guelph Conservative canvassers over the phone Liberal MP who had spread misleading that they would not be voting for the information about his Conservative party. The calls told voters that due to opponent’s position on abortion. a high turnout, their polling stations Marc Mayrand, the Chief Electoral had been moved to a different location, Ofﬁcer of Canada, promised a full but when they went where they were investigation, but also cautioned instructed to go, they quickly found that Canadians not to jump to conclusions they had been misled. But by whom and before all the evidence had been for what purpose? examined. He stated that a thorough Evidence began to emerge that probe into the robocall scandal might seemed to prove that the calls had take a very long time to complete. It been placed to voters in a signiﬁcant remains to be seen whether the attention number of ridings across Canada on of Canadian voters will have shifted to Election Day. Many of these ridings another issue by then and what might be had been tight races, and some had only the consequences if it turns out that voter been narrowly won by Conservative fraud did indeed occur.

To Consider 1. a) What does it mean to have fair and impartial elections and are they a crucial aspect of democracy? b) Is Canada usually associated with fair and impartial elections?

2. Do you think the allegations that voters were misled during the last election warrants a full investigation by Elections Canada? Why or why not?

3. What do you think should happen if signiﬁcant evidence emerges that some elements in the Conservative Party may have been involved in the robocall scandal?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 6 ELECTION 2011 AND THE ROBOCALL SCANDAL Video Review Pre-viewing Questions With a partner or in a small group discuss and respond to the following. 1. What do you know about the robocall scandal?

2. If it were true that the Conservative government deliberately misled voters and prevented them from voting, how serious a breach of trust would you consider that action to be?

3. Before the robocall scandal, how fair and secure did you think Canadian elections were? Why?

Viewing Questions 1. What are robocalls? What information did the calls give to some voters during the last federal election, in 2011?

2. Where was the company responsible for making the calls located?

3. How many ridings in Canada could have been potentially targeted by misleading robocalls during the election?

4. Why do some defeated Liberal and NDP candidates feel the robocalls could have cost them the election?

5. What challenge did Prime Minister Stephen Harper make to those who were claiming his party may have been responsible for the misleading robocalls?

6. How did the opposition respond to the Conservatives’ position on the issue?

7. Why is the robocall scandal a potentially big problem for the Conservatives?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 7 8. Why do all political parties use robocalls, and what do they use them for?

9. In what way does the Internet make robocalls a cheap and effective way for political parties to communicate with potential supporters?

10. Why does Internet consultant Jesse Hirsh think it may be possible to discover who was behind the whole robocall affair?

11. What evidence is there that some voters received misleading robocalls after informing local Conservative canvassers that they were not supporting the party?

12. What steps is Elections Canada taking to ﬁnd out who was responsible for the robocall affair?

Post-viewing Questions 1. After watching the video, revisit your responses to the Pre-viewing questions. Did watching the video help you respond to the questions in greater depth? In what way?

2. Based on what you have seen in the video, do you think there is sufﬁcient evidence to prove that some elements in the Conservative Party may have been responsible for the robocall scandal? Why or why not?

3. How do you think events like the robocall scandal affect the way Canadians view elections and the political process in general?

) 4. Do you think Canadians will ever ﬁnd out who was really responsible for the robocall scandal? Why or why not?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 8 ELECTION 2011 AND THE ROBOCALL SCANDAL Anatomy of a Scandal Focus for Reading In your notebooks, create an organizer like the one below. As you read the following information, record key points in your organizer. You should be able to enter at least two or three points in each section. You will be using this information in the activities that follow the text material.

The Scandal Breaks • Two media outlets reported that voters had received misleading robocalls from Elections Canada on Election Day 2011. • The calls were traced to a fake name but were later linked to a phone company with ties to the Conservative Party. The Scandal Grows

The Scandal Widens

The Scandal Continues

The Scandal Breaks The calls displayed a phone number In late February 2012 two media that was traced to a prepaid cell phone outlets—Postmedia News and the registered to Pierre Poutine of Separatist Ottawa Citizen—broke the story that Street in Joliette, Quebec. Although on May 2, 2011, federal Election the name was obviously phony, the Day, misleading automated telephone person responsible for the calls had calls had been placed to voters in at also established a PayPal account for an least 14 ridings across Canada. The automated telephone company based in calls—purportedly from Elections Edmonton that works exclusively for the Canada—occurred in some too-close-to- Conservative Party. On Election Day, call ridings, including the hotly contested thousands of people in Guelph were seat of Guelph, Ontario. The calls reporting that they had received robocalls informed voters that, due to higher than from Elections Canada in which an expected voter turnout, the locations of automated female voice directed them their polling stations had been changed. to go to a new polling station. At least But when voters in Guelph and other 150 to 200 people went to the Quebec ridings went to the new locations, they Street mall on these instructions, only found that the information they had been to ﬁnd that no polling station existed at given was not correct, and that no voting that location. Some of them tore up their was taking place there. Elections Canada voter registration cards in frustration and made a public statement that it never ended up not voting at all. In the end, contacts voters by phone to deliver any the Liberal incumbent, Frank Valeriote, information on the location of polling easily retained the Guelph riding—but places and that it does not, in fact, keep this was not the end of the scandal by a record of voters’ telephone numbers on any means. the voters’ list.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 9 The Scandal Grows erect barriers for potential voters who Further Research are not among its supporters in order to To learn more about In the wake of the initial revelations this topic, visit CBC about questionable Election Day prevent them from voting. In the United News at www.cbc.ca/ activities in Guelph, a young States, a number of highly sophisticated news. Conservative organizer, Michael Sona, techniques of voter suppression have was linked to the robocalls placed in been perfected, frequently directed at that riding. Sona was the director of low-income or minority voters; but communications for Marty Burke, the before the robocall scandal broke, the local Conservative candidate, and had issue had not raised much concern in this gained notoriety when he tried to shut country. down an advance poll at the University In response, Prime Minister Stephen of Guelph by grabbing the ballot box. Harper hotly denied that he or his party As the allegations broke around him, had any involvement in orchestrating the Sona stepped down from his staff misleading robocalls. They brushed aside position with Conservative MP Eve opposition charges as unfounded smears Adams, stating that he was innocent of that had no real evidence to substantiate any wrongdoing in the affair, but was them and challenged the NDP and resigning because the media coverage Liberals to submit proof of Conservative of it had made it impossible for him to involvement to Elections Canada. They fulfill his responsibilities. also accused the two opposition parties By early March the robocall scandal of having played their own telephone had reached the floor of the House of dirty tricks during the election, including Commons in Ottawa, with government calls to voters from Guelph Liberal MP and opposition MPs trading charges Frank Valeriote misrepresenting his and counter-charges relating to the Conservative opponent’s position on the affair. Interim Liberal leader Bob Rae abortion issue. and Winnipeg NDP MP Pat Martin were especially aggressive in their The Scandal Widens criticisms of the Harper government, During March 2012, the robocall scandal alleging that at least some elements began to take on a much broader and in the Conservative Party must have more troubling dimension. The number had prior knowledge of, if not actually of ridings where voters were reporting been involved with, the calls. Their that they had received misleading calls case appeared to be strengthened from Elections Canada grew from the after a growing number of voters original 14 to almost 100. In addition, it began to report that they had received seemed that voters received calls only the misleading calls from Elections after identifying themselves as not being Canada shortly after they had identified Conservative supporters to a phone themselves to local Conservative phone canvasser. Many of the ridings where canvassers that they did not intend to such calls had been reported were hotly vote for that party’s candidate. contested between the Conservatives Rae, Martin, and others were and either the NDP or Liberals, with beginning to suspect that an orchestrated Conservative candidates winning by very campaign of voter suppression had been small margins—in some cases fewer than in effect on Election Day, possibly with 100 votes. the knowledge or even connivance of the Although robocalls remained the main Conservative Party. Voter suppression focus of the affair, other accusations refers to efforts by a political party to of dirty tricks began to emerge from

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 10 across the country. For example, Jewish who claimed to have been misled by voters in two Toronto-area ridings that robocalls on Election Day. switched from Liberal to Conservative Marc Mayrand, Canada’s Chief reported having received phone calls Electoral Ofﬁcer, appeared before a purportedly on behalf of the Liberal parliamentary committee on March Party at mealtimes during the Sabbath, 29 to report on the progress of the when telephone use is strictly forbidden ongoing Elections Canada investigation on religious grounds. When contacted, into the robocall affair. This meeting the local Liberal campaigns vehemently was scheduled for the same day as the denied having placed any such calls. In government’s delivery of the federal addition, some people reported having budget, which was sure to attract far received aggressive or even insulting more media and public attention. calls in the middle of the night asking Mayrand told the MPs that Elections for campaign contributions to the Liberal Canada was looking into about 800 Party. And in the riding of Eglinton- complaints concerning robocalls and Lawrence, former Liberal MP Joe Volpe live calls placed to voters on Election commenced a legal challenge of the Day, in 200 ridings across the country. election results after evidence emerged While he indicated that he was taking that thousands of people had been added the allegations of electoral fraud very to the voters’ list at the last minute after seriously, he was careful not to jump to having given fraudulent addresses as any premature conclusions concerning proof of residence. who might have been responsible for the calls. He called the robocalls outrageous The Scandal Continues and praised Canadians for being so By late March 2012, a month after concerned about them. But because it broke, the robocall scandal was of the scope and seriousness of the still simmering on the back burner investigation, he advised that it might of the country’s political awareness. take Elections Canada a year or more to Small demonstrations against what complete it. some believed to be a Conservative- Public opinion polls taken in the instigated voter suppression campaign wake of the robocall scandal failed had taken place across Canada, and the to show any signiﬁcant slump in the opposition in the House of Commons Harper government’s popular support. was continuing its pressure on the And because no smoking gun directly government on the issue. The Council linking the Conservatives to potentially of Canadians, a left-of-centre advocacy illegal voter suppression activities had group, announced on March 27 that it yet been found, it appeared possible was initiating a legal challenge to the that the government might be able to election results in seven ridings, all weather the storm long enough for public of them won by the Conservatives by attention to shift to other concerns. But narrow margins, where it believed there with the NDP and Liberal opposition was enough evidence to overturn the continuing to smell blood on the issue, results. And Elections Canada, the non- and Elections Canada slowly proceeding partisan government body responsible with its investigation, it appeared highly for administering federal elections, was unlikely that the robocall scandal would continuing to collect evidence and take completely disappear from the national testimony from voters across the country political radar screen any time soon.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 11 Follow-up 1. With a partner, compare the information in your summary chart. Help each other complete any missing information.

2. Do you think there is enough evidence from the robocall scandal to link the Conservative Party to an organized campaign of voter suppression? Why or why not?

3. Do you think that the robocall scandal will fade from public view, or will Canadians actively await the results of the investigation? Give reasons for your answer.

