Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Deliverable D.4.1.1 – Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions 16/12/2015 – 07/09/2018: A large-scale web GIS map of possible underground interferences with Near-Surface Geothermal Energy systems will be published online, together with a reference guide explaining how the input data were collected, homogenized and processed.

Version: Revision 02, 04 September 2018 This document was written in the framework of the ERDF funded project GRETA (16/12/2015 – 14/12/2018). It is the first deliverable of the Work Package 4 (or WPT3 according to the EmS numbering of WPs) “Assessment and mapping of the potential of Near-Surface Geothermal Energy (NSGE)”. The Politecnico di Torino (POLITO), as responsible partner of WP4, developed this report with contribution of the following project partners: TUM, EURAC, ARPA Valle d’Aosta, GeoZS, BRGM, GBA, University of Basel, and Regione Lombardia. This deliverable deals with the large-scale mapping of geological features and other factors (environmental issues, bans, law restrictions, etc.) which may interfere with the installation of Borehole Heat Exchangers and/or water wells for Ground Water Heat Pumps. For this assessment, the involved partners collected and processed geo-referenced data of such features, which were put together in a Web GIS available on line. Also, partners provided sources for other kinds of data (books, articles, papers, web-viewer, pdf maps etc.) which are not in GIS formats. This report therefore serves as a reference guide of the Web GIS and as a complementary source of information about risks, interferences, issues and possible solutions for installers, designers, and public authorities involved in the design, approval and installation of NSGE systems.

GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. Send us an email at [email protected] and see more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ...... 4 1.1 Partner’s involvement ...... 5 1.2 Acronyms and definitions referring to NSGE ...... 5 1.3 Literature review on existing mapping projects ...... 6 1.3.1 Italy: the Vigor project ...... 6 1.3.2 France: statutory zones ...... 7 1.3.3 Austria: Salzburg heat pump information system ...... 9 2 Ground interferences and hazards for NSGE systems: a literature review...... 10 2.1 Confined and artesian aquifers ...... 11 2.2 Evaporites (soluble or swelling layers) ...... 12 2.2.1 Swelling Anhydrites ...... 13 2.2.2 Salt rocks ...... 13 2.3 Landslide areas ...... 14 2.4 Karst areas ...... 15 2.5 Mining areas and pits ...... 15 2.6 Landfills and contaminated sites ...... 16 2.7 Drinking water resources ...... 16 2.8 Coastal aquifers ...... 16 2.9 Clogging, rust and corrosion due to particular groundwater chemistry ...... 17 2.10 Shallow gas layers ...... 18 3 Assessment among partners and with stakeholders ...... 19 3.1 Survey among practitioners ...... 19 3.2 List of features mapped in the Alpine Space regions ...... 21 4 Existing WebGIS of interferences in the Alpine Space ...... 22 4.1 Switzerland ...... 22 4.1.1 Kanton Basel-Landschaft ...... 23 4.2 The German territory ...... 26 4.2.1 Land Bayern ...... 26 4.2.2 Land Baden-Württemberg ...... 31 5 The Greta WebGIS tool ...... 35 5.1 Disclaimer ...... 36 5.2 Italian regions involved ...... 37 5.3 The French territory involved ...... 39 5.4 Austria ...... 39 5.5 Slovenia ...... 39 6 Data for the WebGIS ...... 41 6.1 Overall analysis of data availability ...... 41 6.2 Data sources at European/World scale ...... 41 6.2.1 OneGeology ...... 42 6.2.2 International Hydrogeological Map of Europe ...... 42 6.2.3 World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) ...... 43 6.3 Data on the Italian territory ...... 44 6.3.1 Landslides ...... 44 6.3.2 Evaporites ...... 45 6.3.3 Water protection areas ...... 45 6.3.4 Data at regional level ...... 45 6.4 Data on the French territory ...... 50 6.5 Data on the Austrian territory ...... 51 2/64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

6.5.1 Karst areas ...... 51 6.5.2 Multiple and artesian aquifers ...... 51 6.5.3 Evaporites: anhydrites, gypsum and salt ...... 52 6.5.4 Mining areas ...... 52 6.5.5 Gas occurrence ...... 53 6.5.6 Landslides (mass movements) ...... 53 6.5.7 Contaminated sites (“Altlasten”) ...... 53 6.5.8 Approval (NSGE authorization procedures) ...... 54 6.6 Data on the Slovenian territory ...... 55 6.6.1 Anhydrites ...... 55 6.6.2 Landslides ...... 55 6.6.3 Mining areas and quarries ...... 55 6.6.4 Landfills ...... 56 6.6.5 Karst areas and cavities ...... 56 6.6.6 Artesian aquifers ...... 56 6.6.7 Water protection areas ...... 57 7 Conclusions ...... 58 References ...... 59

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1 Introduction This catalogue deals with the large-scale mapping of underground features (geological conditions, environmental issues, bans and law restrictions, etc.) which may interfere with the installation of Borehole Heat Exchangers and/or water wells. The choice of the map layers reflects previous interferences occurred in consequence of the installation of Near-Surface Geothermal Energy systems.

Risk areas indicated on this large-scale map are provided to serve as information base to support preliminary investigation but cannot substitute detailed planning. The location of an installation in one of the identified endangered zones solely indicates a higher probability of risk. As geology and hydrogeology of the underground is not fully predictable, local scale assessment is needed to clarify the risk potential.

The large-scale map viewer was conceived to show the broad applicability of NSGE systems in the Alpine territories by displaying the areas which present issues able to complicate NSGE installations, causing over-costs, authorisation problems or particular technical precautions. Near Surface Geothermal Energy (NSGE), is considered as a safe and low impact technology. Nevertheless, in the past, problems occurred to some plants and a few accidents were caused by the installation of GSHPs. Impacts can involve the environment, the aquifer water quality and the structures surrounding the plant. These issues are often due to the insufficient knowledge about the territory or to installation errors. For this reason, the GRETA partners have identified and mapped geological, hydrogeological and anthropic pre-existing conditions able to produce interferences with the installation of GSHPs in the Alpine areas. The identification of these issues during the preliminary project phase of a NSGE plant, helps to adopt the best solutions in terms of efficiency, costs and durability of the installations. As explained later, most of these interferences do not impede the installation of geothermal plants, but they should be considered in the design phase.

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1.1 Partner’s involvement No. Partner Contact E-mail Kai Zosseder [email protected] 1 TUM (Project leader)

Fabian Böttcher [email protected]

2 ARPA VdA Pietro Capodaglio [email protected] Magdalena Bottig [email protected] 3 GBA Gregor Götzl [email protected] Joerg Prestor [email protected] 4 GeoZS Simona Pestotnik [email protected] Dušan Rajver mailto:[email protected] Charles Maragna [email protected] 5 BRGM Pierre Durst [email protected] Alessandro Casasso [email protected] Rajandrea Sethi [email protected] Alberto Tiraferri [email protected] 6 POLITO (WP leader) Simone Della Valentina [email protected] Arianna Bucci [email protected] Tiziana Tosco [email protected] Pietro Zambelli [email protected] Chiara Scaramuzzino [email protected] 7 EURAC Andrea Vianello [email protected] Valentina D’Alonzo [email protected]

8 Uni Basel Peter Huggenberger [email protected]

1.2 Acronyms and definitions referring to NSGE AS: Alpine Space BHE: Borehole Heat Exchanger DSGSD: Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation FLEQ: Full Load Equivalent hours GSHP: Ground Source Heat Pump GWHP: Ground Water Heat Pump NSGE: Near Surface Geothermal Energy SHC: Shallow Heat Collector

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1.3 Literature review on existing mapping projects This section presents a brief summary of some existing mapping projects of geological constraints, able to interfere with the installation of GSHPs. Some of these examples are freely available WebGIS services. N.B. some of these documents are written in national languages.

1.3.1 Italy: the Vigor project The Italian Ministry of economic development and the CNR (the Italian national research council) accomplished in 2014 a project about geothermal energy in four of the southern Italian regions, called Vigor. Two of the many outputs of this project are: the map of the eligibility to the installation of open loop systems (Figure 1) and the map of closed loop potential (Deliverable 4.2.1). These maps and further details about the project are available online at http://www.vigor-geotermia.it

Figure 1: Map of the eligibility to the installation of open loop systems in the southern Italian regions. Violet=high potential; turquois=good potential; blue=low potential; grey=unsuitable areas.

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1.3.2 France: statutory zones In France geothermal energy is ruled by the Mining Act (Code Minier) and subject to authorization. A simplified declarative system (minime importance) may apply if the three following criteria are met: - the power extracted from the ground < 500 kW; - the borehole depth is < 200 m; - the fluid temperature < 25 °C. The minime importance covers shallow geothermal energy in most cases. This simplified declarative system is relevant for both geothermal use of aquifers and borehole heat exchangers. Geological, hydrogeological and environmental phenomena may occur during the completion of a geothermal drilling. The French public institutions BRGM and CEREMA made an inventory of phenomena to be taken into account on the basis of known or feared issues caused by geothermal drillings [1]. Nine phenomena able to create issues to installation of GSHPs were identified, the majority of them being related to real existing cases: - Subsidence/raising related to evaporitic levels - Subsidence/collapse related to cavities (excluding mines) - Subsidence/collapse related to mining cavities - Ground movements (or landslides) - Pollution of soils and groundwater - Artesian phenomena - Aquifer communication - Rising groundwater causing floods in superficial aquifers - Salted water wedge (only in coastal regions). The census was used in the French regulatory mapping (see GRETA Del. 2.2.1). A multi-criteria analysis was performed for both borehole heat exchangers and open-loop exchangers. For every feared phenomenon, the hazard was estimated in every cell of the GIS, and a weighting system applied. A “final level” was obtained as the sum of the contribution from each phenomenon. Two weighting matrices were developed: one at national level, the second one at regional level. There are more possible hazard values at regional level since data of better quality is expected to be used. Table 1 reports the example of weighting system for the regional level.

There are two levels of output: - On a national scale (preliminary map), a GIS map has been produced with a resolution of 500 m × 500 m, with a single layer integrating the risk from 10 to 200 m. The map was delivered in 2015. - On a regional level, the map may split into 3 depth intervals: 10-50 m, 10-100 m and 10-200 m, with a resolution of, respectively, 100 m × 100 m, 250 m × 250 m, and 500 m × 500 m.

The map is available for consultation at http://www.geothermie-perspectives.fr/cartographie (in French only) and an example screenshot is shown in Figure 2.

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Table 1: weighting matrix at regional level for France Statutory zones made by BRGM

Weighting factor (WF) Feared Phenomena Hazard final level Open loop BHE systems Subsidence/raising related to evaporitic levels 0/1/5/7 6 10 hazard * WF Subsidence/collapse related to cavities (excluding mines) 0/1/2/3/5/7 2 2 hazard * WF Subsidence/collapse related to mining cavities 0/1/3/5/7 2 2 hazard * WF Ground movements (or landslides) 0/1/2/3/5/7 2 2 hazard * WF Pollution of soils and groundwater 0/1/4/6/10 3 3 hazard * WF Artesian phenomena 0/3/7 2 4 hazard * WF Aquifer communication 0/1/4 4 4 hazard * WF Saltwater wedge 0/1 2 0 hazard * WF Rising groundwater 0/1/4 4 0 hazard * WF

Final value Sum

Green: Orange: Red: Color classification based on the final value [0-13] [14-41] >41

Figure 2: Screenshot from the WebGIS of Geothermie Perspectives: map of suitability for closed-loop shallow geothermal systems.

