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Amblyomma Cohaerens and Boophilus Decoloratus Institute of Agronomy and Animal Production in the Tropics Georg-August-University Göttingen Seasonal dynamics of ticks (Amblyomma cohaerens and Boophilus decoloratus) and development of a management plan for tick and tick born diseases control on cattle in Jimma zone, Southwestern Ethiopia Doctoral dissertation submitted for the degree of doctor of Agricultural Science of the Faculty of Agriculture, Georg-August-University Göttingen Submitted by Abebaw Gashaw Kebede born July 17, 1960 in Ethiopia Göttingen, September 2004 II D7 Referent: Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Böhnel Co-referent: Prof. Dr. Dr.h.c. Udo ter Meulen Date of oral examination 18th October 2004 III Dedicated To my parents and wife Mihret Terefe With love Table of content Table of content ................................................................................................................... I List of abbreviations used in the thesis............................................................................. III List of tables in the text..................................................................................................... IV List of figures in the text.....................................................................................................V List of tables in the appendices......................................................................................... VI 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Ethiopian livestock production ................................................................................ 3 2.2. Tick .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1. Tick biology...................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2. Development of ticks and influencing factors .................................................. 9 2.2.3. Ticks distribution of Ethiopia ......................................................................... 24 2.2.4. Pathogenic effect of ticks................................................................................ 30 2.2.5. Control measures for ticks .............................................................................. 35 2.2.6. Procedures of tick collection, preservation, and culture................................. 47 2.3. Tick-born diseases ................................................................................................. 50 2.3.1. Characteristic features of tick born diseases................................................... 50 2.3.2. Distribution of the major pathogens ............................................................... 50 2.3.3. Enzootic stability (Premunity) ........................................................................ 62 2.3.4. TBD- diagnostic sample preparation and identification ................................. 63 2.4. Tick and tick born diseases management............................................................... 64 2.4.1. Tick management............................................................................................ 65 2.4.2. Tick born diseases management ..................................................................... 68 3. Own investigation ......................................................................................................... 69 3.1. Jimma Zone............................................................................................................ 69 3.1.1. Geographical description ................................................................................ 69 3.1.2. Climate............................................................................................................ 71 3.1.3. Land use, soil, forest and wild life.................................................................. 71 3.1.4. Livestock......................................................................................................... 73 3.1.5. Human population........................................................................................... 74 II 3.2. Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 75 3.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 75 3.2.2. Methods........................................................................................................... 79 3.2.3. Analysis........................................................................................................... 88 4. Results........................................................................................................................... 89 4.1. Results of the population dynamics ....................................................................... 89 4.2. Results of the seasonal dynamics........................................................................... 90 4.3. Climatic effect on infestation................................................................................. 93 4.4. Agro-ecological effect on tick population ............................................................. 95 5. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 98 6. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 103 6.1. Cattle tick control management proposal for Jimma zone................................... 103 6.2. Countrywide tick control management recommendation.................................... 108 7. Summary..................................................................................................................... 113 8. Zusammenfassung....................................................................................................... 115 9. Acknowledgments....................................................................................................... 118 10. Reference .................................................................................................................. 119 11. Lebenslauf................................................................................................................. 128 12. Appendices................................................................................................................ 129 III List of abbreviations used in the thesis AAU = Addis Ababa University CPA = Central Planning Authority CSA = Central Statistics Authority CV = Coefficient of variation EASE = Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration ECF = East Cost Fever ESAP = Ethiopia Society of Animal Production EVA = Ethiopian Veterinary Association FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation GDP = Gross Domestic Product HSIU = Hailesilasi First University IAR = Institute of Agricultural Research Ig = Immunoglobulin ILCA = International Livestock Center for Africa ILRAD = International Laboratory for Research on Animal Disease ILRI = International Livestock Research Institute JUCA = Jimma University College of agriculture LD50 = Lethal dose for 50 % of treated target animals MRL = Maximum residual limit NGOs = Non Governmental Organizations NLIC = National Livestock Improvement Conference OAU = Organization of Africa Unity OIE = Office International des Epizooties SE = Standard Error TBD = Tick Born Disease UNDP = United Nation Development Program IV List of tables in the text Table 1. Number of livestock, poultry and beehives population by type and sex, for private holdings national 2001 excluding nomadic areas (CSA, 2002).......... 3 Table 2. Traditional division of climatic zones in Ethiopia......................................... 4 Table 3. Economically important tick species in Ethiopia (Mekonnen, 1996)...... 25 Table 4. Ways of application and concentration of compounds used for tick control in Ethiopia (Redley, 1991; Mekonnen, 1998)............................................... 41 Table 5. Distribution of tick born disease agents in Ethiopia (Mekonnen, 1998) . 61 Table 6. Distribution of area and holders by type of land use for private holdings in Jimma zone (CACC, 2003)........................................................................... 72 Table 7. Distribution of cropland area in hectares by crop categories Jimma zone (CACC, 2003)............................................................................................... 73 Table 8. Number of livestock and poultry in Jimma zone by sex in all holdings 2001/2002 in thousands (CACC, 2003)........................................................ 74 Table 9. Keys for classification the genera hard ticks (Ixodidae) Hoogstraal (1956) 80 Table 10. Identification of Amblyomma cohaerens and Boophilus decoloratus .......... 86 Table 11. Tick species collected during the study period............................................ 89 Table 12. Overall means, Least squares means (and S.E.), CV. (%) and F-test of effects of year and site for larva plus nymph, adult and total Amblyomma cohaerens................................................................................................... 92 Table 13. Overall means, Least squares means (and S.E.), CV. (%) and F-test of effects of year and site for larva plus nymph, adult and total
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