4. How do you think issues like the robocall scandal affect the way young people view elections and the political process in Canada today?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 12 ELECTION 2011 AND THE ROBOCALL SCANDAL Finding Voters

Reading Prompt As you read this section, make notes on how new developments in information technology have changed the way political parties communicate with voters at election time. How the Parties Find Voters and defeat, especially if the race in a The methods political parties use to given riding is close. In the past, local identify and track potential supporters constituency organizations maintained and donors have become much more paper records of their supporters drawn sophisticated in recent years. In the past, from the lists of voters they received they relied on door-to-door canvassers to from Elections Canada. But in today’s find people likely to vote for them during electronic age it is possible to gather far election campaigns. But in the age of more accurate, up-to-date, and detailed the Internet, it has become possible to information using large, computer- compile huge databases of prospective generated databases. supporters. These are invaluable sources The federal Conservative Party was of information, funds, and votes during the first to develop such a national an election campaign. And with the database and used it effectively during advent of robocalls as an inexpensive the 2004 election when it gained means of communicating with their 21 seats and reduced Paul Martin’s supporters, the parties can also track who Liberal government to a minority is likely to vote for or donate money position. In subsequent elections the to them, and also who may not be so NDP and Liberals followed suit. From inclined. While all of these methods of 2004 to 2011 a succession of minority contacting voters are completely legal governments and frequent elections and legitimate, the robocall scandal has made the collection of up-to-date voter drawn attention to how such data might information data essential for the parties lend themselves to less honorable and in plotting their electoral campaigns. possibly even criminal activities. Since Elections Canada does not collect voters’ telephone numbers, party workers Voter Identification have to match the names and addresses Any seasoned political campaign worker from the voters’ list with information will tell you that voter identification is taken from telephone directories or direct the key to winning an election. Every phone calls. In addition, voters can be political party wants to know which contacted electronically via e-mail or voters in any given riding are likely to through social media networks such as vote for it and which are not. Armed with Facebook or Twitter. this information, the local campaigns can Besides their names, addresses, direct their attention at ensuring that their and contact information, other data identified supporters turn out to vote on about prospective supporters are also Election Day while ignoring those who collected and preserved on the parties’ have indicated they are not backing that databases. These can include credit particular political party. This is called card information for potential donors, pulling the vote, and it can make all the birthdays or wedding anniversaries difference between electoral victory for personal greetings, ethnicities

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 13 or religious affiliations for special used to encourage voter participation, outreach campaigns to specific groups especially among young people. in the area, and even educational and While every political party wants to work profiles for targeted messages on ensure that 100 per cent of its supporters issues of concern to people of various make their trip to the polling booth, socio-economic backgrounds. The the same cannot be said for those who databases may also contain information have indicated another voting intention. gathered from polling on what positions Any voters who have been identified as prospective supporters may hold on hostile are unlikely to receive a phone issues such as the long-gun registry or call from a political party they do not the legalization of marijuana, in order support reminding them to vote. But to determine whether they parallel those what the robocall scandal has unveiled is of the party. These can be especially something entirely different and far more valuable should a given issue emerge unsavoury—that is, the possibility that as crucial in influencing the way people a campaign of voter suppression might may vote in an election. have been in play on Election Day 2011 designed to confuse voters and make Getting Out the Vote it difficult, if not impossible, for them It is one thing to have a large list of to cast their ballots, especially if it was potential supporters preserved in a known that they would not be supporting computer database, but such information a particular political party. is of no value to a political party unless Voter suppression is unfortunately it can be translated into votes placed in a well-documented phenomenon in the ballot box on Election Day. Since the United States, where it may have approximately 60 per cent of eligible played a decisive role in determining the Canadians exercised their right to vote results of the 2000 and 2004 presidential in the May 2011 federal election, it is elections. There are reported cases of absolutely essential for the parties to police roadblocks deterring voters in ensure that their supporters actually African-American communities from make the trip to the polls and cast their reaching polling stations in Florida, and ballots. telephone calls in Virginia telling people Political parties employ a number of that the election had been extended by techniques to make sure their supporters one day due to a higher-than-expected come out to vote and sometimes to voter turnout. In the race for governor ensure that those not backing them of Maryland in 2010, the Republican do not. At one time, riding campaign Party placed robocalls to predominantly offices were equipped with banks of Democratic-leaning African-American telephones, where volunteers tirelessly neighbourhoods, informing people that called potential supporters, sometimes their candidate had already won, and more than once, reminding them that that it was not necessary for them to it was Election Day and urging them vote, when the polls were actually still to go to the polling station and vote. open. Some U.S. states have recently But with the advent of robocalls it has enacted legislation tightening personal become far easier, quicker, and cheaper identification requirements, a move for the parties to reach a larger number some believe is especially targeted of prospective voters. New social media against low-income and minority voters sites such as Facebook and Twitter, along unlikely to support their Republican with text messaging, have also been legislators. Since the widespread and

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 14 systematic denial of voting rights to seriously contemplate attempting voter African-Americans in southern states suppression as a means of ensuring was a stain on U.S. democracy until victory. Aside from the unethical—to say the passage of the Voting Rights Act of nothing of the possibly illegal—aspects 1965, voter suppression remains a touchy of such a strategy, there was also the and controversial issue in U.S. politics great danger that it might backﬁre, to this day, especially after the election causing immeasurable damage to the of the country’s ﬁrst African-American party’s credibility and image. But the President, Barrack Obama, in 2008. number of reported suspicious phone Prior to the robocall scandal, few calls to voters developing out of the Canadians had given any thought to robocall scandal had at least raised the the possibility that voter suppression possibility that something very troubling might be something that could occur may have occurred during the May 2, in this country’s elections. While some 2011, election. As of late March 2012, it American political imports such as remained unclear whether the Elections negative television attack advertisements Canada investigation of the entire affair had become more common in recent would discover any concrete evidence years, receiving a mixed reception that voter suppression had actually taken among voters, not many would have place. believed that any political party would Follow-up 1. With a partner, share the information you gathered about how information technology has changed the way political parties communicate with voters at election time.

2. What do you consider to be the advantages and the disadvantages of the new technologies of voter identiﬁcation and getting out the vote?

3. How have these developments in technology opened the door for possible abuses of the electoral process, including voter suppression?

4. Do you think that elections and the political process in general in Canada are becoming more Americanized? If so, do you consider this a positive or a negative development? Why?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 15 ELECTION 2011 AND THE ROBOCALL SCANDAL Four Corners Activity: You Be the Judge

The robocall scandal has caused a great deal of debate among politicians and ordinary Canadians alike. Some people have concluded that there is enough evidence to indicate that the Conservative government of Stephen Harper may have been involved in an illegal voter suppression effort, while others are equally sure that there is no concrete proof of any serious wrongdoing on the part of the government.

Your task is to examine the evidence that has emerged so far from media reports and complaints made by voters to Elections Canada. You should also consider the allegations made by Liberal and NDP MPs in Parliament and the Conservative responses to them. Based on this information, and your own point of view, decide whether you agree, disagree, or are undecided about the following statement: “The Conservative Party was implicated in the robocall scandal and should be held responsible for any voter suppression it caused.”

Go to the section of the classroom that has the sign that best reﬂects your position on this issue: Group 1: Strongly Agree Group 2: Somewhat Agree Group 3: Somewhat Disagree Group 4: Strongly Disagree Group 5: Undecided

After taking your place in the group, discuss your viewpoint and the reasons for it with the other group members. Make a list of the main reasons that support your position. Then select a spokesperson to present the group’s arguments to the rest of the class.

After each group has made its presentation, participants can decide whether the arguments they have heard have caused them to reconsider their original positions. Students should then be given the opportunity to move from one group to another based on this reconsideration. Once everyone has taken his/her position, the group that has attracted the most new members may be declared the winner of the contest.

Following the Four Corners Activity, the class may wish to hold a general debrieﬁng session where the main points of the presentations are summarized and a general conclusion or consensus is formed on the issue.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 16 BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY Introduction

The government calls it “lawful access.” had scored points when the government Focus Opponents call it an unprecedented volunteered to send the bill to committee After Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s invasion of privacy. Bill C-30 set off a after second reading for amendments and Conservative national debate regarding what information revisions—a step usually skipped because government was re- should and should not be legally protected majority governments can pass whatever elected in 2011, it from the curious eyes of the authorities. legislation they want without having to decided to resurrect When the Conservatives were re-elected entertain additional debate. a bill that would give on May 2, 2011, this time with a majority, Meanwhile, other opponents took police the power the proposed legislation giving the police Toews to task. Local and national news to access subscriber information from easier access to Internet subscriber media challenged the government’s Internet providers information was back on the table. disregard for privacy, with most pointing without a warrant. It fell to Public Safety Minster Vic out that the Conservatives scrapped the This News in Toews to introduce the bill in the House long-gun registry and the long-form Review story looks of Commons. Put simply: Bill C-30 census in the interests of public privacy at the controversy would give the police the right to access and now they were introducing legislation surrounding this subscriber information from Internet that was much more intrusive. The hacker legislation, known as Bill C-30. service providers (ISPs) without a warrant group Anonymous posted a YouTube while also compelling those providers to video threatening to invade the privacy of build in a surveillance network for police Toews, and several Twitter feeds streamed to monitor alleged criminal activities personal information about him. One taking place online. The monitoring itself Twitter account, called #vikileaks30, would require a warrant. turned out to be the work of a Liberal While Toews felt the bill was staffer who tweeted details of Toews’s reasonable and fair, opponents responded divorce. This individual was eventually that the legislation was unnecessary identified and forced to resign. and too far-reaching. After all, ISPs The irony of the situation is that Bill had already been accommodating close C-30 probably would have passed to 95 per cent of all police requests virtually unnoticed if Toews had not cast for subscriber information. When an anyone who opposed his legislation as opposition critic challenged the minister an ally of child pornographers. Privacy in the House, Toews responded that the advocates owe a debt of gratitude to the member could “either stand with us or Public Safety Minister for his statements. with the child pornographers.” This set By April 2012, it appeared that the final off a firestorm of debate that eventually version of Bill C-30 will look quite forced Toews and the Conservatives into different from the one Toews initially a major retreat. Opponents knew they presented to the House.

To Consider 1. What is “lawful access” and how does it apply to the Internet? 2. Outline the main goals of Bill C-30. 3. Why did the comments of Public Safety Minister Vic Toews in the House of Commons set off a national debate on privacy? 4. Why do privacy advocates owe a debt of gratitude to Public Safety Minister Toews for his statement while defending Bill C-30 in the House of Commons?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 17 BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY Video Review

Did you know . . . Pre-viewing Activity A warrant is a With a partner or in a small group discuss and respond to the following. The law document issued by a enforcement community is concerned about criminal activity occurring online. judge that gives the It claims it needs more power to investigate certain individuals suspected of police the power to involvement in such activities so they can be quickly identiﬁed and brought conduct surveillance, to justice. Should the police be given the opportunity to gather information arrest, and/or search on people suspected of criminal activity without a warrant issued by a judge? the property of Should they be allowed to monitor a suspect’s online activity without a warrant? suspected criminals.

Viewing Questions As you watch the video, respond to the questions in the spaces provided. 1. What is Bill C-30? Why is it so controversial?

2. What is the government hoping to accomplish with Bill C-30?

3. How many people signed an online petition protesting Bill C-30? Did this have any impact on the government’s decision to move ahead with the bill?

4. a) What information could the authorities access under Bill C-30?

b) What justiﬁcation would authorities need in order to access the information?

c) At what point would a person be notiﬁed that he or she was the subject of a police investigation?

5. a) Why do some critics believe that Bill C-30 will turn Internet service providers into government spies?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 18 b) What does Public Safety Minister Vic Toews think of this concern?

6. What comments did Vic Toews make to cause outrage in the House of Commons and across Canada?

7. How much do experts estimate surveillance technologies will cost Canadians if Bill C-30 passes?

8. What upsets Open Media’s Steve Anderson about Bill C-30?

9. a) What was the online reaction to Bill C-30?

b) What happened to the Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police website?

10. a) What did the Ottawa Citizen discover about the Vikileaks Twitter feed?

b) Why was this development embarrassing to the Liberal Party?

c) What happened to the creator of Vikileaks?

Post-viewing Questions 1. After watching the video, revisit your responses in the Pre-viewing Activity. Did watching the video help you respond to the questions in greater depth? In what way?

2. In the introduction to the video, New in Review host Michael Serapio notes that, whether we like it or not, our personal information is being tracked just about every time we turn on a computer. Both Facebook and Google target advertising based on our online surﬁng, with Facebook taking the extra step of using your age, birthday, and “likes” to target its advertising. All this is done with little protest from the public. However, when the government introduced Bill C-30, people were vocal about the potential intrusion into their personal privacy. How do you explain the fact that Facebook and Google can track online behaviour without much protest, but when the government announces something similar there is a great deal of controversy?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 19 BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY What is Bill C-30?