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1.3.3 Austria: Salzburg heat pump information system The Salzburg Quality Network for Heat Pumps, a cooperation of the government of the federal state of Salzburg, the association of sanitary, heating and ventilation technicians and the Salzburg AG (energy supplier) started the “heat pump information system” project. The aim of the project is to provide a decision supporting tool, showing the suitability for the wide range of heat pump systems: water/water HPs, brine/water HPs and air/water HPs for installers, planners, administration employees and private users. The information system is now online since May 2017 at https://www.salzburg.gv.at/sagisonline, section heat pumps. The heat pump information system is implemented in the “SAGIS” (Salzburg Geographic Information System) of the federal state government, where users can find information on a wide range of topics, from the building to the health sector. The subsection of heat pumps includes maps about:  Exclusion criteria: 25 m radius around wells, existence of evaporites, active landslide areas and water protection areas;  Assessment criteria: 16 maps of water protection areas, mining areas, confined aquifers, mass movements, contaminated sites, flooding areas, etc.;  Potentials for BHE: mean ground temperature, mean thermal conductivity;  Potentials for GWHP: hydraulic potential, technical potential and the thermal potential. The tool provides the estimated potential for HPs on the spot and a report indicating a concise documentation of the HP information system (See Figure 3 as an example).

Figure 3: Example of a location query from the SAGIS Heat Pump Information System, showing the suitability for water/water HPs on a specific spot.

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2 Ground interferences and hazards for NSGE systems: a literature review In this section we present an overview on interferences and risks connected with the installation or the operation of near surface geothermal plants. Some of these interferences will be mapped in a WebGIS reporting the potential underground interferences with Near-Surface Geothermal Energy plants in the Alpine Regions; for the other conditions, references will be provided when available. In general, GSHP systems are classified as a very safe technology: a well-designed GSHP plant can be efficient for decades, with very low safety issues connected to the working phase. Typical issues of the use of fossil fuels, such the risk of fire, explosion and pollution due to spills of the fuel (liquid or gas), are avoided when using NSGE. The most impacting phase over the life-time of a GSHP plant is often the drilling. All drillings, in fact, mean intruding into the subsurface, where unpredictable impacts may occur. These impacts can be in the short or long term, reversible or irreversible: however, most of them do not impede the drilling. When careful planning and drilling is guaranteed, the risk of damage to either the installation or the environment can be lowered significantly, along with the risk of an extra financial burden. Because of this reason, the aim of this document is to show the possible interferences that can occur in the Alpine Space regions during the installation and the cycle of these plants. In this context, the advice is to choose certified companies for planning, drilling and installation works. The contractor is in charge of the appropriate choice of the drilling method and equipment, according to a number of national norms among which the German DIN 18301 [2]. All problems explained in this section can be detected in advance and connected issues avoided adopting existing appropriate techniques. Information on geological issues can orientate the designer/investor/driller to the appropriate heating technology (NSGE/other sources or open loop/closed loop), the appropriate drilling technique, and the characteristics of the BHE/well. For this reason, a WebGIS tool, providing spatial references of these risks will be produced, involving the majority of the Alpine Space, according to available data for each country or region. The geological conditions hereby described can lead to different scenarios: short life-time of the plant or high maintenance costs, groundwater contamination, and ground stability issues (for the borehole, the well or even for surrounding structures and slopes). Open and closed loop systems have some common and some different kind of impacts. For example, particular conditions of the water chemistry can affect more the efficiency of an open loop system than a BHE. Furthermore, a GWHP impacts more the surrounding hydrogeological conditions. BHEs are usually deeper than wells, this means higher risks to face unexpected geological and hydrogeological environments. In general, SHC can be installed even in areas with geotechnical or hydrogeological risks, but these systems usually have lower performance compared to BHE or GWHP. The combination of scenarios and risks is reported in Table 2 for GWHPs and BHEs.

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Table 2: Geotechnical and hydrogeological interferences with NSGE systems and potential impacts.

Potential impacts

Geotechnical and hydrogeological interferences Short plant life- Environmental Ground stability time/high costs impacts problems

BHE+GWHP Interferences between different aquifers GWHP+BHE (groundwater (artesian or confined) (section 2.1) (+installation costs) mixing) Interferences between groundwater and soluble or swelling layers (anhydrites, halite, gypsum…) BHE+GWHP (section 2.2) Interferences with landslide areas Mainly BHE (section Errore. L'origine riferimento non è stata BHE+GWHP (plant demage) trovata.) BHE+GWHP Interferences with karst areas BHE+GWHP (+installation costs/ BHE+GWHP (section 2.4) (aquifer drainage) -efficiency) Interferences with mining areas and pits BHE+GWHP BHE+GWHP (section 2.5) (aquifer pollution) BHE+GWHP Interferences with shallow gas layers (explosion/high (section 2.10) pressure) Interferences with landfills or contaminated sites BHE+GWHP

(section 2.6) (aquifer pollution) Particular groundwater chemistry or hardness Mainly GWHP (section 2.7) (scaling, clogging, corrosion) BHE+GWHP Interferences with drinking water resources (aquifer (section 2.7) drainage/pollution) Interferences with coastal aquifers GWHP GWHP

(section 2.8) (scaling, corrosion) (salinization)

A literature review on interferences and hazards for the installation of NSGE systems is presented in this section. These interferences are able to prevent the installation of these systems or may pose condition or specific requirements to these installations. Some existing cases of interferences, damages an incompatibilities are displayed in the cited documents.

2.1 Confined and artesian aquifers Multiple aquifer layers are single aquifers, which are separated vertically by impermeable material (aquicludes) or by relatively impermeable material (aquitards). Each of those single aquifer layers possesses its individual hydraulic and chemical characteristics [3]. Depending on the piezometric surface, we can distinguish between: - unconfined aquifer: the piezometric surface corresponds to its upper surface (water table); - confined aquifer: the piezometric surface is above its upper boundary, thus, water will rise up to the hydraulic head elevation if reached by a drilling; - artesian aquifer: the piezometric surface is above the ground surface, thus, water will rise higher than the ground surface up to the hydraulic head elevation, if reached by a drilling. Depending on the depth of the drilling, the hole might intersect a number of aquifers and aquicludes, which can cause hydraulic connections between the aquifers and hence groundwater mixing. When drilling through aquifers with different piezometric heads, this may lead to various impacts on the

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environment and a correct hydraulic isolation of sections crossing aquitards and aquicludes is fundamental to reduce this risk, although it is an additional cost for the realisation of the plant.

Figure 4: Rising of groundwater level due to the crossing of a confined aquifer by an un-grouted BHE (on the left) and how to prevent it with a grouted BHE (on the right). Source: Sass and Burbaum, 2010 [4].

Consequences when inducing a change of groundwater levels due to the hydraulic connection of originally separated aquifers or due to releasing an artesian piezometric head to surface: - Rising of the groundwater level when reaching confined or artesian aquifers may lead to difficulties during the drilling, sealing and grouting works (Figure 4); - Lowering of hydraulic head may lead to the compaction of sedimentary layers and hence to ground subsidence; - Flow from artesian aquifers should be controlled inside the well to avoid flooding, depletion of the aquifer (as occurred, e.g. in the Lagoon of Venice [5]); - Mixing of different water chemistries may lead to a reduction of groundwater quality.

The risk of cross contamination is typical of any kind of drillings in multi-layered aquifers, confined- and artesian aquifers. Standard and well-known techniques are available to prevent this risk: - for closed-loop systems, geothermal grouts usually contain a fraction of bentonite which reduces its hydraulic conductivity to values of 10-10 m/s and below [6-10], i.e. much less than common aquitards and aquicludes [3, 11]. A few studies has been performed on possible leakage induced by grouted BHEs [12, 13]; - for open-loop systems, appropriate insulation with cement or bentonite should be ensured for the unscreened pipe sections. Anyway, cross-contamination issues can be overcome by using the most shallow aquifer, thus also reducing drilling costs.

According to Bezelgues-Courtade et al. (2012, [14]), the presence of artesian aquifers (especially if not detected in advance) can even represent a problem during the drilling phase. The pressure of water over wells and BHEs walls can damage the installations furthermore the risk of contamination due to aquifers connection is high. The preliminary identification of artesian aquifers helps the drillers to estimate costs and prevent inspected intervention to manage this problem.

2.2 Evaporites (soluble or swelling layers) Evaporites are sedimentary rocks characterized by their high solubility and plasticity. They tend to react very fast (swelling or dissolving) if in contact with water. These reactions may cause problems and incompatibilities with the installation of GSHPs. Cases of stability problems consequent to the incorrect drilling and installation of NSGE plants already occurred with anhydrites and salt rock layers. Gutiérrez et al. (2008) [15] highlight how evaporite rocks, have a higher solubility and lower mechanical strength than carbonate rocks, causing a higher activity of sinkholes in areas affected by the first rocks. The problems potentially generated from the presence of evaporite rocks can be induced by closed- as wells as by open systems. Either way, problems could occur during the drilling and installation of a 12/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

NSGE-system. Furthermore, in the open loop systems [16] the risk of interaction between water and evaporites rocks is higher than in the closed loop. Over more than 1.7 million NSGE systems in Europe [17], issues with evaporites occurred in a few cases. Although the probability is very low, the possible presence of evaporites should be assessed due to the severe damage it can induce.

2.2.1 Swelling Anhydrites Anhydrites or anhydrite rocks are sedimentary rocks predominantly consisting of its eponymous mineral. It is a calcium sulphate, which often forms from evaporation of seawater [18]. When anhydrite gets in contact with water, it starts swelling due to the absorption of water and transforms to gypsum. As explained in the section of confined aquifers (2.1), penetrating these while drilling might result in rising and mixing of groundwater, but also in bringing water into layers of rock, which were anhydrous before. When bringing water into layers with anhydrites, these rocks will absorb water and start the transformation into gypsum. This reaction leads to an increase in volume of about 60 % (Figure 5 and Ref.[4]). In some cases (e.g. low counteracting rock pressure, no overlying layers to compensate the increase in volume), this can lead to massive lifting of the ground and, thus, to damage at the surface.

Figure 5: The swelling of anhydrites into gypsum. Source: Sass and Burbaum, 2010 [4].

In sensitive areas, permanent changes of the hydraulic regime may be induced by drillings. Consequential risks are, for example, that the transformation into gypsum is continuous or that the existent gypsum starts to be solved, which again leads to the formation of karst [2]. The case of Staufen (Germany) of 2007, is probably the most known case of damages due to the installation of a NSGE system [4]. In this town, the construction of 7 BHEs (depth: 140 m) put in contact an evaporites layer with the aquifer. The swelling of anhydrites into gypsum resulted in a differential uplift of the ground up to 26 cm, which damaged a number of historical buildings of the area. A few similar cases are also reported in Fleuchaus et al. (2017, [19]). The presence of the evaporites layers do not automatically impede the installation of this kind of systems because the swelling effect can occur only in case of a connection between these specific layers and water. Nevertheless, the installation of GSHP in areas characterised by the presence of these rocks must be accurately evaluated and the plant realized accordingly to this risk. The drilling and installation of a NSGE-system in these areas must be done by experts using high standard techniques.

2.2.2 Salt rocks When drilling through salt layers (halite), the risk is to connect these layers to groundwater bodies. Once these rocks get in contact with water, they start to solute, which can lead to complete dissolution. This causes cavities in the underground, which in dependence of the severity, may result in subsidence or even collapse of the terrain [2]. In Hilsprich (France), for example, the installation of two BHEs in a salt layer of 20 m of thickness caused the dissolution of this layer and the consequent collapse of the surrounding terrain [20].

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Another risk connected to the solution of salt rocks is the change of the affected groundwater system’s chemistry, whereby the most common problem is the salinization of the aquifer. Also in this situation, likewise in the anhydrite occurrence, the presence of the salt rock does not automatically impede the installation of geothermal plants, but the connection of these layers with water must be avoided.