Did you know . . . Before Reading An Internet protocol How would you feel if you knew the police had the right to force your Internet (IP) address is a unique service provider (ISP) to provide your name, home address, e-mail address, number assigned to phone number, mobile number, and ISP address without a warrant issued by a computer working the courts? Would you consider this an invasion of your privacy or just a case of on a network that the police doing their job? What potential benefits would there be to giving functions about the the police these powers? How could such powers be abused? With a partner, same way as a home respond to these questions before reading the following section, and then address. The IP address revisit your responses after you have finished reading it. identifies the Internet subscriber and acts as Lawful Access implicitly understood the rapid growth a point of reference For over a decade, members of and development of Internet technologies as people send and Parliament have been trying to draft and indicated a willingness to concede receive data to him/ legislation to give police more power their right to privacy if this meant a her over the Internet. to investigate and charge people who more pleasant Web surfing experience. commit crimes via the Internet. A key Even with various privacy advocates component of this type of legislation is expressing their concerns to the media, so-called “lawful access,” which would most Canadians did not seem to be give police access to information without paying much attention to Bill C-30. a judicial warrant. Governments have been trying to introduce a bill concerning Critical Error lawful access since the late 1990s. But Toews made a critical error shortly after introducing the bill. When A good time to pass a bill? challenged by a fellow member of The latest edition of the lawful access Parliament about the validity of the legislation came in the form of Bill C-30. bill, Toews told the member that he At first, the Conservatives tried to push could “either stand with us or with the the legislation through in an omnibus bill child pornographers.” The provocative that contained a cluster of Conservative statement set off a public outcry. policies that died on the Order Paper Suddenly all eyes turned to Bill prior to the last election. Eventually the C-30—and people were shocked to see lawful access bill was removed from the wide-ranging powers the government the omnibus package, and Public Safety was trying to hand over to the police. Minister Vic Toews presented the stand- In its original form, Bill C-30 would alone bill in the House of Commons. have given the police access to a great Toews had two things on his side: one, deal of private subscriber information many tech-savvy Canadians understood held by ISPs—including a person’s that it was just a matter of time before name, address, phone number, mobile the Internet was subject to more policing number, and IP address—without a and, two, many Canadians held fairly warrant. It also would give the police relaxed views regarding their personal broad surveillance powers to monitor privacy. The online behaviour of many criminal activities in real time with the people on Facebook and Google—where mandatory co-operation of the ISPs. The privacy is routinely surrendered—was bill continued to describe the hardware clear evidence of this trend. These two upgrades ISPs would need to purchase things created a climate where Canadians to improve police surveillance powers

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 20 while also providing law enforcement the cost would be a minimum of FYI authorities with the opportunity to install $80-million. This cost would either be The RCMP made more than 28 000 requests their own hardware on the network of assumed by the taxpayer or the Internet for customer names any ISP if they felt such a move to be subscriber. In other words, either way, and addresses from necessary. Canadians would pay. ISPs in 2010. The customers would never The Critics Future Misuse? have known that a Critics of the bill suddenly had a Finally, privacy advocates were worried request was made voice after Toews’s inopportune and that, once legal access legislation was about them. controversial comment. The main thrust passed, the opportunity for misuse of of the criticism was: if police want to Internet subscriber information would investigate Canadians—get a warrant! follow. Since basic information could be All opposition parties, and even a few accessed without a warrant, what would Conservatives, took up this refrain. stop the authorities from randomly Meanwhile, many Canadians were looking into the private information of shocked to learn that ISPs had been some Internet users? And since the police voluntarily surrendering personal would have the power to access certain information (mainly names, addresses, information without a warrant, those phone numbers and IP addresses) to subject to an investigation would never police for years. In fact one report claimed know they had been investigated. that ISPs accommodated police requests 95 per cent of the time, so a climate of Back to Committee warrantless access already existed. The torrent of controversy and concern was so intense that the government You’ll be paying had to retreat on Bill C-30. The bill Canadians were also worried about the was sent back to committee after surveillance technology costs associated second reading (a step rarely taken by with Bill C-30. Essentially, the bill majority governments) for revisions and would create an infrastructure for police amendments. Critics hope the revised to access subscriber information without version of the legislation would clearly a warrant and to monitor subscribers deﬁne what the police could and could with a warrant. Currently, no such not investigate when it comes to the infrastructure exists, and experts estimate online lives of Canadians. To Consider 1. With a partner, revisit your responses to the questions asked in the Before Reading instructions above. How did reading this section inﬂuence your responses to these questions?

2. Why did some people support Bill C-30?

3. What happened that made the bill an issue of concern to many Canadians?

4. What surveillance powers would Bill C-30 give to police? Who would pay for the surveillance technology? Do you agree with this? Why or why not?

5. Bill C-30 was so controversial that the government decided to send the bill back to committee after second reading for amendments and revisions. From what you have read, what were the main ﬂaws of the bill? Which of its terms were in need of major revisions?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 21 BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY Fixing Bill C-30 Reading Prompt The public debate over the government’s controversial online surveillance bill became so intense that the Conservatives took the very rare step of sending the bill back to committee for debate and review after second reading in the House of Commons. To critics of the bill this was a small victory that indicated that the government was aware that Bill C-30 constituted a major breach in the online privacy of Canadians. Keep this in mind as you read Michael Geist’s recommendations for ﬁxing Bill C-30.

Professor Michael Geist and the bill. The following is a simplified Bill C-30 Fix summary of his ideas. If you do any serious research about Canadian law and the Internet, you The Bill C-30 Fix are bound to come across the name 1. Provide Canadians with evidence that Michael Geist. The University of Ottawa law enforcement needs lawful access professor is the Canada Research Chair legislation. The existing warrant- in Internet and E-commerce Law for the based system seems to be working university and is a regular contributor to reasonably well. Why change it in the public debate on issues dealing with favour of a new system that might be the Internet. Therefore, it was no surprise more prone to abuse? that, when Bill C-30 was introduced 2. Create a proper warrant for in the House of Commons, Geist had a investigating Internet crime. great deal to say—and most of it wasn’t Warrantless access to information is very flattering for the Conservative the most contentious aspect of the government and Bill C-30. bill. While police complain that some From the very start, Geist pointed warrants do not effectively cover the out that police had consistently failed type of information they are looking to demonstrate the need for the lawful for, Geist argues that a new kind of access provisions found in Bill C-30. warrant could be created to allow Canadian Privacy Commissioner Jennifer police timely access to the information Stoddart reinforced this point when she they need. said: “Canadian authorities have yet to provide the public with evidence to 3. Report warrantless disclosure of suggest that CSIS or Canadian police subscriber information by ISPs. While cannot perform their duties under the Bill C-30 would create a reporting current regime.” The current regime system for warrantless sharing of calls for police to obtain a warrant if information, Geist worries that the they want to access and monitor the voluntary system that already sees online behaviour of people they suspect police requests honoured 95 per cent of conducting criminal activities on the of the time already constitutes a major Internet. breach of privacy. However, if the As the controversy over Bill C-30 legislation is pushed through, proper forced the legislation back to committee reporting of warrantless disclosure for debate and revision, Geist proposed needs to take place. 12 steps to fix the online surveillance

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 22 4. Remove the disclosure gag order. goes to great lengths to outline the Bill C-30 would prohibit ISPs from reporting process that ISPs will have informing their subscribers that their to complete to demonstrate to the information was disclosed to the government that they are fulfilling the police. Geist argues that informing surveillance wishes of the police. In subscribers is not unreasonable in essence, the language of the bill makes many cases and that the government the ISPs look more like an agent of the should work with ISPs to determine state than a private company working when disclosure would be appropriate. in the interests of its customers. 5. Scrap voluntary warrantless sharing 8. Create accountability in the law. of information. Bill C-30 opens the Geist would like to see a much more door for police to ask ISPs to share comprehensive system of reporting subscriber e-mail and Web surfing so that confidential watchdogs (like histories. The fear is that the voluntary the privacy commissioner) can make sharing of information that is already sure that the surveillance system is not occurring might go one step further, being abused by law enforcement. with ISPs giving police information that should be the subject of a judicial 9. Limit the law to serious crimes. warrant. Some sections of the bill also Determine which crimes are subject encourage this kind of sharing and to surveillance and which are not. An provide immunity to ISPs for their co- open-ended bill could lead to simple operation. Geist thinks the legislation snooping by police. Vic Toews and needs to do away with voluntary the Conservatives claimed that the information sharing. bill was designed to lead to the arrest and conviction of people involved in 6. Clarify the extent to which child pornography. This is certainly an surveillance technology will be used. example of a serious crime. The section dealing with surveillance is vague enough for law enforcement 10. Let Canadians know how much it is agencies and the government to take going to cost. Initial estimates put the substantial liberties when it comes to surveillance technology and system looking into the online behaviour of upgrades at $80-million. Geist claims Canadians. In fact, Bill C-30 gives that the cost will be much higher given the government the right to compel the infrastructure and bureaucratic ISPs to install certain surveillance changes the legislation will mandate software and hardware at their expense both at the government level and with as well as equipment provided by the the ISPs. If the real cost is going to be government itself. The language of the over $80-million, Canadians need to bill needs to be much more specific know how this will affect their taxes when it comes to what constitutes if the government is footing the bill or legitimate surveillance and how how much more they will pay for their surveillance technologies will be used. Internet if they are downloading the costs onto the ISPs. 7. Take another look at the burden being placed on ISPs. The government is 11. Fill in the blanks. Geist encourages asking ISPs to dramatically change those drafting Bill C-30 to fully their networks to make surveillance disclose the language that will appear easier for law enforcement. It also in the final version of the bill. He feels that there are unspecified regulations

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 23 that can be shaped and used in a clearly deﬁne what privacy means in variety of ways that might lead to the digital age. inappropriate surveillance by law Source: “How to ﬁx Canada’s enforcement. online surveillance bill: A 12-step to-do list,” www.michaelgeist.ca/ 12. Improve Canada’s privacy laws. If content/view/6339/125/. For a more the government wants lawful access comprehensive understanding of the legislation, they should also agree Geist’s perspective on this issue, visit to update Canada’s privacy laws to www.michaelgeist.ca. To Consider 1. Based on Geist’s recommendations, do you think Bill C-30 can be reworked into something Canadians accept as not constituting an unreasonable intrusion on their personal privacy?

2. Is there really a need for the kind of surveillance the police are looking to obtain when it comes to Internet crime?

3. Does Bill C-30 infringe on the rights of ISPs to operate a private business?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 24 BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY The Vikileaks Affair Before Reading Imagine that the government was trying to pass legislation that you disagreed with on principle. Would it be acceptable for you to show your opposition by setting up a website condemning the government’s action? Would it be acceptable for you to make the website anonymous so that no one knew that the site was created by you? Would it be acceptable for you to post personal and private information about cabinet ministers in an effort to embarrass or humiliate them as part of your campaign against the government’s legislation? With a partner, respond to these questions and revisit your responses to them after reading this section.

When Public Safety Minister Vic Toews to know Vic.” What followed were responded to an opposition critic’s intimate details of Vic Toews’s divorce concerns about Bill C-30 by saying “he proceedings. While the information can either stand with us or with the child was a matter of public record, many pornographers,” he set off an explosion questioned the ethical legitimacy of such of outrage. The media were quick to a personal attack that was not related to attack Toews for his incendiary rhetoric, Bill C-30. with more than a few journalists using As Vikileaks posts streamed on, a the minister’s “child pornographers” campaign to catch the author ensued. analogy to add fuel to the fire of their Toews’s colleague John Baird initially argument. blamed the NDP. But after a few While a great deal of ink was spilled days it became clear that catching the in opposition to Bill C-30, it was the tweeter would be no easy task and Internet where the most damaging any accusation without some kind of attacks on the legislation appeared, proof would do nothing but inflame the which makes sense given the fact that the situation. That is until the Ottawa Citizen bill dealt with surveillance of people’s set up an online sting. A reporter sent online activity. Websites surfaced almost #vikileaks30 an e-mail with a link to immediately decrying Toews and the another website. The author of Vikileaks Conservatives for threatening to invade took the bait and clicked on the link. This the online private lives of all Canadians. allowed the Citizen reporter to isolate The hacker group Anonymous posted the IP address of the computer the author a YouTube video threatening to release was using and, after a bit more digging, private information about Vic Toews determine that the address belonged to a if he didn’t withdraw Bill C-30. It House of Commons computer. Shortly also hacked the website of the Ontario after the Citizen reported its discovery, Association of Chiefs of Police after Vikileaks went silent. the organization released a statement in While the Twitter account lay dormant, support of Toews and the bill. But the the hunt for the Vikileaks author most damaging attack of all came from a ramped up. The Speaker of the House Twitter account called #vikileaks30. of Commons launched an investigation The Vikileaks Twitter account started into the account. The computer could with the provocative declaration, “Vic be identified, but not the author. Finally, wants to know about you. Let’s get with the pressure of the investigation

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 25 mounting, and potential damage to his focus on policies and issues and avoid political masters in the balance, Liberal resorting to mudslinging and personal staffer Adam Carroll informed the party’s gossip. interim leader Bob Rae that he was the While Bill C-30 was sent back author of the feed and promptly resigned to committee after second reading, from his job as a researcher. politicians wondered if they had entered A humbled Bob Rae apologized to a new era in public life. Suddenly Toews and the House of Commons for the prospect of making enemies for the ethical breach. He said that personal supporting policy initiatives (a routine attacks have no place in public life. The hazard in politics) was being combined message was clear: If an opposition with potential public humiliation on the member wants to criticize a public ﬁgure Internet. from the government, he or she needs to To Consider 1. With your partner, revisit your responses to the questions in the Before Reading instructions above. How did reading this section inﬂuence your responses?

2. How did the online community react to Bill C-30?

3. What is Vikileaks?

4. Do you think Vikileaks crossed the line from an ethical standpoint?

5. If a group like Anonymous can hack into large, secure websites, what can prevent it from hacking into the surveillance network that Bill C-30 is asking ISPs to create? In other words, could the proposed surveillance network make the private information of Canadians even more vulnerable to the hacking skills of groups like Anonymous?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 26 BILL C-30 AND INTERNET PRIVACY Activity: A Parliamentary Committee Hearing Your Task For this activity you will prepare and present a debate regarding Bill C-30 and any amendments that might be made to it as it might occur during a session of the parliamentary committee investigating the bill. Sending any proposed piece of legislation to such committees for detailed review after it has been introduced in Parliament is a normal part of the procedure involved in enacting a new law.

Resources Use the information included in this News in Review story to prepare for your debate. You may also wish to consult the following link from the CBC website and other links related to this story: “Online surveillance critics point to foreign experience,” www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/story/2012/02/21/pol-c30- surveillance-caution.html.

Background The Harper government conceded that more work needed to be done before Bill C-30 could be passed. On the one hand, the government maintained its commitment to giving law enforcement authorities more power to investigate crimes occurring on the Internet. On the other, privacy advocates were able to demonstrate to the government that some information should remain private and that obtaining a warrant prior to an investigation was not an unreasonable requirement for police. Based on these two perspectives, the government agreed to send the bill back to committee for more debate and legislative amendments before reintroducing it to Parliament. Your task is to assume the role of a representative of one of the political parties at the committee meeting arguing for one of the perspectives indicated above.

Process 1. Form a group of four people. Each person in the group will pretend to be a member of one of the following political parties: Conservative — in favour of Bill C-30 Liberal — opposed to Bill C-30 after first reading NDP — opposed to Bill C-30 after first reading Green — opposed to Bill C-30 after first reading

2. Conduct research into the details surrounding Bill C-30. Once you feel you have gained enough information to present your viewpoint, stage a mock committee meeting where you debate the strengths and weaknesses of the bill. The Conservative group member will chair the meeting.

3. The meeting will follow this agenda: a) Summary with brieﬁng notes for each party b) Conservative perspective — 5 minutes You want to obtain information from Internet service providers (ISPs) without a warrant. Meanwhile monitoring online activity will only be possible with a warrant. You also want ISPs to install $80-million in

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 27 software and hardware upgrades so you can monitor online criminal activity in real time and with greater ease.

c) NDP, Liberal and Green perspectives — 5 minutes each Collectively you oppose the need to put warrantless access to information into law since i) this constitutes an invasion of an Internet user’s privacy and ii) ISPs are already honouring police requests for user information 95 per cent of the time. You also believe that the $80-million surveillance technology upgrade will mean either higher taxes for Canadians (if the government pays for the equipment) or higher Internet bills (if the ISPs pay for the equipment).

d) Challenge Each party will have three minutes to challenge the perspectives put forward by any of the other parties.

e) Amendments Hold a roundtable discussion of perspectives and challenges. Take the existing bill and decide which components to keep and which to discard. This should take around 15 minutes to complete.

4. The New Bill C-30: As a group, prepare a summary of your revised bill as you would like to see it presented to the House of Commons. Hand your new Bill C-30 in to your teacher or present it to your classmates. As a class, evaluate the new Bill C-30 to determine whether it addresses the concerns that were made at the time when the government introduced the original version of the bill in Parliament.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 28 GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS Introduction Canada’s ethnically diverse population under greater scrutiny as new data and Focus is often referred to as a cultural mosaic. surveys reveal significant challenges Canadian multiculturalism has According to Statistics Canada, recent facing today’s Generation One youths. become a legally and census data identified over 200 ethnic Contrary to past assumptions that politically entrenched origins and 100 languages spoken in the Generation One youths are high institution, as well country. One out of every five persons achievers, some groups, especially those as an identifiable in Canada was born in another country, from some visible minorities, continue and, for many other with the vast majority of new immigrants to face discrimination, wage gaps, and countries, an enviable settling in Canada’s three largest cities: barriers to post-secondary opportunities. characteristic of Canadian life. But Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. In addition, these Canadian-born youths today’s Generation Canada’s ethno-cultural diversity is seem to be caught between the customs, One youths are expected to further increase, and by cultures, and expectations of their challenging this 2016, it is estimated that foreign-born immigrant parents and the need to find multicultural ideal as youth and Canadian-born youth from acceptance within societal norms— they struggle to secure immigrant families will make up a especially those of their teenaged peers. an identity within quarter of the country’s population. This In order to learn more about this Canadian society. This News in Review number will increase to nearly one-half group of Canadians, Nahlah Ayed, an story profiles the of Canadians by 2031, with the majority award- winning CBC journalist, returned experiences of various of immigrants coming from Asia and the to her old school, Churchill High Generation Ones and Middle East. School, in her hometown of Winnipeg, examines their imprint Diversity will also continue to grow Manitoba, to investigate why today’s on Canada’s cultural among “Generation Ones,” who are Generation One youths do not feel “100 fabric. defined as the first generation born in per cent Canadian.” A Canadian-born Canada to immigrant parents. Almost daughter of Palestinian immigrants, Did you know . . . one-half of this demographic group Ayed and her journey not only reflect In 1988, the federal is projected to belong to a visible her own Generation One experiences but government passed minority—nearly double the proportion highlight the struggles encountered by the Canadian reported in the 2006 census. However, today’s Generation One youths in their Multiculturalism Act, Canada’s ideal of multiculturalism is search for Canadian identity. which recognizes the importance of preserving and To Consider enhancing the 1. What does it mean to you to be Canadian? Reflect on your own experience heritage of Canadians, or those of your classmates. protecting the rights of aboriginal 2. Do you think Canada’s multiculturalism makes it easier or more difficult peoples, and ensuring for new immigrants and Generation Ones to feel they belong to Canadian that every person is society? Explain. equal under the law regardless of his/her ethnicity.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 29 GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS Video Review Pre-viewing Questions With a partner or in a small group, discuss and respond to the following questions. 1. Are you are newcomer, a Generation One, or some other generation of Canadian?

2. Do you speak a language other than English or French at home? Which one(s)?

3. Would you classify yourself as a visible minority?

4. With which ethno-cultural group(s) would you identify yourself?

Viewing Questions As you watch the video, respond to the the questions in the spaces provided. 1. How are Generation One Canadians deﬁned?

2. Do Generation One citizens feel 100 per cent Canadian? Why or why not?

3. Why do some parents of Generation One youths think they are in a cultural war zone 24/7?

4. Why do some Generation One youths feel less Canadian at home compared with when they are at school?

5. What do recent surveys tell us about today’s Generation One youths?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 30 6. What are these people’s viewpoints on being Canadian: Nahlah Ayed (reporter), Tariq (Generation One student), Shirin (Tariq’s mom from Egypt), Melissa (Generation One student), Elizabeth (Melissa’s mom from Portugal)?

7. Why is the struggle for a Canadian identity among today’s Generation One youths a potential concern for our society?

Post-viewing Questions 1. Review your answers from the Pre-viewing Questions and reﬂect on your responses from the Viewing Questions. Has watching the video changed your views regarding what it means to be Canadian? If so, in what way(s)?

2. Based on the viewpoints of the Generation One youths in the video, do you think we should be greatly concerned, somewhat concerned, or not concerned about how they feel about being Canadian? Support and discuss your position.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 31 GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS Generational and Cultural Conﬂicts Focus for Reading While you read this section, complete a multiple causation web. A copy of this organizer can be accessed at http://newsinreview.cbclearning.ca/wp-content/ uploads/worksheets/nir-sw2-multiple-consequences2.pdf.

In the centre triangle write Generation One and then record all of the challenges impacting today’s Generation One youths.