2.3 Landslide areas Large portions of the Alpine areas are affected by active or possible landslides. The most dangerous areas are, however, usually inhabited or extensively built up, and the risk of interference with NSGE plant is consequently inexistent. Nevertheless, this risk must be considered during the design of NSGE systems on slopes mountain areas [21]. This kind of installations are sometimes not advised by public authorities or even forbidden, such as in Switzerland [22]. Two kinds of damages can occur to the interference between landslides and NSGE plants: damages to the BHE/well or stability problems. Even small movements of the ground may cause grouting cracking or even pipes breaking (Figure 6). Much weaker is the risk of damaging surrounding structures or activating landslide phenomena. Nevertheless, this risk exists since the slope can be destabilized by many factors, such as: the mechanical disturb of drilling phase; the alteration of the soil temperatures; the risk of icing; the aquifer’s level alterations caused by pumping rates [20].

Figure 6: The grout and pipe cracking of a BHE caused by a landslide.

In literature, the examples of interaction between geothermal plant and landslide regards mainly the high enthalpy plants. In 1991 a big rotational landslide engulfed the area of the high enthalpy geothermal field of Zunil (Guatemala) and surrounding villages on the flanks of Cerro Quemado Volcano. However, on the report of the event, the Guatemalan electric utility (INDE) reported that the landslide was an unfortunate catastrophe caused by natural events [23]. Shallow landslides are the most common, they involve mainly the soil and quaternary deposits or, generally speaking, shallow altered levels. Usually the presence of landslide phenomena is well-known, and the uncertainty about phenomena wideness and deepness can be easily overcome with geological investigations. The deeper landslides, involving the bedrock, are mainly DSGSD (Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation) and translational slope. Indeed, they are numerically less represented, they occupy wide 14/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

sectors of mountain areas and their occurrence in Alps valley is important. In these areas realization of GSHPs is not recommended because of the presence of little movement of ground that could damage the plant.

2.4 Karst areas Karst areas are characterised by the presence of carbonate rocks, formed primarily through solution and precipitation of carbonate (usually limestone with high content of CaCO3). Karstic areas generally represent a geo-genic risk during drilling works, and specifically during the construction and operation of a borehole heat exchanger. The main risk is to drill into a cavity: this leads to the loss of drilling mud and, in case of large cavities, might even result in the loss of the drilling equipment [2]. For backfilling of cavities, larger amounts of grouting are needed, thus, it is hard to guarantee that all cavities are sealed after completion. In case of insufficient sealing and thus, grouting, the thermal connection between the probe and the surrounding rock is not ideal which will lead to a reduced heat extraction rate of the system. When connecting hydraulic permeable cavities, there is a risk of inducing the rising of groundwater levels and groundwater mixing, which can lead to a change in groundwater chemistry. Further, these modifications may lead to significant impact to the environment and may affect nearby wells. Inducing the rising of groundwater might lead to problems during sealing the borehole and the grouting of the probe, which again leads to a reduced heat extraction rate. A further impact, which may arise when drilling into cavities, is the collapse in the underground and the consequent subsidence of the ground or even the formation of craters called sinkholes [24]. Analysing grouting interventions for the hydraulic sealing below dams, Bonacci et al. (2009, [25]) highlighted possible adverse impacts to underground ecosystem related to grouting. A problem connected with karst aquifers is even the correct design of a GSHP plant: hydraulic conductivity of karst aquifers is very hard to predict and the water flow can be extremely variable. This because of fracturing of rocks and the presence of cavities which may even be full of sediments. This deeply impacts on the productivity of a well, or on the efficiency of a borehole heat exchanger.

2.5 Mining areas and pits Underground mining activities lead to the creation of cavities, with a consequent collapse hazard. It is therefore recommended to get information on possible underground mining areas before designing.

Figure 7: Ground collapse and subsidence phenomena due to mining areas.

On the other hand, former underground mining areas can be exploited for geothermal purposes. Indeed, dewatering systems are often implemented to avoid groundwater contamination, and the abstracted water can therefore be used for heating and cooling of buildings. Examples of such uses are reported in Refs. [26-31]. Figure 8 reports an example of district heating and cooling network developed in the Canadian former mining area of Murdochville, Quebec [32]. It is a flooded mine where 15/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

the dewatering system has been connected to a Groundwater Heat Pump (GWHP) with a potential yearly production of 4.6 GWh.

Figure 8: District heating and cooling system with GWHP implemented in Murdochville (Canada) in the flooded former Gaspé Mines. Source: Raymond and Therrien, 2014 [32].

2.6 Landfills and contaminated sites Contaminated sites are usually (former) industrial areas and/or landfills, both authorised and not, where the contamination of soil and/or groundwater is expected to cause significant impact to the health of humans or the environment. The installation of NSGE systems in the proximity of contaminated sites may induce two kind of issues: - Boreholes (both BHEs and water wells) crossing different aquifer layers may promote the migration of contaminants from overlying polluted aquifer(s) to underlying drinking water aquifer(s); - Well pumping may promote the displacement of contaminants. While the former issue can be overcome with a good quality grout, the latter should be assessed if the NSGE system is going to be installed very close to the contaminated site. Some practitioners (3.1) support research studies for the installation of NSGE systems in contaminated sites as an innovative rehabilitation technique, in order to exploit the potential of these areas. One of the first applications of NSGE systems in polluted sites was carried out in the Netherlands [33]. Other researches were carried out at modelling level (see [34] and [35]).

2.7 Drinking water resources The presence of water protection areas for drinking waters can bring to the presence of legal constraints on the installation of NSGE plant, especially for open loop systems. These constraints may vary a lot between different territories (e.g., grouting requirements, maximum depths) and may apply to well-head protection areas, to aquifer recharge areas, to artesian, confined and/or drinking water aquifers, etc. A review of such constraints can be found in Deliverable 2.1.1 “Overview and analysis of regulation criteria and guidelines for NSGE applications in the Alpine region” [36] (available at this link http://www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta/en/project-results/work-in-progress/wp2-regulations).

2.8 Coastal aquifers The operation of open-loop NSGE systems may be critical in coastal areas. Besides the technical issues due to corrosion by saltwater, which may be overcome with dedicated models of heat exchangers, the environmental issue of saltwater intrusion is a major concern. Saltwater intrusion occurs as the freshwater head, which floats on saltwater, is lowered [37]. The depth of the separation between saltwater and freshwater (푧 in Figure 9) is correlated to pressure equilibria between them, in particular 16/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

to the hydraulic head of the freshwater lens above the average sea level (ℎ): 푧 = 휌푓⁄(휌푠 − 휌푓) · ℎ , 3 3 where 휌푓 is the density of freshwater (~1000 kg/m ) and 휌푠 is the density of seawater (~1025 kg/m ). The equation can therefore be simplified to 푧~40ℎ, i.e. a drawdown of 0.1m of the hydraulic head of freshwater (ℎ) leads to a rising of 4m of the saltwater wedge (i.e., a reduction of 푧).

Figure 9: Saltwater intrusion and interface between saltwater and freshwater (saltwater wedge). Source: Wikipedia.

2.9 Clogging, rust and corrosion due to particular groundwater chemistry Groundwater chemistry is a key factor for the choice of the NSGE installation, especially for open-loop systems. A number of chemical and physic-chemical parameters should be taken into account, such as water hardness, metal content, oxygen concentration etc. GWHP can exchange heat with groundwater both directly (see Figure 10, on the left) and indirectly, through a “prophylactic” heat exchanger which avoids the contact between groundwater and the heat exchangers (evaporator and/or condenser) of the heat pump unit (see Figure 10, on the right). The former mode is adopted in the presence of very clean, low-hardness (below 12°F according to Rafferty, 1999 [38]) and scarcely mineralised water, both in the presence of a heat pump or of a heat exchanger connected to the heating/cooling terminal circuit (“free cooling” or “free heating”). The latter mode is the most commonly adopted, since maintenance and replacement of encrusted, clogged or corroded heat exchanger is much cheaper, easier and faster than the same operations performed on the heat pump components. Further guide values for groundwater chemistry and possible issues for heat exchangers are reported in Refs. [39- 42].

Figure 10: On the left: open-loop NSGE system exchanging heat directly with groundwater. On the right: open-loop NSGE system with “prophylactic” heat exchanger interposed between the well doublet and the heat pump. Source: Banks, 2012 [43].

On the other hand, closed-loop NSGE systems are relatively insensitive to groundwater chemistry. 17/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Due to the high variability of the groundwater chemistry, even on a very local scale, mapping this factor on large scale is very difficult. It is therefore advised to collect information on the local scale before starting with the design of open-loop geothermal systems. Furthermore, groundwater chemistry remains a key factor to be taken into account in the evaluation process for the installation of a NSGE plant. Water protection plans, specific studies on contaminated sites, on the assessment of background chemical parameters of groundwater, etc. can be valuable sources of information for groundwater chemistry at a possible installation site.

2.10 Shallow gas layers According to Refs. [2] and [44], when gas arises during drilling works or during the operation of the completed installation, this may result in a range of dangers, in dependence of the type of gas: - Risk of explosions and fire: methane, ethane, propane, butane; - Risk of suffocation: CO2, nitrogen; - Risk of poisoning: hydrogen sulphide. Gas might arise abrupt and under high pressure, but also slow and diffused. To be able to react immediately to gas emission, the usage of a gas detector during drilling works is recommended.

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3 Assessment among partners and with stakeholders

3.1 Survey among practitioners The assessment of possible interferences, described in the previous Chapter, has been adopted as a base for a poll among practitioners in the field of shallow geothermal energy, in order to understand how the impact of the following conditions is perceived: - Presence of evaporite layers - Presence of Salt Layers (halite) - Presence of karstified rocks - Presence of artesian or multiple aquifers - Mineral content of water - The water hardness - Pre-existing landslides - Mining areas or quarries - Landfills or contaminated sites.

The survey was sent to practitioners from all the Alpine Space countries in their mother language, and to some experts all over Europe, translated into English. The questionnaire is therefore available in: - English https://goo.gl/forms/sJVorChUoIkTrTKz2 - German https://goo.gl/forms/DVT4iPUbABQcn11S2 - Italian https://goo.gl/forms/5LNMB9EfNpm2DKBz1 - French https://goo.gl/forms/VihKUOKcYAauMHJx2 - Slovenian https://goo.gl/forms/wY5g8opqZOD6pdij1

For each kind of interference, stakeholders were asked to state how strong they considered the issue in view of a possible NSGE installation. The choices were: impedes/poses a severe issue/poses an issue/has no negative influence on the installation, and don’t know/answer. A space for comments, both for specific issues and generally speaking, was available. We collected 40 answers and a number of useful comments. In Figure 11 is shown the distribution of answers to each question. The choice of “doesn’t know/answer”, which reaches a maximum share of 22.5 %, were not considered in this calculation. Quite a small share of practitioners stated that a certain condition impedes the installation of a NSGE system. This led us to merge the “impedes” and “poses a severe issue” answers. The modified plot is reported in Figure 12. The questionnaire substantially confirmed the conclusions of the GRETA WP4 work group.

19/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Figure 11: Distribution of answers to the questionnaire. The “doesn’t know/doesn’t answer” choices are excluded from the calculation.

Figure 12: Distribution of answers to the questionnaire. Compared to Figure 11, the “impedes” and “severe issues” choices are merged.

We hereby report some statistics on the stakeholders who answered to our questionnaire: - Nationality: 23 Italy (57.5 %), 6 France (15 %), 5 Slovenia (12.5 %), 2 Germany (5 %), 4 outside Alpine Space countries, i.e. 10 % (1 Finland, 1 South Korea, 1 United Kingdom, 1 Romania); - Sector: 10 researchers (25 %), 10 designers (25 %), 5 installers (25 %), 5 from public sector (25 %).

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3.2 List of features mapped in the Alpine Space regions According to the literature reviewed in the previous chapter and to the opinions of stakeholders and practitioners, a list of 8 possible interferences was identified for the large scale mapping of the Alpine Space. These interferences are connected with natural (geological, hydrogeological…) conditions or with the presence of anthropic installations. Natural issues to be taken into account before the installation of a GSHP: presence of evaporites, salt layers, landslides, karst, artesian aquifer. Anthropic installations able to produce issues are: pits or mining areas and landfill or contaminated sites in general. The presence of multiple aquifers, the hardness and the mineral content of water are fundamental parameters but they are not mapped at large scale. Reference should be searched on the small scale and it is not possible to provide here a list of sources. Also, the conditions and the restrictions imposed to the installation of GSHPs, generally for nature preservation or drinking-water protection, are not mapped here. However, the Deliverable 2.1.1 provides an extensive review of these prescriptions [36]. The interferences are classified into three different categories according to their level of impact on GSHP installations: - Serious issues: evaporites (may content halite, anhydrites or gypsum), landslides, mining areas, landfills/contaminations - Minor issues: karstic areas, artesian and multiple aquifers - Water protection areas: possibility of legal constraints - Not mapped: mineral content, water hardness, shallow gas layers, coastal aquifers.

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4 Existing WebGIS of interferences in the Alpine Space GRETA’s large-scale map of geological interferences does not cover Switzerland and the Alpine portion of Germany (i.e., parts of Lander Bayern and Baden-Württemberg). This is due to the presence of similar WebGIS, which are legally binding. In the following section we present these WebGIS services, explaining their main features and providing the external links. For France, which has a legally binding WebGIS (see http://www.geothermie- perspectives.fr/cartographie ), whereas GRETA’s one provides the input data of the statutory zones.

4.1 Switzerland In Switzerland, each Canton has its own WebGIS, some of theme showing areas where GSHP can or cannot be installed or where they can be installed with certain limits. A national geoportal is available at http://kkgeo.ch/geodatenangebot/nationales-geoportal.html. Cantonal geoportals are available at: http://kkgeo.ch/geodatenangebot/kantonale-geoportale.html

Figure 13: Cantonal geoportals of Switzerland. Source: http://kkgeo.ch/geodatenangebot/kantonale-geoportale.html

We hereby report a list of cantonal WebGIS for NSGE systems and, in the following paragraph, a more detailed description of the GIS of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.

Table 3: List of cantonal web GIS for Near-Surface Geothermal Energy.

Canton NSGE WebGIS available at

Zürich http://maps.zh.ch/?topic=AwelGSWaermewwwZH further information at http://www.erdwaerme.zh.ch/ https://www.map.apps.be.ch/pub/synserver?project=a42pub_erdsond&userprofile=geo&client=core&la

Bern nguage=de

Luzern Various webGIS available at http://www.geo.lu.ch/shop/category.asp?mode=h&h_id=351 For BHEs https://geo.ur.ch/viewer?Layers=Zul%C3%A4ssigkeit%20Erdsonden&Visibility=1&Opacity=1&Zoom=12& Lat=46.86783035256872&Lng=8.636627197265625&mapType=Luftbild

Uri For GWHPs https://geo.ur.ch/viewer?Layers=Zul%C3%A4ssigkeit%20Grundwasserw%C3%A4rmepumpen&Visibility= 1&Opacity=1&Zoom=12&Lat=46.86783035256872&Lng=8.636627197265625&mapType=Luftbild 22/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Canton NSGE WebGIS available at

Schwyz https://map.geo.sz.ch/ section “Energie”

Obwalden https://www.gis-daten.ch/map/ow_waermenutzung

Nidwalden https://www.gis-daten.ch/map/ow_waermenutzung https://map.geo.gl.ch/Public?visibleLayers=Karte%20grau areas forbidden to BHEs under

Glarus “Erdsondenausschlussbereich”

Zug http://www.zugmap.ch/zugmap/BM3.asp go to “Thematische karten” and then “Erdwärmenutztung”

No webGIS but information available at

Fribourg http://www.fr.ch/eau/fr/pub/eaux_souterraines/sondes_geothermiques.htm

Solothurn https://geoweb.so.ch/map/ews and further information at https://www.so.ch/erdwaermegeothermie/ See http://www.gd.bs.ch/nm/2017-geothermie-bohrloch-in-basel-druckabbau-erfolgreich-beendet-

Basel-Stadt gd.html Basel- http://geoview.bl.ch/ section “Erdwärmenutztung”

Landschaft

Schaffhausen http://gis.sh.ch/GIS_SH/BM3.asp section “Energie”, “Erdwärmesonden” Appenzell https://www.geoportal.ch/ktai/map/29?y=2748172.00&x=1246958.00&scale=100000&rotation=0

Ausserrhoden Appenzell https://www.geoportal.ch/ktai/map/29?y=2748172.00&x=1246958.00&scale=100000&rotation=0

Innerrhoden

St. Gallen https://www.geoportal.ch/ktai/map/29?y=2748172.00&x=1246958.00&scale=100000&rotation=0

Grisons http://map.geo.gr.ch/gr_webmaps/wsgi/theme/Erdwaermenutzung

Aargau https://www.ag.ch/app/agisviewer4/v1/agisviewer.html section “Erdwärmenutztung” https://map.geo.tg.ch/apps/mf-geoadmin3/?lang=de&topic=ech&bgLayer=basemap_farbig section

Thurgau “Bevölkerung und wirtschaft“,“Energie“ No webGIS. Authorisation forms at

Ticino https://www4.ti.ch/dt/sg/udc/temi/domande-di-costruzione/sportello/formulari-e-tabelle/captazione-e- prelievo-acqua-geotermia/ Not available. Further information at https://www.vd.ch/themes/environnement/eaux/eaux-

Vaud souterraines/pompes-a-chaleur/

Valais https://sitonline.vs.ch/environnement/sonde_geothermique/fr/

Neuchâtel https://sitn.ne.ch/theme/energie section “Geothermie”

Geneva https://www.etat.ge.ch/geoportail/pro/ section “Environnement, energie, geologie”

Jura Depth limits for BHEs at https://geo.jura.ch/theme/Geologie

4.1.1 Kanton Basel-Landschaft GSHP systems are quite diffused in the northern Switzerland (Figure 14). The Kanton Basel-Landschaft has a geo-viewer (available at: http://geoview.bl.ch/) showing the drilling areas for geothermal purposes. This geo-viewer is based on the document “Standorte für Erdwärmesonden” (installation sites for BHEs)[45]. The structure of the WebGIS layers is schematized in Figure 15: the superficial level is composed of the digital terrain model and settlement areas; the second shows the map of suitable/unsuitable areas; the third represents the top layer thickness; the fourth the lithostratigraphic sequence; the lowest defines the maximum drilling depth (if relevant).

23/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Figure 14: BHE systems installed in Basel Stadt and Basel Landschaft (city and nearbies of Basel) from 1980 to 2013.

digital terrain model and settlement areas

suitable/unsuitable/conditionally suitable areas

top layer thickness

litho-stratigraphic sequences

maximum drilling depth (if relevant)

Figure 15: Structure of the WebGIS of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.

The canton territory is divided into four different areas (Figure 16): 1. Area A (red): GSHPs not installable; 2. Area B (yellow): GSHPs submitted to conditions for authorisation; 3. Area BC (light green): B or C depending by the drilling depth; 4. Area C (dark green): GSHPs allowed under standard conditions; The area classified “A” can be:  groundwater protection areas;  Landfills and polluted sites (even inert waste and civil construction materials); 24/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

 Areas with underground constructions (tunnels...);  Uninhabited areas (Geothermal use is generally allowed only for settlement areas);  Karst areas;  Evaporites (Anhydrites, chalk);

The areas classified “B” can be:  Surface water protection areas;  Limestone and dolomite areas;  Artesian or highly mineralised aquifers;  Geogenic risks (landslides, water sources, gas, bituminous schist);  Geologically not known areas;  Hot and mineral water springs; The areas classified “C” are all the areas where none of the aforementioned conditions apply, and NSGE systems are therefore allowed without special conditions.

Figure 16: Geo-viewer for geothermal purposes of the Kanton Basel-Landschaft at different scale levels.

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4.2 The German territory This section reports the relevant information in the matter of NSGE systems which is available for the regions of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. Both Länder have implemented a web GIS of drilling risks and other useful information for the choice and the installation of NSGE systems (geothermal potentials, fit/unfit areas for each technology, etc.). Overview of existing data for both federal states is presented in Table 4. Most information is publicly available in both states (green and yellow). Information on contaminated sites and landfills is normally not publicly available in Germany, which is the reason for the red indication in the table. The given information is mostly confined to publicly owned property.

Table 4: Data overview for the regions of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg (Red: only PDF available, Yellow: only web map available, Green: open data access to raster and vector files) Topic Bavaria Baden-Württemberg

Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP available Deep-confined aquifers Online viewer, WMS connection under request

Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP available Online viewer, WMS connection, Online viewer, Karstic areas under request files in *SHP format available under request

Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP available Swelling rocks Online viewer, WMS connection under request

Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP available Online viewer, files in *SHP format available Landslides for direct download under request

Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP, TIFF Mining Online viewer, WMS connection available for direct download

Contaminated sites PDF List and location PDF map with Location

Landfills location PDF map with Location

Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP available Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP, TIFF available for Nature protection areas for direct download direct download

Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP available Online Viewer, Layers in *SHP, TIFF available for Water Protection areas for direct download direct download

4.2.1 Land Bayern The Environmental Agency of Bavaria (Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, LfU) is the central authority for environmental and conservation, geology and water management in Bavaria. The UmweltAtlas Bayern contains all the information collected by the LfU and offers maps and subject data on the topics of applied geology, land uses, Geology, water resource management, waterbodies classification, water courses, cadastral noise exposures and natural hazards. Access to the umwelt atlas in the following link: http://www.umweltatlas.bayern.de/startseite/ Downloading of files in format *SHP are supported by the umwelt atlas portal. If direct download is not supported a warning will pop up. The list of available data is reported at the following link: https://www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/geodatendienste/index_download.htm Data and layers which cannot be downloaded can be requested filling up the information at this link: https://www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/datenbezug/index.htm In the framework of an ERDF-project, called “Informationsoffensive Oberflächennahe Geothermie” (information offensive for shallow geothermal energy) a data collection of basic (geological) data for an assessment of the shallow geothermal potential in Bavaria was developed from the Bavarian 26/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Environmental Agency (LfU) in the years from 2008-2011 and 2012-2015. The data collection was focused on the required parameter for BHE-systems, but also shows general information for the possibility to install GWHP-systems or ground source collectors and is provided in a WebGIS map project hosted by the Bavarian environmental Agency (www.umweltatlas.bayern.de). This WebGIS is shown in Figure 2 and provides information about the installation of the different NSGE-systems and about law restrictions.

Figure 17: WebGIS of the Bayern land.

The following features are reported in the map: - Blue: water bodies; - Green: installation of BHE, GWHP and GSC is possible; - Turquoise: installation of BHE and GSC is possible; - Light Blue: installation of GWHP and GSC is possible; - Yellow: installation of GSC is possible; - Red: installation not possible (water protection area). Specific criteria for the above classification can be found on the portal.

Authorization and economic efficiency of NSGE systems depend on the geological and groundwater conditions in the area. The map provides an initial overview of the site conditions and possible uses for geothermal technologies (geothermal collectors and groundwater heat pumps). This dataset does not replace the execution of detailed investigations. Besides this basic information the tool provides also a location specific information for BHE and GSC systems including: - general information if it is possible to install the system; - if the planned installation is located in a water protection area; - if there is a limitation of the drilling depth based on water protection reasons; - if there is any drilling risk known in this area; - if there is a fracture zone known in a surrounding area of 50m; - lithotypes characterising the area; - estimated thermal conductivity values every 20 m depth, until the maximum depth of 100 m; - the average air temperature; - amount of surrounding drillings; - further information including next steps and addresses for an application.