Today’s Generation One youths However, what these studies fail to describe themselves as living in show is that “not all immigrant groups two, at times conflicting, worlds: the are thriving in Canadian schools.” The cultural expectations of their immigrant success of groups from China and other parents and the social norms of their Asian countries is “masking the struggles Canadian peer group. They often of others” (The Globe and Mail, January feel they do not fit in to Canada’s 22, 2011). For example, the Toronto diverse cultural landscape. Along with District School Board, where 70 per cent dealing with typical teenage pressures of students from grades seven through 12 about acceptance and popularity, this have both parents born outside Canada, demographic group, especially those noted that students from Latin American belonging to visible minorities, is or Caribbean immigrant groups have exhibiting a drop in post-secondary some of the lowest rates of post- education, income earnings, and an secondary education. Student responses overall sense of belonging to Canadian indicated that discrimination, difficulties society. These trends, coupled with with language, and low levels of income Statistics Canada’s population projection prevented them from entering post- that by 2031 almost one-half of secondary institutions. Generation One Canadians will belong Filipino youths, part of an immigrant to a visible minority, are prompting community that has become a prominent increased research and more programs to source of workers for Canada’s strengthen their societal integration and caregiving industries, are showing enhance their sense of self-esteem. declining numbers of university- degree completion—from 37 per cent Education for newcomers to 24 per cent in the Canadian immigrant students, including Generation One category. Lengthy both newcomers and Generation One separation of family members, financial students, have ranked at the top of pressures to send earnings back home, the Organization for Economic Co- and efforts to leave caregiving jobs in operation and Development’s (OECD) order to retrain for alternate employment, standardized tests of math and reading. are placing additional strains on the next Statistics Canada has reported that generation (The Globe and Mail, March Generation One youths tend to have 19, 2011). Even though the overall lower high school drop-out rates when percentage of Generation One youths compared with youths of Canadian-born attending university is higher than that of parents (www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001- its non-immigrant counterparts, ensuring x/2007110/article/10372-eng.htm). that all immigrant groups have academic

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 32 success is vital to Canada’s economic counterparts. For example, the wage gap future. for Canadian-born children of Chinese immigrants was eight per cent, for Income South Asians it was 13 per cent, and for Canadian multiculturalism involves the African-Canadians it was approximately long-standing belief that the children of 19 per cent. This wage gap tends to immigrants will do better economically decline over time for some groups, but than their parents (The Globe and Mail, does not completely disappear, which February 26, 2011). But how well are may cause future social tensions. the offspring of immigrants—especially visible minorities—really doing? Family Expectations Research indicates that the cultural, The relationship between immigrant linguistic, economic, and educational parents and their Canadian-born barriers faced by their immigrant parents children is one that is often stereotyped may continue to persist into the ranks of as a clash of cultures. In reality, this Generation One Canadians (Association relationship is complex and dynamic. for Canadian Studies, http://canada. Parenting teenagers can be stressful at metropolis.net/publications/Diversity/ the best of times, but employment and can_diversity_vol_62_spring08_e.pdf). income loss, language barriers, and a Discrimination plays a significant role lack of familiarity with Canadian social in the workplace, starting with the job institutions and cultural values pose application process. Researchers have additional challenges for immigrant found that “applicants with English- parents. sounding names were 40 per cent more Often many immigrant parents work likely to get an interview than those multiple jobs or face re-training and with identical resumes and an Indian underemployment. As a result, their or Chinese name” (The Globe and children may share less of their parent’s Mail, February, 26, 2011). The result? time, and some offspring may need to Visible minority Generation Ones may work in order to contribute to the family experience lower levels of employment income. Female family members might and income earnings than non-visible also be required to work which, in some minority groups. For males with cultures, challenges their traditional similar educational and employment norms. A role reversal can occur in experience, the income gap is 18 per families when immigrant parents need to cent. Females appear to have a smaller rely on the language skills and societal gap, at three per cent, due to the fact that awareness of their children. Some young women with immigrant parents parents may find this shift in authority tend to live at home longer, were less difficult and feel they are losing their likely to be married or have children, position as the heads of the household and predominantly lived in large urban (Association for Canadian Studies, centres with greater employment Canadian Diversity, http://canada. opportunities (Statistics Canada, www. metropolis.net/pdfs/Pgs_can_diversity_ statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2007110/ parents_spring08_e.pdf). article/10372-eng.htm). The CBC’s The National’s Generation Researchers also found income One feature further examined the impact disparities among visible minority of immigrant parents’ expectations on Generation One groups when compared their Canadian-born children. In it, with their non-minority, Canadian-born journalist Nahlah Ayed reflects on her

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 33 experience growing up in a Generation parent’s expectations. Possible solutions One cohort and how she was encouraged to bridge this gap and to help Generation by her parents to embrace the Canadian One youths succeed could include the identity and fit in with Canadian society. following: She thought of herself as Canadian first • Expand research to focus on the and placed her Palestinian ethno-cultural experiences and perceptions of all heritage second. family members, especially those from However, many of the parents of today’s Generation One youths. today’s Generation One youths want their • Ensure future research makes children to know and be proud of their distinctions between first, second, heritage. The mother of Tarek Elmayergi, and third immigrant generations to one of the teenagers featured, wants examine the different expectations and him to embrace more of his Egyptian experiences these groups have toward background. She says, “I’m not going education and employment. to turn my back and say, ‘Okay, I’m an • Extend employment equity laws to the Egyptian in Egypt, but here I’m going to private sector to help close the wage become Canadian.’ I can’t do that. They gap between visible minorities and (my Generation One children) can’t do their “white” counterparts. that” (CBC News Online, www.cbc.ca/ • Improve co-ordination of educational news/yourcommunity/2012/02/are-you-a- support from parents, schools, generation-one-canadian.html). governments, and local communities These parents also feel at a loss in for youths. Also, restore recent federal Canadian society since they were not funding cuts to Settlement Worker born or raised in Canada. Like most programs in the schools that help parents of teenagers, they expressed newcomer and Generation One students concern about their children’s and their parents integrate. performance in school and the influences • Broaden availability of community of their peers, but they also want their support programs where each adult is children to place their cultural heritage at paired with a youth who teaches him/ the forefront of who they are. her English language and computer skills. Possible Solutions • Help immigrant parents find jobs Needless to say, Generation One youths that recognize their experiences and often feel torn between their desire to qualifications through government fit in with their peer groups in Canadian programs such as the Canadian society and their desire to meet their Immigration Integration Program. Follow-up 1. Review your completed causation web organizer. Beside each recorded challenge, provide at least one solution you think could help Generation One youth to deal with it.

2. Read the following three statements. Write a one- to two-sentence response for each statement. Pass your responses to at least three other classmates. Review and add new ideas to their responses.

Rakhi Henderson, 42, is a senior brand manager at ING Direct. She recalls her father, a geologist from India, often complaining about the wage gap and being passed over for job opportunities in Canada. Her situation is

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 34 markedly different than his, but at times in her career, “there were people that I saw rising very quickly without additional qualiﬁcations whereas I was left behind. You never knew, what it is, but there were opportunities where I just went, Hmmmm” (The Globe and Mail, February 26, 2011).

Carolina Estrella, 17, a high-school student in Toronto, was born in Canada to parents from Uruguay and Ecuador. She should be graduating but has only completed about one-third of the required credits to earn her high school diploma. “You know what the problem is in these school districts? The lower people like the Latinos don’t go to school and don’t graduate. I don’t think it’s our culture, I think it’s more that they don’t have enough money” (The Globe and Mail, January 22, 2011).

Sophia Juan, 21, a university student, is the Canadian-born child of immigrants from the Philippines. “Education is really important in my family and in Filipino culture. They always teach you that you have to go on to post-secondary school” (The Globe and Mail, January 22, 2011).

3. What do you think are the most serious challenges facing Generation One youth in Canada today? How can they be overcome?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 35 GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS Generation One Proﬁles Focus for Reading In your notebook, create a chart like the one below and, as you read each of the following proﬁles, record information for each one.

Proﬁle Heritage Occupation Challenges What it means to be Canadian Khalid Elgazzar Joyce Yan Nazem Kadri Esi Edugyan Ronia Arab Sammy Farah Jamil Peyawary

Generation One Canadians are defined as will get better’” (The Globe and Mail, either being born in Canada to immigrant February 18, 2012). parents or having immigrated to Canada as young children. But let’s look Profile: Joyce Yan beyond this definition and explore their Age: 22 years • Heritage: Chinese experiences, struggles, and perceptions Occupation: Undergraduate student of what it means to be Canadian. The at Simon Fraser University, British following profiles outline their varied Columbia experiences. “Growing up, I was always strong- headed. Mom said not to go out; I went Profile: Khalid Elgazzar anyway. I didn’t see it as rebellious Age: 33 years • Heritage: Egyptian against my parents. I was just doing what Occupation: Lawyer living in Ottawa I wanted to do. One day, we got into a “When I was in high school, I listened big argument about how I was wasting to a lot of hip hop and gangsta rap. I my life away. I used to say to my father definitely wouldn’t be blasting it at all the time: ‘You’re not in China. You’re home, but if I was at school, I would in Canada now.’ But within the last few be playing it and discussing it with years I’ve definitely grown up a lot, my friends. It’s sometimes a matter of figured out what I wanted to do. I’ve survival; you want to fit in with your settled down and my dad has become friends and you don’t want to fall out more tolerant and understanding. It’s with your parents. You live different wonderful at home now” (The Globe and roles. It’s not necessarily healthy. You Mail, February18, 2012). can sometimes lose yourself and you are not really sure where you belong. There Profile: Nazem Kadri is a responsibility on those who have Age: 21 • Born: London, Ontario gone through that experience to say, ‘It’s Heritage: Lebanese • Occupation: NHL not the end of the world, make sure to hockey player communicate with your family, things “First thing that comes to mind when

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 36 I think of Canada is hockey, pancakes, I would like a good job and a family” Quote and the maple leaf. By playing hockey (CBC News Online, www.cbc.ca/news/ “Many immigrant children feel torn and other sports it helped me to fit in yourcommunity/2012/02/are-you-a- about their identity. and to become part of Canadian society. generation-one-canadian.html). Sometimes they I have always felt part of the Canadian express their conflict culture but do not feel that I have lost Profile: Sammy Farah by asserting their my heritage” (CBC News Online, www. Age: 14 years • Heritage: Somali Canadian-ness, other cbc.ca/thenational/indepthanalysis/ Occupation: High School student in times they express it generationone/). Winnipeg, Manitoba by talking about how they feel excluded.” — “Gangs, crime, getting arrested—I’ve Dr. Audrey Kobayashi, Profile: Esi Edugyan seen it happen and I do not want to be cultural geography Age: 33 • Born: Calgary, Alberta a part of it. I want to finish high school professor at Queen’s Heritage: Ghanaian • Occupation: and go to college. I don’t want to be University (CBC News Award-winning novelist just an average person. My mom has Online, www.cbc. “I felt very Canadian growing up. But, been a good influence. She wants me ca/news/canada/ of course, my parents’ culture was be to be a good kid, a good person, and story/2012/02/15/ f-audio-photos- constantly balanced against the world to stay away from drugs—this is what I immigrant-canadian- outside of home. I went to a French am working towards. Some immigrant children.html) immersion school and learned both parents are strict since they want their official languages—an important part kids to do the right thing and to become of our national fabric. There were very better people—this is why they came few African-Canadian students at my here” (CBC News Online, www.cbc.ca/ school and sometimes I was viewed news/yourcommunity/2012/02/are-you- as ‘other.’ Nevertheless, I have always a-generation-one-canadian.html). felt Canadian and it is not a big issue for me” (CBC News Online, www. Profile: Jamil Peyawary cbc.ca/thenational/indepthanalysis/ Age: 18 years • Heritage: Afghan generationone/). Occupation: Working in a restaurant in Winnipeg, Manitoba Profile: Ronia Arab “My parents had a hard life in their Age: 16 years • Heritage: Kurdish home country. From their experiences Occupation: High school student in and stories, I am very grateful to be here Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada and not there. However, it “My parents do not like how I dress. I was difficult as a kid. I was bullied and do not wear revealing clothes, but my named called—I tried to correct them dad makes a big deal out of it. He thinks that I was Afghan not Pakistani, but it that because of the way I dress, I am didn’t work. In grade eight and nine I acting like a Canadian. He wants me to hung around with gang members and wear traditional Iraqi clothing and to thought I could fit in with that crowd. act like I am from Iraq. But I was born By grade 10 I realized that this was not in Canada. I don’t know much about my scene. The biggest expectation and my parents’ culture or homeland since challenge for my family is to succeed. I have never been there. My father In the future, I want to become a chef” wants to send me to Iraq to learn the (CBC News Online, www.cbc.ca/news/ culture and the lifestyle, but this is not yourcommunity/2012/02/are-you-a- what I want. I have been living away generation-one-canadian.html). from home for one year. For the future,

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 37 Follow-up 1. Using a Venn diagram summarize the challenges that are unique to Generation One Canadian teenagers on one side and challenges that are unique to older Generation One Canadians on the other side. Record challenges that are shared by both groups at the points where the circles overlap. For a template of a Venn diagram, consult http://ofﬁce.microsoft. com/en-us/templates/venn-diagram-chart-TC030002098.aspx.