27/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

4.2.1.1 Drilling risk map The successful construction and operation of geothermal systems strongly depends on the design and the installation of boreholes. During drilling operations, all possible risks must be considered [46]. A drilling risk map is available at the following link: http://www.umweltatlas.bayern.de/mapapps/resources/apps/lfu_angewandte_geologie_ftz/index.h tml?lang=de&localId=mapcontents7951&stateId=6d6af894-2389-42f0-aaf8-94238932f08e The drilling risk map corresponds to the currently known geological and hydrogeological conditions and indicates geotechnical critical areas up to a depth of 100m. This dataset provides an overview in large-scale and does not replace the execution of detailed site investigations. In the Drilling risk map, the three issues are displayed in various combinations. The following sections consider the three principal aspects separately: confined groundwater conditions, karstic rocks and sulphate deposits.

Confined aquifers are displayed on the Drilling risk map and classified in the following categories: - Rock with artesian confined groundwater; - Rock with gypsum or anhydrite deposits and artesian confined groundwater; - Karst rock and artesian confined ground water; - Karst rock and Rock with gypsum or anhydrite deposits and artesian confined groundwater.

The alpine Bavarian karst areas are increasingly becoming the focus of economic interests. Forestry, Agriculture and cable car operations are increasingly disturbing these natural formations. Karst areas are more sensitive to interventions than other structures. Construction activities can affect both the surface and underground levels habitats [47]. Karst areas are the most important drinking water reservoirs in the Eastern Alps. Principal Karst areas in the Bavarian are shown in Figure 18. Areas with karst structures are presented on the Drilling risk Map and are divided in the following 4 categories: - Karst Rocks; - Karst rock and artesian confined ground water; - Karst rock and Rock with gypsum or anhydrite deposits; - Karst rock and Rock with gypsum or anhydrite deposits and artesian confined groundwater.

Figure 18: Karst Areas in the Bavarian alps ; 1.Allgäu Alps, 2. Ammergau Alps, 3. Wetterstein, 4. Ester Mountains, 5. Karwendel, 6. Bavarian prealps, 7. Chiemgau Alps, 8.1-8.7 Berchtesgadener Alps. Source: [47]. In areas where gypsum and anhydrite deposits are present, drilling activities and excavation can lead to elevation of the terrain surface. This is due to the high swelling capability of sulphate rocks [46]. Areas with a risk of swelling capability are presented on the Drilling risk Map and are divided in the following 4 categories: - Sulfate rocks; - Karst rock and Rock with gypsum or anhydrite deposits;

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- Rock with gypsum or anhydrite deposits and artesian confined groundwater; - Karst rock and Rock with gypsum or anhydrite deposits and artesian confined groundwater. 4.2.1.2 Contaminated Sites The Environmental Agency of Bavaria is responsible for the cadastral registration of contaminated sites, land fields and soil quality changes in Bavaria. The contaminated sites, soil protection and landfill information system (ABuDIS) is an open-source information system, which is continually updated[48]. ABuDIS data base is available online at this link: https://www.abudis.bayern.de/logon.do 4.2.1.3 Landfills The Association for the remediation of contaminated sites in Bavaria GmbH (GAB) supports the Bavarian municipalities, cities and districts in the remediation of contaminated sites and in the investigation and remediation of industrial contaminated sites, for which a cost recovery by obligated parties is not possible. The following information is available: - Industrial contaminated sites at http://www.altlasten-bayern.de/industriell-gewerbliche- altlasten/projekte/ - Municipal landfills at http://www.altlasten-bayern.de/gemeindeeigene- hausmuelldeponien/projekte/ 4.2.1.4 Landslides With the objective of supporting urban land use planning, the Environmental Agency of Bavaria plans to create maps on a scale of 1: 25,000 for geologic hazards across all Bavarian Territory. Maps are already available for the Alpine region and several districts in the foothills of the Alps as it can be seen in Figure 19. Accessible maps are available at: https://www.lfu.bayern.de/geologie/georisiken_daten/massenbewegungen/index.htm

Figure 19: Coloured areas represent the Bavarian areas where geologic hazards map 1:25,000 is available.

By clicking on any of the location presented on the list in Figure 19, a map on the umwelt atlas will be displayed with the attributes explained in Table 4. All layers are available for download in *SHP format. The complete data set can be downloaded at: https://www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltdaten/geodatendienste/index_detail.htm?id=d142f7ea-7c25- 4a28-abaa-52fef201cc61&profil=Download The database contains data on slope movements (rock-falls, landslides, etc.), subsidence effects and the hazard maps for landslides, rock-fall / block impact, taking forest as shape-files. 29/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

4.2.1.5 Mining areas The Map of Mineral Resources of Germany 1: 1,000,000 was published by the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources in cooperation with the National Geological Surveys. It provides basic information about the spatial distribution of energy resources and mineral raw materials. It is available for visualization at https://produktcenter.bgr.de/terraCatalog/Start.do in the following versions: - Pdf https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Rohstoffe/BSK1000/pdf/bsk1000.zip - Vector https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Rohstoffe/BSK1000/shp/bsk1000.zip - Raster https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Rohstoffe/BSK1000/geotiff/bsk1000.zip

Available layers are: Salt Deposits, Energy sources (Lignite, Anthracite, petroleum, natural gas, oil shale, wood peats), Mineral Resources (points), Mine extraction places. 4.2.1.6 Nature Protection Areas The following information about the regulations and activities in nature protection areas is valid for the region of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. - Nature reserves: Areas which serve as core areas of nature conservation for protection of ecosystems and landscapes with special conservation significance, or relevant for habitats and communities of flora and fauna [49]. - Regulations: All actions that may lead to the destruction, damage or alteration of the nature reserve or its components are prohibited. Nature reserves can be made accessible to the general public [49]. - Natural parks: Areas designated for environmental-friendly recreation, environmental- friendly tourism and sustainable natural and environmental-friendly land use[49]. Regulations: each natural park has specific prohibited activities, for detailed description refer to the Natural Park on the list at http://www.stmuv.bayern.de/themen/naturschutz/schutzgebiete/naturparke.htm - Protected landscape: Areas designed for the protection of the natural environment and its functionality. Regulations: In a landscape protection area, all activities prohibited which alter the natural characteristics of the area are prohibited.

A download of the files in *SHP format is available at http://www.umweltatlas.bayern.de/mapapps/resources/apps/lfu_gewaesserbewirtschaftung_ftz/in dex.html?lang=de&stateId=87424d87-1f27-464a-824d-871f27f64af8 The complete data set for Natural parks, protected landscape areas, natural protection areas, biosphere, and National Parks are available at http://www.lfu.bayern.de/gdi/dls/schutzgebiete.xml Additionally, the Nature2000 map provides the delimitation of fauna-flora-habitat areas and bird sanctuaries. This map contains the attribute table (name, area size and index number) and it is available on a scale of 1: 5,000. The spatial information in *SHP format for Fauna-flora-habitat and Bird sanctuaries are available through this link. Near surface geothermal energy installations might be authorized in those areas if measures based on subsidy programs ensure equivalent protection. Impacts specified in the law Bundesnaturschutzgesetz of Germany (https://dejure.org/gesetze/BNatSchG/30.html) should be avoided if NSGE installations are performed. More detailed information can be reviewed at this link: https://www.regierung.mittelfranken.bayern.de/aufg_abt/abt8/SG51_Bayerisches_Naturschutzrecht .pdf

4.2.1.7 Water protection areas

30/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

The Download Service Water Protection Areas in Bavaria provides the boundaries of the water conservation areas in *SHP format. This dataset contains 2 records; 1. the surroundings of the drinking water protection areas and 2. the surroundings of the mineral springs in Bavaria, scale 1:5000. Files in *SHP format for drinking water protection areas and mineral springs are available at http://www.lfu.bayern.de/gdi/dls/wsg.xml The following water protection area classification (see Figure 19) applies for the territories of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg [50]. - Zone I: defined as 10 m radius around the supply well (In the context of a drinking water protection area it describes the nearest area of a groundwater extraction well); Restrictions: All construction and installation activities are prohibited including the Installation of geothermal near-surface system; - Zone II or Zones IIA and IIB (Adjacent protection zones); Definition after to a line from which the groundwater used a residence time (flow time) of at least 50 days until arrival in the drinking water socket has (50-day line). Restrictions: The infiltration of cooling water or water from heat pumps is prohibited. Pipe systems for transporting substances hazardous to water based on German standards VwVwS, including refrigerants; - Zone III or Zones IIIA and IIIB (Other Protection Zones) Restrictions: Pipe systems for transporting substances hazardous to water based on German standards VwVwS, including refrigerants are prohibited. Open loop geothermal system allowed under specific construction technics.

Figure 20: Zonation of water protection areas. Additional information can be found at https://www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/trinkwasserschutzgebiete/index.htm

4.2.2 Land Baden-Württemberg Principal sources of information presented in the following sections are the State Agency for geology resources and mining (Landesamt für Geologie, Rohstoffe und Bergbau) and the Environmental Agency (Landesanstalt für Umwelt) of Baden-Württemberg. The State Agency of Geology, Raw Materials and Mining (LGRB) is the central geoscientific and mining authority in the Region of Baden-Württemberg. It collects, processes, evaluates and publishes data and information about the current state of groundwater and mineral resources. Link to data bases and online portal: http://maps.lgrb-bw.de/

The Information system for near-surface geothermal energy for Baden-Württemberg (ISONG) offers relevant information on the topic of near surface geothermal energy. The ISONG contains: - Geothermal efficiency (Geothermische Effizienz): Geothermal efficiency, assessed on the basis of the specific annual energy extraction of a BHE (up to 100 meters depth; FLEQ=2400). The

31/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

annual withdrawal work is determined in accordance with VDI Guideline 4640 Part 2: efficiency> = 100 kWh/(m.a)1, higher efficiency> = 125 kWh/ (m.a); - Specific heat extraction capacity (W/m) for 40m, 60m, 80m and 100m FLEQ=1800 and 2400. [Free access to these layers is not supported by the online portal]; - Water and mineral springs protection areas; - Restrictions on drilling depth; - Confined aquifers.

The Environmental Agency of Baden-Württemberg (Landesanstalt für Umwelt, LUBW) is the competence centre for the region of Baden-Württemberg in matters of environmental and nature protection, technical occupational safety and product safety. The data collected from measurements and investigation accomplished by the LUBW and from the information network of the municipal and state environmental services of the region of Baden-Württemberg are available through the interactive web service UDO (Umwelt-Daten und –Karten Online). UDO provides general access to selected environmental data and digital maps in the portal at this link: http://udo.lubw.baden- wuerttemberg.de/public/ 4.2.2.1 Deep Confined Aquifers The hydrogeological map 1:50,000 is product of the Integrated Geoscience Land Survey of Baden- Württemberg (GeoLa). It provides information on the distribution and hydrogeological properties of the rocks in the subsoil of Baden-Württemberg, soil storage characteristics, hydraulic conditions of groundwater and groundwater protection. Web map services:  Map of Baden-Württemberg 1: 50 000 (GeoLa)  Hydrogeological formation and aquifer properties of the loess rocks in the Upper Rhine Graben 1: 50 000  Hydrogeological overview maps 1: 350 000  Natural Geogenic Groundwater Quality in the Hydrogeochemical Units of Baden- Württemberg 1: 300,000 Overview of hydrogeological information and WMS available connections can be accessed through the link https://produkte.lgrb-bw.de/catalog/list/?wm_group_id=9 Important groundwater information is available from the Hydrogeological Map of Baden-Württemberg 1: 50 000. Information in the WMS layer: The Aquifer type is marked with the title LBRG-BW HK50: Grundwasserleitertyp, and ID 13 shows the areas in which artesian groundwater conditions have been identified (points), and areas where the groundwater may be under confined conditions. 4.2.2.2 Contaminated sites and Landfills Information related with contaminated sites and landfills is available in the Altlastenstatistik 2015 published by the State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden- Württemberg. The report is accessible after registration at the link http://www4.lubw.baden- wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/50998/2016_06_20_altlastenstatistik_2015.pdf?command=downloadCo ntent&filename=2016_06_20_altlastenstatistik_2015.pdf Statistics about the evolution since 2006 and quantification of possible contaminated sites are presented mainly in sections 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 of the Altlastenstatistik 2015. A map displaying the location of contaminated sites and possible contaminated sites in the area of Baden-Württemberg is presented in section 4.3 4.2.2.3 Landslides The Geological Hazard Map Baden-Württemberg (Ingenieurgeologische Gefahrhinweiskarte Baden- Württemberg) is a map created according to technical criteria on a scale of 1: 50,000. It provides an

1 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) per meter (m) per year (a) 32/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

overview of geogenic natural hazards in the Baden Württemberg territory through the link http://geonetwork.wwl-web.de:8080/geonetwork_lgrb/srv/de/main.home?uuid=6920e984-bbdd- 490a-9b63-b65860dc0a5a The hazard warning areas are with clear indications of active or inactive landslides. The geological hazards map is available in a scale of 1: 50,000. It can be used as a first assessment of the geological risk of landslides and it does not replace a site geotechnical investigation. The intensity and probability of a possible event cannot be deduced from the map. Local conditions as protective measures, renovations, topographical features are not always considered. The fee for this map is 0.35 euro/Km² and it can be requested through the link http://geonetwork.wwl- web.de:8080/geonetwork_lgrb/srv/de/main.home?uuid=737bcc0a-2ea1-4469-93db-e5b250125685 4.2.2.4 Karst Areas Karts areas can be observed from the Map of the mineral raw materials of Baden-Wuerttemberg 1: 50,000. This map shows Mining areas, concession areas and mining rights (according to BBergG). All sources related with raw materials are available through the link https://produkte.lgrb- bw.de/catalog/list/?wm_group_id=11 These Maps contain geometry data in *SHP format, all texts and illustrations as PDF documents and a georeferenced raster map in *TIFF format can be purchased. An URL for WMS connection to the Map of the mineral raw materials of Baden-Wuerttemberg 1: 50,000 is also available. WMS relevant information: Areas with Karstifiable lithologies are identified in the layer LGRB-BW KMR50 Bereiche mit ungünstigen Materialeigenschaften (areas with unfavourable material properties) with ID 15 under the classification intensive verkarstung (intensive Karstification). 4.2.2.5 Nature Protection Areas Nature reserves are Areas where special protection of nature and landscape is necessary for scientific, natural historical, cultural or cultural reasons, or for the preservation of communities or biotopes of certain wild animal and plant species is necessary. According to § 23 of the Nature Conservation Act Baden-Württemberg (NatSchG) nature reserves can also be designated because of their unique characteristics or outstanding beauty. The location of these areas is displayed on the Nature protection areas 1:1,500 created by the Environmental Agency of Baden-Württemberg. File in format *SHP can be download through this link. 4.2.2.6 Mining The mining industry and all facilities related to mine operation are subject to statal supervision by the Ministry of Economic Affairs in Stuttgart and the LGRB in Freiburg. In this topic, the Map Mines, show mines, cable cars 1:5,000 is available. An URL for WMS connection to the Map Mines is also available: http://services.lgrb- bw.de/index.phtml?SERVICE=WMS&REQUEST=GetCapabilities&VERSION=1.1.1&SERVICE_NAME=lgr b_kmr 4.2.2.7 Swelling Rock Since 1986, the LGRB has been operating a standardized farm survey of mining sites of near-surface mineral resources in the country. An URL for WMS connection to the map Raw Material Extraction 1:25.000 is also available. The relevant information contains for possible drilling threats are the location of Salt mining are displayed on the layer extraction of raw materials in surface mining, points (Rohstoffgewinnung im Tagebau, punkte) with ID3 under the classification Steinsalz/Sole.

4.2.2.8 Water protection areas The dataset provided by the Environmental Agency for environment Baden-Württemberg includes the legally declared water protection areas, order and water protection area zones in Baden- Württemberg. The data is collected by the lower water authorities of the 44 urban and rural districts 33/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

on a scale of 1: 1,500 (parcel-specific). The Designation of Water Protection Areas (WSG) aims to protect groundwater from harmful impacts and drinking water resources designated for public water supply. The delimitation of the water protection zones is carried out according to hydrogeological conditions by the State Office for Geology, Raw Materials and Mining Baden-Württemberg. A WSG can consist of 5 of a total of 7 different water protection zones. The map available includes the WSG (water protection) Zone and their designated order in Baden-Württemberg. Files in *SHP format can be: - downloaded at http://udo.lubw.baden- wuerttemberg.de/public/pages/url/show.xhtml;jsessionid=08EF9677635BC280DEB35D17C0 B84866.public5?url=http%3A%2F%2Frips-dienste.lubw.baden- wuerttemberg.de%2Frips%2Fripsservices%2Fapps%2Fgeodatenexport%2Fudo%2Fdownload. aspx%3Fid%3D32 - visualized at http://udo.lubw.baden- wuerttemberg.de/public/pages/map/default/index.xhtml

Additionally, spatial information about the areas where bore heat exchanger construction is prohibited or unfeasible is available in the Informationssystems Oberflächennahe Geothermie für Baden- Württemberg (ISONG). The layers are Wasser und heilquellenschutzgebiete (water and mineral springs protection areas). These are classified in: - Not feasible from the hydrogeological point of view - Feasible from the hydrogeological point of view - Not allowed from the water resource management point of view - Feasible from the hydrogeological point of view but classified as water protection zone III - Feasible from the hydrogeological point of view with limitations on the bore heat exchanger depth. Metadata description and direct access to the map viewer is available at http://meta.lgrb- bw.de/geonetwork/srv/de/main.home?uuid=dc631340-438a-41ad-b7f7-c28858e5945a

34/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

5 The Greta WebGIS tool According to the literature evidences presented in section 2 and to the stake holders opinions presented in section 3, the Greta partners developed an interactive WebGIS, which shows the possible interferences typical of the Alpine Space. The WebGIS covers Austria, Slovenia, the French and the Italian regions of the Alpine Space. It does not cover the German southern regions and Swiss, where public authorities already developed similar tools.

Before the use of the WebGIS, users are warmly invited to read the Disclaimer and note that: the Greta WebGIS does not indicate areas where the installation is impossible or forbidden and the information provided by this tool is not legally binding. Furthermore, areas with no data are not meant to represent absence of interferences: they mean that further investigations may be needed to include every possible interference.

The link to this WebGIS is: http://greta.eurac.edu/maps/176/embed

The GRETA WebGIS tool is an interactive mapping tool providing information on the interferences to the installation of Near-Surface Geothermal Energy production in the Alpine Space. The tool was developed in GeoNode (http://geonode.org/), an open source platform used for sharing geospatial data and maps. The tool is made up of four main parts: 1. The menu bar, which includes the project logo and the link to the project webpage (http://www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta/en/home); 2. The options bar, where the 3 buttons shown and described in Table 5 are present. Table 5: buttons and function available in the options bar .

Publish or save the map Get feature info Measure lengths or areas 3. The navigation panel, on the left side, which includes the categories of geological elements affecting the feasibility of Near-Surface Geothermal Energy production, classified according to their potential impact on the installation of NSGE systems. Each category can be selected by putting a tick on the related box: by selecting a category, all geological elements included in that category will be selected and thus showed on the map. 4. The interactive map, which presents three types of layers: - Administrative layers o Data availability borders: solid green lines encompassing the area of the Alpine Space for which data were made available (including Austria, France, Italy and Slovenia) o Regional borders: dotted green lines representing the administrative subdivisions of the countries interested by the project - Geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological layers, grouped into the three categories defined in Section 0: o Serious issues (dark violet) . Mining areas, mining caves (Active/Abandoned), natural caves, pits . Evaporites . Landfills or Contaminated sites (eventually remediated sites) . Landslides/ Landslide-prone areas/ Deep-seated gravitational slope deformations o Minor issues (light violet-lilac) . Multiple and artesian aquifers . Karstic areas (or areas with carbonate rocks or limestone)

35/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

o Water protection areas . Water/Groundwater protection areas and deep aquifer recharge areas - The background map.

The “Identify” function, mentioned at point 2 of the previous bullet-pointed list, displays the table of content of each layer. As depicted in Figure 21, the table of contents includes various information. This information was retrieved from the original shapefiles and/or WMS/WFS services used for compiling the GRETA WebGIS. The reported information is synthetic: if the user wants to know more, he/she has to refer to the original dataset, which can be easily accessed by using the links provided in each layer.

Figure 21: Screenshot of GRETA WebGIS of interferences, showing an example of inquiry.

All layers contain the same 6 types of information:  Content, that is a short description of the layer;  Source, representing the data provider (mainly public bodies);  Category, that is the interference risk level, as defined in section 3.2;  Link for downloading the files or use other GIS services (WMS, WFS, ecc);  License, that is the type of license for each layer;  Note, which contains additional information derived from the original dataset.

5.1 Disclaimer Opening the WebGIS of interferences in the AS, as well as the WebGIS of potential maps of pilot areas (see document Del. 4.2.1), the following disclaimer appears. It briefly informs the user about the WebGIS purposes and uses and it informs about the legal constraints of the information provided by the maps. The text is the following: << The GRETA WebGIS “Interferences - AS - Greta” identifies underground conditions that can potentially interfere with the installation of shallow geothermal plants in the whole Alpine Space. Particular measures, detailed investigations and consequent additional costs might be necessary in the coloured areas, described in the following.

36/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Mining areas, cavities, landfills and contaminated sites These four categories are grouped since they all have a small areal extension. Possible impacts are related to interactions with groundwater bodies, spreading of existing pollutants, and ground stability to artificial (mining) cavities. Risks should be assessed even for abandoned mining areas and closed landfills. Evaporites and Anhydrites Evaporites are sedimentary rocks characterized by high solubility and plasticity. They tend to react rapidly in contact with water and this may cause swelling or subsidence of the ground. Landslides The installation and operation of NSGE systems in areas affected by landslides may impact on the system itself and/or on surrounding public/private properties. Karst Karst areas are characterized by the occurrence of cavities and voids which can lead to unexpected installation (in drilling phases) and operational costs (due to irregular water flow and lower efficiency). Multiple and artesian aquifers Depending on the depth of the drilling, it may intersect various groundwater bodies, creating connections between different groundwater. This may have various impacts on the environment, on the installations of NSGE systems and on surrounding public/private properties. Water Protection areas Specific laws may be in force in regard to excavations, drillings and NSGE plants for the preservation of the quality of certain groundwater bodies (e.g., used for drinking water production).

The GRETA WebGIS “Geothermal potential” identify the closed-loop (CL) and open-loop (OL) geothermal potential in 5 pilot areas of the Alpine Space. The OL potential is expressed both as extractable power (kW) for a temperature difference of 5 K and as extractable energy (MWh/y) for a 2000 hours of full load operation per year. The CL potential is expressed as the sustainably exchangeable energy (MWh/y) by a single 100 m-long borehole heat exchanger.