2. For each of the proﬁles, write a two- or three-line response from the respective parent’s point of view. What challenges would they face? What is their perception of being Canadian?

3. Select one of the Generation One proﬁles and create a mock Facebook proﬁle page for it. Your page could contain information about the person’s heritage, occupation, reasons parents came to Canada, and a two- or three-line statement that starts with “Being a Canadian means . . .”

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 38 GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS Nahlah Ayed: The Face of Generation One Focus for Reading In The National’s special feature on Generation One youths, journalist Nahlah Ayed commented that, “the place where you grow you grow up makes you. Some parts of it stay with you, even if you leave it behind. While we knew that our origin was from elsewhere, we were Canadian kids.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? As you read the following section, gather evidence to support your position.

Nahlah Ayed, an award-winning CBC dealing with events occurring in the journalist and Generation One Canadian Middle East. Reporting for the CBC on of Palestinian background, recently national television, radio, and online, returned to Churchill High School in her Ayed has covered numerous high-profile hometown of Winnipeg, Manitoba, to news stories such as the Iraq war and report on the cultural struggles facing subsequent fall of its capital, Baghdad today’s Generation One youths. (2003), the war in Afghanistan, the Arab Spring (2011-12) political uprisings, Biography and most recently, the crisis in Syria. • Born and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba Ayed has also reported on major stories • Palestinian heritage beyond the Middle East, including the • Speaks English and Arabic fluently Haiti earthquake, the Pakistan floods, • Attended Churchill High School in the the London riots, and the 2011 mass 1980s shootings in Norway. • Graduated from Carleton University’s In 2004 and 2010, Ayed received master of journalism program Gemini awards for her news reports • Graduated from the University about conflicts in the Middle East. She of Manitoba master’s degree in received a doctor of laws (honorary interdisciplinary studies program doctorate degree) from the University of • Holds a bachelor of science degree Manitoba in 2008 for her distinguished from the University of Manitoba achievements in broadcast journalism. • Former parliamentary reporter for the The University of Manitoba also Canadian Press established the Nahlah Ayed Prize • Joined CBC News in 2002 as a foreign for Student Leadership and Global news correspondent reporting mostly Citizenship to celebrate the achievements on Middle East events of their former graduate. Ayed joined • Currently is The National’s other prominent Canadian journalists as correspondent focusing on Canada’s part of a media panel discussing the high foreign policy, the country’s cultural pressures and often dangerous work of diversity, and international events, foreign news correspondents. especially the Middle East Away from the media spotlight, Ayed penned and recently released a memoir Source: www.cbc.ca/thenational/about/ correspondents/nahlahayed/ entitled A Thousand Farewells: A Reporter’s Journey from Refugee Camp Accomplishments to the Arab Spring. Nahlah Ayed is a familiar and trusted foreign news correspondent, particularly

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 39 Canadian Identity For Ayed, it was sometimes difficult Additional Research adjusting to new social norms, but she Find out about other Nahlah Ayed offers a unique Generation famous Generation One experience. Born in Canada to viewed herself as a Canadian first and One Canadians by Palestinian immigrant parents, her family someone of Palestinian-Arab background going to www.cbc. returned to the Middle East where she second. ca/thenational/ spent a number of childhood years in a Ayed’s journey not only reflects on indepthanalysis/ refugee camp in Amman, Jordan. As a her Canadian identity, but also the generationone/. teenager, she and her family came back struggles of today’s Generation One to Winnipeg. Some of these experiences youth caught between their parent’s were highlighted in her recent book. cultural expectations and their desire to But it is in the CBC’s The National’s fit in with Canadian society. As the face Generation One segment where Ayed of Generation One, Ayed’s impressive explores the question of why her sense accomplishments as a journalist and a of being Canadian is different from that writer, as well as her personal cultural of today’s generation of high-school experiences, may help to guide today’s students. Attending high school in Generation One youths in their search for the mid-1980s, she was one of a few Canadian identity. students classified as Generation One. Follow-up 1. Now that you have finished reading this section, return to the quote by Ayed in the Focus for Reading section. Has your stance—agree or disagree—in response to her statement changed? If so, why? Discuss your stance with a partner. Does he/she agree or disagree? Why or why not?

2. Select three of Ayed’s accomplishments that you found to be most interesting. Explain the reasons for your choices.

3. Do you think Ayed is representative of the faces of today’s Generation One youth or is there too much of a generational divide between her and today’s Generation Ones? Record and discuss your thoughts.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 40 GENERATION ONE: LIVING IN TWO WORLDS Activity: The Challenges Facing Gen One

• I don’t feel 100 per cent Canadian. • I act less Canadian at home. • Where do I ﬁt in with Canadian society?

The statements above mirror recent surveys that indicate that today’s Generation One youths do not share the same sense of belonging to Canada as many others. Many Generation One youths feel torn between two worlds— upholding their parent’s cultural expectations versus their desire to integrate with Canadian society.

Your Task Working in small groups, discuss the present concerns and challenges of Generation One youths in Canada, based on your experiences and those of your classmates. Your group will also need to develop a ﬁve-point Gen One action plan to outline how each of the following groups can help Generation One youths become: a) aware of the importance of being part of Canada’s diverse fabric and b) aware of strategies to help them achieve greater success personally, academically, and in their present or future jobs. • Teenaged peers • Parents • Teachers/guidance counsellors/school administration • Employers • Federal, provincial, and municipal governments

Use information from this News in Review video and guide as well as the CBC Generation One online link at www.cbc.ca/thenational/indepthanalysis/ generationone/ to help develop your action plan.

If appropriate, share your own and/or your classmates’ Generation One experiences to help start the discussion about why today’s Generation One youths have mixed feelings about being Canadian.

When the Gen One action plans are complete, display, share, and discuss them with the entire class. Select at least one additional suggestion from each of the other groups’ action plans that will strengthen your original Gen One action plan. On a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high), determine and explain how successful your ﬁnal action plan will be to help Generation One youths integrate into Canadian society.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 41 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO Introduction

Since 2006 the Mexican government consequences. The number of cartels Focus has been locked in a violent battle has actually mushroomed as the This story examines Mexico’s campaign with its drug traffickers. Shortly after victories over the original ones created against the drug his election in 2006, President Felipe opportunities for new criminals groups cartels and how this Calderón moved his troops into areas of to fill the vacuum. Turf wars among the drug war is affecting Mexico long controlled by criminals, the cartels have increased both in frequency Mexico as well as members of what are usually referred to and level of violence. The cartels have its North American as drug cartels. expanded their activities to include neighbours: the The criminals behind the cartels are crimes like kidnapping, extortion, and United States and Canada. drug traffickers. Originally they worked human smuggling. They have maintained with drug suppliers from Colombia, their influence over the areas in which moving their product through Mexico they operate, and now regularly use and across the border into the United murder as their principal means of States, with some of it eventually making intimidation. Where they are powerful, its way into Canada. Beginning in the no one—police, mayors, or even state 1990s, two major cartels, one on the east governors—is safe. And the army has coast and one on the west, controlled seen its public reputation badly tarnished much of this business. Thanks to a by a long series of human rights abuses. combination of threats and bribery, local In just a few months Mexico will elect police and officials mostly overlooked a new president. The election is seen the drug trade. by many as a referendum on the drug Initially, Calderón’s campaign had war—a war that so far has claimed about positive results. Several drug lords were 50 000 lives. Three months before the captured and jailed, and millions of July 1, 2012, election, the ruling party dollars’ worth of drugs was seized. The is trailing the opposition in the polls. general public was enthusiastic about The drug war is at a crossroads; how it the action. The military, seen as the one will be conducted after July 1 is unclear. uncorrupted authority in the nation, were What is certain, however, is that this is a national heroes. war with no winners—and with Mexico By 2012, however, the campaign as the loser. has resulted in some unpleasant To Consider In 2009 former Mexican president Vicente Fox attended a gala in Calgary. Speaking with reporters, he said that any Canadian or American who used drugs shipped through his country—cocaine, cannabis, methamphetamines, or heroin—was partly responsible for the drug violence in Mexico (in 2009 Canadians are believed to have used 14 tonnes of cocaine alone).

Do you agree with Fox’s statement? Why or why not? If you do agree, what steps do you think Canada might take to acknowledge this responsibility?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 42 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO Video Review Pre-viewing Discussion Mexico is in the Canadian news surprisingly often. In 2010 alone there were 23 000 stories in the Canadian media about Mexico. The trend has continued in 2011 and 2012.

What kinds of stories have you heard about Mexico? Have you been there yourself on holiday or do you have family or friends who have visited? Is your opinion of Mexico positive or negative? Would you like to visit or revisit the country? Why or why not? Would media reports of drug-related violence in Mexico inﬂuence your decision to travel there?

Viewing Questions As you watch the video, answer the questions in the spaces provided. 1. How many Canadian tourists visit Mexico each year?

2. When did the Mexican government declare war on the drug cartels?

3. Who are Los Zetas?

4. Brieﬂy describe some of the tactics Los Zetas employ in their war with the Mexican government.

5. Why do marines hunting drug cartel members routinely wear masks?

6. What is the most common route used to take drugs into Mexico? What is the most common route for guns?

7. How long does it usually take to cross the border from Mexico into the United States? From the United States into Mexico?

8. Brieﬂy describe how Mayor Mauricio Fernandez ensures that the laws are enforced in the city of San Pedro.

9. How many people have been killed in the six years since the drug wars began?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 43 Post-viewing Questions 1. Has your opinion of Mexico and whether or not you would like to visit the country changed in any way after watching the video?

2. If you were a resident of San Pedro, how would you feel about the mayor’s methods for responding to the threats of drug cartels?

3. Purchasing guns in the U.S. areas bordering Mexico is fairly simple and straightforward. What responsibility, if any, does the U.S. have to restrict the sale of guns likely to end up in the hands of drug cartel members?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 44 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO Mexico in Crisis: Drug Cartels

Did you know . . . Focus for Reading The term cartel is As you read this section of the guide, answer the following questions in your routinely used to notebook. describe the gangs 1. Why were the drug cartels originally formed? that control the drug 2. Which politicians have taken serious action against the cartels? With what trade in Mexico, but it is actually a misnomer. results? A cartel is a group 3. How have the cartels changed since the drug war began? of organizations 4. What tactics do the cartels use to enforce their authority in the regions that work together where they operate? to control the manufacturing or The Conflict Begins But in 2000 the right-of-centre distribution of a For several decades, Mexico has been an National Action Party (PAN) came to product in order to power under the leadership of Vicente keep prices and profits important player in the manufacture and high. Mexico’s drug international distribution of illegal drugs. Fox. In an attempt to lessen political cartels are actually as Long a producer of both heroin and corruption, the new government began much in conflict with marijuana, in the 1980s Mexico became a campaign against the major cartels. one other as they a leading distributor of cocaine produced Soon after his election, Fox sent troops are at war with the in Colombia. The distribution routes into the border city of Nuevo Laredo to government. Because normally used by Colombian traffickers fight the cartels. During his presidency, the term is in common several prominent members of the cartel usage, we will also in Florida and the Caribbean to access use it in this News in U.S. market were increasingly subject leadership were arrested. Review guide. to intense police scrutiny. Colombians turned to Mexican gangs to take their The War Years product across the U.S. border by land. The Mexican drug war really began in They often paid for these services 2006, with the election of Felipe Calderón in kind—up to 50 per cent of each of PAN as president. It was at that time shipment—making the Mexican drug that levels of violent crime began to rise. gangs both distributors and traffickers. Nearly 1 800 people were killed in cartel- Two particular gangs, or drug cartels, related crimes in 2006. For 2011 the total took the lead in the Mexican drug is estimated at about 17 000. Some 50 000 business during these years. They people have been killed since 2006. were the Sinaloa Federation, based on During Fox’s presidency new cartels Mexico’s west coast, and the Gulf cartel, were forming. The gangs began to operating from Gulf of Mexico coast in fight among themselves to extend their the northeastern part of the country. territorial control. At least 90 per cent of For most of the 20th century, Mexico Mexico’s murder victims are believed was ruled by one political party, the to be people associated with the cartels. Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). One reason the fight for territory became The PRI for the most part turned a blind so significant was domestic. Originally eye to drug smuggling. Many of its most cartel activity was dedicated to leaders had an “arrangement” with the supplying drugs to the U.S. market. But various cartels, and in return for bribes by 2006 Mexicans’ own demand for and political contributions ignored the illegal drugs was increasing at about 20 activities of the various gangs. per cent per year.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 45 Despite government crackdown efforts First is the Sinaloa Federation, headed FYI the cartels have managed to retain by Joaquin “El Chapo (Shorty)” Guzman How powerful are the cartels? In the state of control of some of the country’s major Loera, one of the world’s richest men, Durango, one cartel states and cities. Especially in those worth more than USD$1-billion. arranged for 14 of its states bordering the U.S.—Chihuahua, Sinaloa is Mexico’s largest producer of incarcerated members Coahuila, Sonora, Baja California, methamphetamines and a major grower to be released Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas—levels of marijuana (government officials overnight from their of cartel influence and the resulting recently uncovered a 2 120 hectare jail so they could violence remain extremely high. marijuana plantation in Baja California). murder 18 rival gang members at a party The cartels no longer devote It remains most active on the west coast. in a neighbouring themselves solely to drugs. Many This cartel is known for bribery of state. They returned have expanded to include kidnapping, public officials as its major tactic. Many to their prison after extortion, and human smuggling among also believe it has bought favours from the murders and, of their illegal activities. the government by providing evidence course, to protection Gun running is also a major activity. against some of its rival cartels. It from revenge by the Relaxed gun-control policies in the operates in 16 Mexican states. rival gang. United States have made it easy for One of those rivals is Los Zetas, the cartels to purchase sophisticated widely known as the most brutal of all Digging Deeper weaponry for smuggling into Mexico. As the cartels. It is an offshoot of the Gulf For more on the a result, the cartels are often a match for cartel made up of ex-members of the Mexican drug cartels the authorities in gun battles. Mexican Special Forces and operates go to the CBC Where they are active, the cartels mostly on the Gulf coast. Beheadings, website at www. cbc.ca/news/world/ often exert influence over the police, arson, torture, and bombings are just story/2011/08/28/f- the military, the justice system, and some of the methods they have used in mexico-drug-cartels. politicians. Sometimes they use bribes the past. It now operates in at least 17 html. to subvert the system; other times they states. intimidate with violence. Many police Until 2010, Los Zetas were the armed and government officials have been wing of the Gulf cartel, centered in the killed as examples to others. Lately northern state of Tamaulipas. The Gulf journalists who publicize cartel activities cartel has been weakened by arrests and have also become favourite targets. infighting among its leaders, as well as turf wars with Los Zetas. But it remains The Big Three a significant player in the drug traffic There are many major and minor players along the Texas border. among the cartels, but three in particular are deserving of mention. Follow-up 1. With a partner, compare your answers with the questions in the Focus for Reading. Help each other complete any missing information.

2. How effective do you think the Mexican government’s war on the drug cartels has been since it began in 2000?

3. What are the main reasons for the continued inﬂuence of drug cartels in Mexican society today?

4. What steps do you think would be required for the Mexican government to achieve victory over the drug cartels?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 46 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO Mexico in Crisis: The Response of Two Presidents

Quote Focus for Reading Bernardo León, a In your notebook, organize your notes on this section under the following legal adviser to the headings: government, summed • Roadblocks for the government in the war against drugs up the situation: “In • Government action and successes under President Vicente Fox (2000–06) Mexico the law is an • New problems under Fox aspiration, not the • Government action and successes under President Felipe Calderón (2006–12) norm. We made many • New problems under Calderón laws to look good, not to obey them. Politicians, Police, the War on Drugs investigation in Mexico is the work of There is no public the office of the Attorney General. At the condemnation of Drug cartels were active in Mexico for lawbreakers” (The decades before the Mexican government state level, it is the responsibility of the Economist, November began to take them seriously in 2000. But AG’s counterparts there. The system is 18, 2006). a concerted attempt to deal with the social notoriously inefficient. As a result, about and economic impact of cartel activity 75 per cent of crimes are never reported. had to await the election of Vicente Fox of Of those that are reported, fewer than 10 the National Action Party (PAN). per cent are ever prosecuted successfully. Fox inherited a situation in which the cartels had infiltrated all levels of A New Approach government—municipal, state, and After being elected president of Mexico federal. Officials, bribed or provided in 2000, Vicente Fox was determined to with “product,” were content to ignore change the government’s way of fighting the cartels. Most of their activities the drug cartels. He began by creating involved smuggling drugs into the United a new national police force, the Federal States, the country that really drove the Investigations Agency (AFI), modelled demand for illegal drugs, especially after the Federal Bureau of Investigation methamphetamines and cocaine. (FBI) in the United States. The various Mexican police forces Fox also began using the army to were a special problem. Policing enforce the law and deal with the in Mexico is still largely a local increasingly violent activities of responsibility. As a result, there are drug cartels. One of the most notable about 400 000 police officers scattered examples of this approach was in the across hundreds of different forces and city of Nuevo Laredo on the border with jurisdictions. A 2006 study reported Texas. The city was without a police that, on average, they had six years of chief for some time after two were schooling and only two weeks of training murdered in 2005. More than once troops before becoming officers. Pay averaged were sent to patrol the city and make USD$370 a month, and 35 per cent of arrests; on occasion they were also used them admitted to using drugs. About 40 to search vehicles at border crossings to per cent leave the police each year for and from the U.S. other jobs. In the most violent regions, Fox’s efforts did result in the capture of many actively work in support of the several cartel leaders and the seizure of drug cartels. record amounts of drugs. The government Mexican police are not trained as an also extradited about 50 suspected drug investigative force. Federally, criminal traffickers to the U.S.—something it had

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 47 been reluctant to do in the past. Yet another effect of the drug war has With success came new problems. By been a large increase in the number of weakening some cartels the government smaller organized crime groups. One created opportunities for the expansion estimate by a leading academic placed of others. As well, the demand for illegal the number of such groups in 2007 at drugs in Mexico was growing. Turf wars 11; by 2010 that estimate had risen to broke out among the gangs, resulting in 114. Predicting the future activities of all frequent violence in recent years. And the these groups poses a major challenge to cartels have turned to other kinds of crime, the government. especially kidnapping and extortion, as In Mexico 2012 is a presidential further sources of illegal income. By 2005, election year. Under the country’s nearing the end of his six-year presidency, constitution, the president may serve Fox referred to the fight against the cartels only one six-year term and is barred as the mother of all wars. from seeking re-election. This means that Mexicans will be selecting a new The Mexican Drug War president who will inherit the drug war The election of Felipe Calderón in 2006 his two predecessors have fought but is considered to be the real start of what failed to win. Many believe that the is now referred to as the Mexican Drug election will be a referendum on the War. Immediately after his election, drug war begun by Fox and pursued Calderón expanded the use of the by Calderón, both of whom represent military, sending troops into Michoacan, PAN. Mexicans are tired of the violence Tijuana, and Acapulco. In the areas and appalled by the number of human considered most corrupt, the troops rights abuses that have been attributed immediately disarmed the police and to the military in their actions against then tested their weapons for ballistic the cartels. Enrique Peña Nieto of evidence that they might have been used the Institutional Revolutionary Party in committing cartel-related crimes. (PRI) currently holds a 10-point lead The level of violence, however, in the opinion polls over his two major continues to rise. In 2005 there were opponents, Andres Lopez Manuel 1 600 murders linked to organized crime, Obrador of the left-leaning PRD and by 2006 the number was 2 200. By (Democratic Revolution Party), who 2011 the total had risen to more than narrowly lost to Calderón in 2006, and 14 000. In all, approximately 50 000 Josefina Vazquez Mota of PAN, the first people were killed between 2006 and woman in Mexican history to run for 2011 in cartel-driven violence. According president from one of the three main to the government, at least 90 per cent parties. The outcome of the contest—and of those killed were gang members or the future direction of Mexico’s drug associates, with the remainder being war—will be determined on Election innocent victims or bystanders. Day, July 1, 2012. Follow-up 1. With a partner, review the notes you made on the information in this section based on the headings in the Focus for Reading. Help each other complete any missing information. 2. Based on the information in this guide and what you have seen in the video, what advice would you give to Mexico’s next president on how to deal with the drug cartels? Are there changes you feel he or she could make to make the drug war more effective and possibly even win it?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 48 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO Canada and the World Respond

This section of the guide is divided into two parts. The first part looks at how Quote Mexico’s allies are helping or hindering it in its war against the drug cartels. The The British magazine second part looks at recent recommendations—international and Canadian—on The Economist how to approach the problems associated with drug abuse. Create an organizer (November 18, in your notebook and answer the following questions as you read the article: 2006) identified a fundamental reason • Why is the United States such an important factor in Mexico’s war against for the growth of the drugs? cartels: “The violence • What role is the United States playing in the Mexican war against drugs? in Mexico is in large • How is Canada involving itself in the drug war? part a result of the • How would the Global Commission on Drug Policy like to see countries deal continuing failure with the problems caused by illegal drugs? of drug policy in the • What does a recent Canadian study contribute to the discussion of the war on United States. Over drugs? the past decade the locus of power in The rise of the drug cartels is not solely attributable to conditions in Mexico the drug trade, as itself. Although organized crime in the country has diversified in recent years, in so many other illegal drugs remain the major source of their income. And the bulk of those businesses, has moved drugs are not being sold in Mexico. closer to the final consumer. That means Drugs and the United States Assisting Mexico with Its Drug it has shifted from A “war on drugs” has been a feature of War Colombia to Mexico, United States policy for presidents of The United States has tried to assist which is now the both the Republican and Democratic Mexico in its fight against the cartels. gateway for up to 90 parties since Richard Nixon (1969– In 2008, the Mérida Initiative became a per cent of cocaine entering the United 1974), who first used the term. Under security arrangement joining the U.S., States, as well as ever- George H.W. Bush (1989–1993), the Mexico, and the Central American increasing amounts country even appointed a drug czar to countries of Guatemala, Nicaragua, El of marijuana and lead its fight against the use of illegal Salvador, Costa Rica, and Honduras in a methamphetamine.” drugs. An Office of National Drug fight against drug trafficking, organized Control Policy (ONDCP) is currently crime, and money laundering. Much of charged with overseeing the fight. the U.S. assistance is financial—$300- But while the country has some of million to Mexico and $65-million to the toughest drug abuse legislation in Central America in 2008—but it also the world—with mandatory sentences includes special equipment, police common in many states—the use of training, and shared intelligence. illegal drugs has continued to rise. The United States is also looking for In 2009 the administration of Barack ways to keep U.S. guns out of the hands Obama stopped using the term war on of the Mexican cartels. Guns are easy to drugs to describe its policies. It remains obtain legally in the U.S., and the cartels committed, however, to keeping the use of are good at smuggling them into Mexico. all drugs illegal. This policy seems to have In 2009 and 2010, at least 70 per cent of the support of the majority of Americans. the guns captured by Mexican authorities A recent referendum in California—which could be traced back to the U.S. shares a border with Mexico and is Recently, a report by three U.S. senators considered one of the most liberal states has called for a new plan to prevent the when it comes to drug use—turned down illegal export of firearms to Mexico. a proposal to legalize marijuana.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 49 Canada has also joined the battle. On than a criminal problem. This approach Digging Deeper March 26–27, 2012, a meeting in Ottawa has been endorsed by a recent report For more on the new defence agreement, of the Canadian, U.S., and Mexican (available at www.openmedicine. go to www.cbc. defence ministers established a new ca/article/view/501/455) prepared by ca/news/world/ co-operative framework to confront the Chief Medical Health Officers of story/2012/03/27/pol- a variety of threats to North America. British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and defence-summit- Specifically targeted were the problems Nova Scotia, along with a professor of tuesday.html. caused by Mexico’s drug cartels. medicine at the University of British Columbia. The Global Commission on Drug The authors argue that the federal Policy government should do away with Meanwhile an international commission mandatory minimum sentences for drug has called for an end to the war on drugs. crimes and “use scientific evidence to The Global Commission on Drug Policy create drug policies that work” (The (GCDP) was formed to explore ways in Globe and Mail, March 28, 2012). which national policies on illegal drugs The authors also argue that almost all could be improved to better deal with the resources aimed at controlling drug use problems the use of drugs causes. now go into policing, and that there is The commission (www.global little evidence that shows this has any commissionondrugs.org/what-we-do/) effect in lowering drug use. has three main goals: The paper points out that there is • review the basic assumption, increasing evidence that focusing on effectiveness, and consequences of the social programs, including counselling “war on drugs” approach and treatment programs, reduces the • evaluate the risks and benefits of serious problems linked to drug use. different national responses to the drug Other approaches, such as government problem regulation of the sale of soft drugs like • develop actionable, evidence-based marijuana, could eliminate many of the recommendations for constructive legal social problems caused by the use of that and drug-policy reform drug. The commission urges that drug abuse be treated as a health issue rather Follow-up 1. With a partner, compare the information in your organizer. Help each other complete any missing information.