All the GRETA WebGIS do not indicate areas where the installation is impossible or forbidden and the information provided is not legally binding.

Last update: July 31st 2018>>

5.2 Italian regions involved One evident feature related to the Italian territory is that there is a strong variability on data availability due to regional organisation of geoscientific information. The water protection areas (in blue) extend in the plain sector of Northern Italy, that is the Po River plain. Except for Lombardia region, which has a more complex classification, the remaining regions identify the groundwater protection areas as those areas where deeper aquifers recharge occurs. Due to the geological framework of Northern Italy, these areas are located in the foothill sectors of Po River plain, where the most recent alluvial sediments hosting shallow aquifers are very thin or even not present and deeper soft sediment and/or rocky formations, hosting deeper groundwater bodies, outcrop. Valle d’Aosta region has no groundwater protection areas since the territory is mostly mountainous and no significant alluvial multi-aquifer systems occur. Multiple aquifers, even if not mapped, occur in most of the Po River plain, which is formed by thick alluvial and transitional sediments. Extended artesian aquifers (light violet) are located in the eastern sector of Northern Italy and particularly in FVG, where they are mapped in the lowermost part of the plain area up to the coast line. Drilling in these areas can be more complex and drillers should be aware

37/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

of such specific hydraulic condition. However, it may represent an advantage as long as an open-loop system is to be installed in that area (assuming best available techniques). Karst areas layer (light violet) includes information about karst areas and carbonate rocks. These areas (Figure 22) are mostly diffused in Lombardia, Trento province and Veneto region. More sporadically they can be found in the other regions. As previously stated, drilling in these areas is feasible, as long as specific knowledge is achieved (i.e. occurrence of quarries and conduits).

Figure 22: Screenshot of the Greta WebGIS of interferences on the Northern Italian territory and the karst/carbonate rocks areas.

Landslides (violet), included in the “Serious issues” category, cover the mountainous and hill sectors areas of Northern Italian regions, as expected. Landslides can affect inhabited areas, even though the most densely populated sectors are in plain areas. Piemonte and Lombardia have the highest density of landslide phenomena, compared to the other regions. As already mentioned, regional differences are due to the difference of methods of data collection. Areas characterized by predisposition to be involved in a landslide phenomenon, named landslide- prone areas, are coloured with a lighter violet compared to the landslide areas. Evaporites are grouped in the “Serious issues” category, represented in violet. The layer contains multiple lithologies in which evaporites are contained, as displayed by the layer’s query. Areas with evaporites outcrops are mostly concentrated in Piemonte, Lombardia and Friuli Venezia Giulia. In Piedmont the evaporites outcrop mainly in hilly areas in the central-eastern sector of the region. In the remaining regions, evaporites outcrop almost exclusively in the Alpine sector. In the “Serious issues” category other features can be found, grouped as “Mining areas, landfills, contaminations”. As previously stated in this deliverable, contaminated sites and landfills represent areas in which the occurrence of environmentally sensitive substances induces high risks of pollutants migration as long as drilling operations are carried out. The risk induced by mining areas is mainly linked to the occurrence of underground cavities, similarly with karst areas. In the Italian framework, plain areas are not affected by this risk because the extraction methods of aggregates do not involve the excavation of cavities. In mountain and hill areas this interference is more likely, since underground 38/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

mines can be found for the extraction of both stones and metals/minerals. This last category is the least frequent in the Italian territory, but carefulness should be taken for the possible presence of mining waste, often affected by high concentrations of metals/ions. The contaminated sites are, as expected, concentrated in the largest metropolitan areas (Milan and Turin). Veneto region has a high density of former and active mining areas because of the good coverage and completeness of the database. Here, mining areas include various types of extracted material: both aggregates (mainly in plain areas) and ornamental stones (in mountainous sectors). Lombardia region has a high density of features due to the great number of both contaminated and remediated sites.

Considering the relevant amount of data collected in many different data base, for Italian regions of the AS, a .zip folder containing all the shape-files and a QGIS project which combine all these data, in the same visualization of the WebGIS, it is provided through the following link: https://areeweb.polito.it/ricerca/groundwater/zip/interferenze_impianti_GSHP.zip

5.3 The French territory involved For the realisation of the WebGIS about the French territory, some of the data collected for the statutory zones (see section 0) are used, integrated with some data provided by the geological survey of France (BRGM). For the northern areas of France (ex Alsace and ex Franche-Comté) more detailed data, especially about the site-specific relevant problem of evaporites, were implemented.

5.4 Austria The source for all data, with one exception –contaminated sites – shown in the Austrian part of the WebGIS originate from the data repository of the Geological Survey of Austria (GBA). To make sure that the data owner can update the displayed data on a regular basis, GBA has decided to provide them via WMS services hosted by GBA. Even though the mapping of the country is not completed up to date, the provided datasets can be described as relatively homogeneous, meaning that the quality and the scales of data is relatively uniform throughout the country. Most parts of the country are covered with some sort of “minor issue”, most prominent the “karstified areas” or areas with aquifers. This results from the fact that a large area is covered by the Northern Calcareous Alps, mainly consisting of carbonate rocks, or by sedimentary basins, bearing large aquifer bodies. Designated “serious issues”, such as the occurrence of evaporates, are small in their areal extent but stretch throughout the country. A general layer showing water protections areas is not provided for the Austrian territory, as there is no complete and updated dataset available. Multiple datasets, one for each province in Austria is available, though these datasets show different levels of detail and are subject of more or less permanent change. The most complete dataset is provided via the homepage of the WISA, the water information system Austria (http://maps.wisa.bmlfuw.gv.at/gewaesserbewirtschaftungsplan-2015#). Still, many water protection areas are missing in this dataset. Besides the fact that there is no complete, updated dataset available, each water protection area (except for the most restrictive “Zone I” and water sanctuary zones) has an individual edict concerning limitations. This results in inhomogeneous and highly varying limitations/restrictions which cannot be displayed easily.

5.5 Slovenia Karstified geological layers of limestones and dolostones cover an important quote of the southern part of the country, i.e. 45 % of the total territory of Slovenia. A lot of settlements and towns are 39/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

situated on karst areas as well. Karstification is thus probably the most extended constraint for GSHP installations. Anyway, subsidence provoked by karstification is very rare, while more significant is the risk of drilling into caverns. Anhydrite and gypsum occurrences are very scarce and limited extent. Limited data about artesian aquifers and no data at all about contaminated sites are available.

40/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

6 Data for the WebGIS In this section, the data sources used for the compilation of the WebGIS of the large scale map of potential interferences in the Alpine Region are presented. According to the typical size of a near surface geothermal plant, the geological and hydrogeological parameters taken into account in the analysis of the large scale mapping of the Alpine Space are related to the maximum depth of 100-150 m. Most of the data used for the mapping were polygonal shape-files. However, many of the smallest features (landfills, mines, landslides) were available as point shape-files (no specified surface): in these cases, a buffer extension of 100 m (equal to a circle of 200 m of diameter) around the location were added to the map. The goal of this Deliverable is to provide a list of references to help designers and private owners to identify risks and difficulties that may interest certain areas. The dataset used may be not updated and the absence of constraints does not mean that the installation of GSHP systems do not need further expert analysis. We provide all the sources of our database and each user of the web GIS system is responsible to check the state of these data via the competent authority.

6.1 Overall analysis of data availability The availability, the format and the classification of geological data strongly varies from country to country and, often, from one region/canton/land to another. Table 6 shows the availability of the data is shown for each country.

Table 6: Data availability in the different countries (Red: no data available, Yellow: data partially available, Green: data available on the Greta WebGIS). Serious issues Minor issues Water Evaporites Landfills/ Multilayer / Country Mining Karsts protection Landslides (halite+ contaminated Artesian areas areas anhydrite) sites aquifers Mines+ France density +gypsum natural caves Mines+ Municipal + Municipal Slovenia Only Anhydrites natural Only artesian 3 levels National landfills caves levels Contaminated Austria sites Only <50 % >50 % >50 % Italy Lombardia regions regions regions and FVG Germany See links to Land WebGIS services Switzerland See links to cantonal WebGIS services

6.2 Data sources at European/World scale We report in this section a brief summary of online available geological/hydrogeological maps, useful for regional mapping and as a source of data on macro regions scale. In some cases, these large-scale data sources have been used to integrate datasets provided by each country/region.

41/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

6.2.1 OneGeology OneGeology is an international program which has the aim to make a web-accessible worldwide geological map (see Figure 23), available in a common data format at a scale of about 1: 1,000,000 (depending on territories). Data from national geological surveys were harmonised according to common technical specifications and lithology/age categories which are further described in Refs. [51- 54]. It has been used to find evaporites or karst areas in limestone formations, in some Italian regions of the Alpine Space, where more detailed data were not available: - in all regions for evaporites: Liguria, Piemonte, Lombardia, Veneto, Trento, Bolzano, Friuli Venezia Giulia and Valle d’Aosta (in this last one even a specific regional layer is available); - for karst areas in Lombardia, Trento and Bolzano. The geoportal of OneGeology is available at: http://portal.onegeology.org/OnegeologyGlobal/

Figure 23: Screenshot of the portal OneGeology from http://portal.onegeology.org/OnegeologyGlobal/

6.2.2 International Hydrogeological Map of Europe The IHME1500 (International Hydrogeological Map of Europe 1: 1,500,000) is a European Hydrogeological map, developed by BGR (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, the German geological survey) and UNESCO, which are responsible for the cartography, printing, and publication of the map sheets and explanatory notes [55]. The map covers all European countries and provides 6 classifications: - Highly productive porous aquifers (dark blue); - Low and moderately productive porous aquifers (light blue); - Highly productive fissured/karst aquifers (dark green); - Low and moderately productive fissured/karst aquifers (light green); - Locally aquiferous rocks (light brown); - Practically non-aquiferous rocks (dark brown).

The IHME is available as a .shp file, a .pdf file or as a WebGIS at this link: https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/laufend/Beratung/Ihme1500/ihme1500_pr ojektbeschr_en.html

42/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

Figure 24: Mosaic of the maps of the IHME project. Source: https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/laufend/Beratung/Ihme1500/ihme1500_projektbeschr_en.html

6.2.3 World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) An up-to-date (September 2017) atlas of the main karst areas at worldwide scale was prepared in the framework of the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP) [56, 57]. The maps are available online (scale 1: 25,000,000 and 1: 40,000,000) at this link: https://www.whymap.org/whymap/EN/Maps_Data/Wokam/wokam_node_en.html. On the same site. it is possible to find a link to a WebGIS (Figure 25) showing the same maps, developed by BGR.

Figure 25: Web viewer of the World Karst Aquifer Map. Source: https://geoviewer.bgr.de/mapapps/resources/apps/whymap/index.html?lang=en&tab=whymap_wokam&layers=- :cover_whymap_gwr,+:cover_whymap_wokam_rest

43/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

6.3 Data on the Italian territory The northern part of Italy included in the Alpine Space is composed of 6 Regions (Valle d’Aosta, Piemonte, Lombardia, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Liguria), and 2 Autonomous Provinces (Trento and Bolzano). Each region owns its own geoportal and online database, and most of the Italian layers were collected from these databases. In addition, some regional environmental agencies (Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente, ARPA) own and manage similar geo-referred databases. Where regional detailed data were not available national databases were used, in particular the OneGeology project (section 6.2.1) was useful for the identification of areas affected by the presence of evaporites or limestones. The data source and link to the online data source or WMS service (if available) can be found on the WebGIS, clicking on the singular shape on the map. We analyse in the following sections these data sources. In Table 7, data collected for each region are shown.

Table 7: Data availability in each Italian region and autonomous province. If red: data are not added to the web map.