2. In this article we have two approaches to dealing with drugs: making them illegal, stopping them at the source, and charging their users with a criminal offence; or legalizing the distribution of “soft” drugs and treating the use of other drugs as a health problem. What do you think are the main advantages and disadvantages of each approach? Do both approaches have a role to play in our policies on drugs? Which one should be our main focus as Canadians?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 50 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO The Canadian Connection Reading Prompt Before reading this section, write down some words or phrases that would express your impressions of Mexico—both positive and negative.

For the most part, Canadians think of years. That’s more than the number of Mexico as a land of fun and sun and as civilians killed in the war in Afghanistan a place to spend a winter holiday away over the same time period. from the cold. In 2010 about 1.6 million of us visited the country. “2) You can ﬂy there, but you shouldn’t Despite its popularity with tourists, drive there. Canadians seem to have a fairly poor “Crossing the border to Mexico from impression of Mexico. A 2010 survey the U.S. isn’t the same as crossing conducted by Leger Marketing reported into the U.S. from Canada after a day that only 39 per cent of Canadians had of shopping. Much of the violence a favourable view of Mexico; 47 per in Mexico is concentrated along the cent had a negative view (www.focal.ca/ American border, where the drug war publications/focalpoint/474-july-2011- runs rampant. armony-and-jedwab). Media coverage of Mexico is often “3) Cruise ships sit among drug cartels. cited as a main reason for this negative “Tourists and their cruise ships ﬂock to image of the country among Canadians. the state of Sinaloa because it’s home 2010 was a banner year for stories about to Mazatlan, a beach-side resort town. Mexico in the Canadian media. About But the state is also home to the world’s 23 000 stories were published, but only most infamous drug lord, Joaquin ‘El 20 per cent of them showed the country Chapo’ Guzman, whose nickname means in a favourable light. ‘Shorty’ due to his diminutive size.”

Very Scary? Add to this the warning from the Consider this example of media Canadian government on the Department coverage, from a January 24, 2012, of Foreign Affairs website: article in the National Post (http://news. “OFFICIAL WARNING: Foreign Affairs nationalpost.com/2012/01/24/canadians- and International Trade Canada advises ﬂock-to-mexico-despite-ongoing-drug- against non-essential travel to the border war/): areas between Mexico and the United States, due to continuously high levels “Here are three things you may not know of violence linked to organized crime in about Mexico. those areas. “Canadians should avoid crossing “1) They have a city that’s deadlier than Mexico’s northern border by land and all of Afghanistan. should do so only if it is absolutely “Ciudad Juarez, a city on the Rio Grande necessary, after making appropriate just south of El Paso, Texas, is overrun arrangements to ensure their personal by drug cartels trying to wipe each other safety. Shootouts, attacks, and illegal out by spilling blood. In December, the roadblocks may occur at any time. city surpassed 10 000 homicides in four Criminals especially target SUVs

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 51 and full-size pickup trucks for theft permanent expatriate Canadian residents, Quote and carjacking along highways in the mainly retirees. Some 8 000 of them live Gordon Kendall was one of two Canadians states of Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, in Ajijic, on Lake Chapala, about a 30- believed to have been Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, minute drive from Guadalajara, Mexico’s involved in the drug Durango, Sonora, and Sinaloa. fifth-largest city. It is believed to be trade who were killed Travellers should also avoid travelling the largest concentration of expatriate in the resort town by land to or through these border states Canadians in the world. They are all of Puerto Vallarta in and should do so only if it is absolutely pleased to point out that their community 2009. Kendall’s father necessary, and after making appropriate is actually safer than the city of Toronto. has some advice for anyone hoping to arrangements to ensure their personal Mexico is also Canada’s third-largest profit by dealing with safety” (www.voyage.gc.ca/countries_ trading partner, with about $20-billion Mexican drug cartels. pays/report_rapport-eng.asp?id=184000). per year in two-way trade. Mexico is “After what we’ve home to the foreign operations of about gone through and not Just the Facts, Please 2 500 Canadian corporations and a focus having the chance to Countering this type of publicity is a for the expansion of Canadian economic say our goodbyes to ties with the nations of Latin America. Gordon and [Gordon’s story in the January 25, 2012, issue of friend] Jeff, I would The Globe and Mail. It reported that say get your ducks in this winter, with at least one million The Drug Connection a row before you go Canadian tourists in the country, Do illegal drugs from Mexico come down there. Say your two Canadians visiting Mexico were into Canada? They do, with most of the goodbyes because murdered and another five reported being traffic believed to be from the United there’s a very good assaulted. In 2010—the year that 1.6- States across the border between Detroit, chance your family is going to hear on TV of million Canadians visited—six murders Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario. Much your demise” (www. and 50 assaults were reported, a low of that traffic is in cocaine. cbc.ca/news/canada/ number that would be hard to match in Recently some British Columbia british-columbia/ many other countries. gangsters have started dealing with the story/2012/03/05/bc- Tourists certainly seem to believe they Mexican cartels, and five of them have mexico-gangs.html). are safe in Mexico’s resorts. In 2009 been killed between 2007 and 2012. (October 12), Maclean’s reported that Increasingly B.C. gang members seem tourists are not targets in the Mexican to be trying to cut out the middlemen drug wars—and that they realize that. (distributors in the United States) A survey taken in March 2012 on the and deal directly with their Mexican Mexican Riviera reported that 100 per sources. A kilogram of cocaine from a cent of tourists felt safe within their U.S. supplier costs a B.C. dealer about resorts; 96 per cent felt safe on tours. $20 000. That same kilogram is about Mexico is home to about 50 000 $8 000 to $10 000 in Mexico. Follow-up 1. With a partner, review the list of words or phrases that expressed your impressions of Mexico that you made before reading this section. Did reading it change or confirm your impressions? Discuss your responses with your partner.

2. Based on what you have read in this section, is Mexico a safe destination for Canadian tourists? What steps should tourists to Mexico take to ensure their personal safety?

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 52 THE DRUG WAR IN MEXICO Activity: How to Deal with Drugs

How to deal with drug abuse remains a major problem for Mexicans and Canadians alike. Mexico’s drug war may be especially violent, but drug abuse takes its toll on Canadian society as well.

In the Canada and the World Respond section, we read about a serious movement to have governments look at drug abuse as a health issue rather than a problem for the police and the justice system, and to treat drug abusers as people suffering from an illness, rather than as criminals. Supporters of this idea like to point to the example of Portugal. In 2001 the country decriminalized drug use and began treating addicts rather than punishing them. Restricted drug use has not been legalized, but users are not arrested. Instead they are forced to appear before special addiction panels that recommend treatment based on each case’s speciﬁcs. The number of addicts in Portugal has declined by 50 per cent since the 1990s.

Your Task 1. Should Canada adopt a drug policy similar to that of Portugal? As a class, brainstorm the pros and cons for Canadians of decriminalizing drug use in conjunction with expanded treatment for addicts. Once you have developed your lists, vote to determine an overall recommendation for or against a new policy.

2. Would decriminalization of drugs help to alleviate the drug wars in Mexico? Again, as a class brainstorm the pros and cons of Mexico’s decriminalizing drug use among its own population. Would this have an effect on the government’s ongoing conﬂict with the drug cartels? Would either side be weakened or strengthened by such a policy? Hold a second class vote to determine a recommendation for or against decriminalization.

CBC News in Review • April 2012 • Page 53 News in Review Index A list of the stories covered last season and to date in the current season is provided below.

The complete chronological index for all 21 seasons of News in Review and a subject- oriented index listing News in Review stories appropriate for various subject areas can be accessed through our Web site at http://newsinreview.cbclearning.ca.

SEPTEMBER 2010 SEPTEMBER 2011 The Controversy Over the Census The Massacre in Norway The G20 Summit: Talks and Teargas War and Famine in Somalia The Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico The 9/11 Attacks: Ten Years Later Residential Schools: Truth and Healing Life, Work, and Smartphones OCTOBER 2010 OCTOBER 2011 The Tamil Boat People Controversy The Life and Death of Jack Layton Pakistan’s Catastrophic Floods Terry Fox: Remembering a Canadian Hero The Fate of the Long-Gun Registry Libya and the Fall of Gadhaﬁ Journey Back to Nagasaki The Vancouver Riot: What Went Wrong? NOVEMBER 2010 NOVEMBER 2011 Hurricane Igor Hits Newfoundland Teen Suicide: Breaking the Silence Canada’s New Governor General The Eurozone and the Economic Crisis Afghanistan: A Frontline Report Amanda Lindhout’s African Journey BPA: The Chemical Inside Us Coping with the Stress of Graduation DECEMBER 2010 DECEMBER 2011 The Trial of Omar Khadr The Rise of the Occupy Movement The Oil Sands and the PR War Canada’s Controversial Crime Bill A New Campaign to Fight Bullying The Struggle to Save Canada’s Farmland The Rescue of the Chilean Miners Healing the Invisible Wounds of War FEBRUARY 2011 FEBRUARY 2012 Wikileaks and the Information War The Emergency in Attawapiskat Haiti in a Time of Cholera Canada and the Jobless Crisis The Assassination of Raﬁk Hariri The Horror and Fear of Honour Killing How Healthy Are Canadians? The Bloodbath in Syria MARCH 2011 MARCH 2012 Parliament and the Election Question The Great Oil Pipeline Debate Egypt and the Days of Anger Egypt’s Revolution One Year Later The Shooting of Gabrielle Giffords Research In Motion’s High-tech Woes Vacation Nightmare in Mexico The Vancouver Hockey Riot APRIL 2011 Japan and the Nuclear Nightmare The Uprising in Libya Hockey and the Concussion Debate How Facebook Changed the World

MAY 2011 CBC Learning Canadians Vote in a Spring Election P.O. Box 500, Station A Canada and the Afghanistan Legacy Toronto, Ontario, Canada Revising the History of the Americas M5W 1E6 The Real Story of the King’s Speech Tel: (416) 205-6384 Fax: (416) 205-2376 E-mail: [email protected]

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