Serious issues Minor issues Water Region protection -Province- Landfills/ Artesian/ Mining areas Landslides Evaporites contaminate Karsts multiple areas d sites Aquifers OneGeology + Valle d'Aosta + both carbonates Regional database Deep aquifer Piemonte + both + recharge areas Both+ Deep aquifer Limestones Lombardia + + remediated recharge OneGeology sites areas Deep aquifer Dismissed+ Veneto + both + recharge OneGeology active areas Trentino -Trento- + + Limestones Alto OneGeology Adige -Bolzano- + Friuli Venezia Giulia + landfills + artesian Karstic Liguria + landfills aquifers

The Italian shapefiles were gathered in an offline database, which is available as a .zip file at the following link of Groundwater Engineering research group (POLITO) website: https://areeweb.polito.it/ricerca/groundwater/research/shallow-geothermal-energy/greta/polito- outputs/ For Valle d’Aosta region several layers have restrictions for divulgation: they are showed in the GRETA WebGIS, but they were not included in the offline database.

6.3.1 Landslides Data on landslides are managed by Regions and Autonomous Provinces. However, a national project called IFFI (Inventory of Landslide Phenomena in Italy) was carried out by ISPRA, Italian Regions and Autonomous Provinces, and delivered in 2007. Since then, Regions and Autonomous Provinces have been updating this dataset and, as of 2015, over 600,000 landslides are recorded, affecting about 7.5 44/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

% of the Italian territory [58, 59]. This also led to some slightly different categorisation of landslides and landslide-prone areas, and different criteria of identification which may lead to different levels of detail. On line maps are available on the webpage of ISPRA (Figure 26): http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/projects/soil-and-territory/iffi-project

Figure 26: Geoviewer of the IFFI project database: the area of the Garda lake, where the three regions of Lombardia, Trentino Alto Adige and Veneto meet.

6.3.2 Evaporites For the definition of areas characterised by the presence of evaporites, the geological map 1:250.000 of ISPRA, included in the project OneGeology [51, 60] were used. This geological map reports, for each geometry, up to five different lithologies which compose the geological formation. For the identification of the Italian areas interested by evaporitic layers, we choose all those features where evaporitic rocks were cited. This means that these macro-areas may content evaporites. Only for Valle d’Aosta more detailed data about evaporites, based on the regional geological map 1:50,000, were integrated.

6.3.3 Water protection areas According to the scale of the project only the recharge areas of deep aquifers were considered. For the detailed analysis of minor water protection areas (such as around spring and wells) a further analysis should be implemented, which is not feasible at this scale.

6.3.4 Data at regional level 6.3.4.1 Valle d’Aosta Due to the mainly mountainous characteristics of this region, in Valle d’Aosta the most common interferences with NSGE plants are: DSGSD, landslides and landslide prone areas. These data are extracted from the Regional Landslides Database of Regione Autonoma della Valle d’Aosta and the divulgation is restricted to the use within the GRETA project. Valle d’Aosta is the only region where, for the definition of areas affected by the presence of evaporites, the OneGeology map was integrated with a regional database. The specific Valle d’Aosta evaporites layer is extracted from the geological map 1:50,000, available at the following link: 45/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

http://geonavsct.partout.it/pub/GeoCartoSCT/index.html Overall, evaporites cover a very small portion of the Valley: small lenses near Courmayeur (NW Valle d’Aosta) and an area (moreover, probably overestimated by OneGeology) in the upper Gressoney valley (NE Valle d’Aosta). Karst formations are very little widespread as well, so that detailed shape-file were not available for this region. To define the risks connected with karst areas, the whole carbonate formations of the valley are shown in the interferences map. 21 contaminated sites are indicated on the map; most of them are small sized, typically concerning groundwater affected by oil spilling from underground tanks. The most diffused and serious contamination concerns the occurrence of Cr(VI) derived from an old steelworks plant in the Aosta plain (Bonomi et al. (2015, [61]). Rotiroti et al. (2017, [62]) studied the natural background values of water chemistry in the Aosta plain aquifer. Further data on groundwater chemistry are available in Tiwari et al. (2017, [63]). The map shows also 50 landfills, almost all of them containing inert wastes. Relevant environmental hazards could derive from two of these landfills: the first located in Brissogne (close to Aosta) containing urban wastes, and the second one in Pontey containing industrial wastes. There are no more relevant active mining areas in the region. The main groundwater bodies, exploited by several industrial and drinking wells, are alluvial aquifers located in the valley bottom. The most important one is a very thick phreatic aquifer located in the plain of Aosta, described and modelled in a number of literature sources [61, 64]. Recent geophysical investigations have shown the possibility of the occurrence, under the alluvial aquifers, of deep confined aquifers, not yet exploited. Furthermore, in some areas of the valley bottom (downstream of Pollein), small artesian aquifers have been identified, which are originated by lacustrine deposits. More information about this artesian aquifer can be found at: http://www.regione.vda.it/territorio/territorio/Piano_acque/documentazione/Falde/FaldaAO.htm 6.3.4.2 Piemonte Piemonte is surrounded by the Alps along its southern, western and northern boundaries, and a small portion of the Apennines is also present in the southern part. Four main hilly areas are present: the Turin hill in the center; Langhe, Roero and Monferrato in the centre-south. Since mountains occupy 43% of the total surface, and hills are present in 30% of the region, this explains the large occurrence of landslides and landslide-prone areas. Evaporites layers are present especially in the south of the region. Karst areas are diffusely present in the south western part of the region and in the higher Susa Valley, smaller formations near the Sesia river. These karst areas are elaborated from a simplified geological map of the region (scale 1:100,000) developed by the regional environmental protection authority (ARPA Piemonte) [65]. The main aquifers of Regione Piemonte at typical BHE depths are the shallow unconfined aquifer of glacial and alluvial origin and a deeper confined multi-layer aquifer (Villafranchian aquifer). These aquifers are thoroughly described in the regional Water Protection Plan [66] available at: http://www.regione.piemonte.it/ambiente/acqua/pianoTAcque.htm. Deeper aquifers are described in Irace et al. (2009, [67]), available at: http://www.regione.piemonte.it/ambiente/acqua/dwd/documentazione/testo_idrostat.pdf A large number of references is available on the hydrogeology of the region [68-72] and of smaller areas [73-81]. A shapefile is available for the hydraulic head distribution of the shallow unconfined aquifer: http://www.datigeo-piem-download.it/direct/Geoportale/RegionePiemonte/Acqua/piezo_100.zip The bottom of the shallow unconfined aquifer has been first defined in 2003 and is periodically updated [82-85]. It is available at: http://www.geoportale.piemonte.it/geonetworkrp/srv/ita/metadata.show?id=6123&currTab=rndt

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The bottom of the shallow aquifer is an important data set since, in the “reserve areas” of the deep aquifer and in the protection areas of main drinking water wells, it is not permitted to cross this layer with BHEs (see Ref. [86] at https://goo.gl/DH2SPM). Further geo-referenced data on the hydrogeology of Piemonte are available at http://www.geoportale.piemonte.it. Minor artesian aquifers can be present in restricted areas, such as the zone of Cantarana (Asti province) [87]. These artesian aquifers are not mapped, like the mining areas of the region. 750 contaminated sites and 105 landfills are shown in the map, but some of them are overlapped, making a total of around 800 sites. Each contaminated site is indicated on the map with a circle having a diameter of 200 m, so they look larger than landfills which are shown at their real extension. 6.3.4.3 Lombardia Lombardia is the region where more detailed data are available. On a large scale map this causes the effect of cover the majority of the territory of alert symbols and most of the region extension seems to have possible interferences to the installation of NSGE plants. The database of landslides is very detailed and covers almost 110,000 areas including mapped landslides, rock fallings, Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations (DSGSD), debris flows, and area potentially affected by these events. Because of the large number of mapped areas, we divided the mapped events (55,000) from the area potentially affected. The formers are shown in darker violet, the latter as lighter violet. No specific data on karstic formations were available. On the maps are shown all the limestone areas from OneGeology, that cover most of the area between the big lakes (from the western Maggiore lake to the eastern Garda lake) and in the southern Pavia province. The same areas are rarely interested by the presence of evaporites. The northernmost part of the plain is covered the deep aquifer recharge water protection area. 800 mining areas and 280 landfills are displayed on the map, all in the northern part of the region. Nearly 600 contaminated sites are also present as well as 800 remediated sites. A thorough study on the regional aquifers is available in [88]. Artesian and multiple aquifers are not mapped for this region. However, data on multiple aquifer in the Lombardy Po plain can be downloaded from the Lombardia geoportal: http://www.geoportale.regione.lombardia.it In the subsoil of the Lombard section of the Po plain, there are four different aquifers which are called, from the shallowest to the deepest: A, B, C and D. Both the aquifers boundaries and their bottom depths are available on the Lombardia geoportal, as shown in Figure 27 (Aquifer A) and Figure 28 (Aquifer B). When planning a standard shallow geothermal system, only aquifers located at a maximum depth of 150 meters from the ground level are taken into account. Indeed, the regional legislation sets this value as the upper limit to avoid an ex ante approval procedure [89]: as a consequence, no BHE has been drilled over this depth, according to the regional registry available at http://www.rinnovabililombardia.it/rsg.

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Figure 27: Aquifer A, boundaries (black) and development of the lower surface.

Figure 28: Aquifer B, boundaries (black) and development of the lower surface. 6.3.4.4 Veneto A thorough descriptions of the aquifers of Region Veneto is available in Ref. [91]. Further details on the stratigraphy of the multi-aquifer system of the Venetian plain are available in Cultrera et al. (2012, [92]). This region is characterised by the presence of a diffused karstic area in the north-western part. At the foot of this area a deep aquifer recharge area is present. Artesian aquifers, which are not mapped in the Web GIS, are present in the eastern portion of the Venice lagoon [93, 94] and in part of plan near the border with Friuli Venezia Giulia. A few evaporite lenses are present. Areas affected by landslides, DSGSD and area susceptible of landslides are shown but they cover a minority part of the region, which is mainly flat. 2000 active and inactive mines are mapped, besides 300 landfills and more than 500 polluted sites (these last indicated with a circle of 200m of diameter). 6.3.4.5 Trentino Alto Adige 48/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

The Trentino Alto Adige region is composed of two autonomous provinces: Trento and Bolzano. Detailed data on the presence of karsts were not available, thus on the underground interferences map all the limestone areas are shown. Locally Anhydrite layers are indicated in the same areas as limestones, due to the fact that the database used (OneGeology) considers sedimentary formations with multiple lithologies included, both anhydrites and limestones. A lithological map 1: 200,000 of the autonomous province of Trento is available online, even on shape-file format (http://www.protezionecivile.tn.it/territorio/Cartografia/Cartografiageologica/- Cartalitologica/pagina2.html). Landslides, DSGSDs and areas susceptible of landslides (or landslide-prone areas) are shown on Greta WebGIS for the Trento Province. Regarding Bolzano, which is a mainly mountainous region, its landslides database is less dense than in other regions and the features are mainly bigger areas. Abandoned quarries and mines and natural caves are indicated only for the province of Trento. Landfills, contaminated sites, artesian aquifers and water protection areas are not mapped. Furthermore, the Trento autonomous province developed a map of limitations to the installation of BHE available at this link: http://patn.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=21aef222c52a474ba5759f2c9259778b Three kind of interferences are mapped on this WebGIS:  Water protection areas (springs, wells and surface waters);  Landslides;  Areas which may contain medium-high enthalpy sources, thermal or mineral water resources. 6.3.4.6 Friuli Venezia Giulia A thorough description of the regional hydrogeological setup is available in Zini et al. (2011, [95]). Karst rocks and sinkholes are mainly located in the Trieste province and in portions of the mountains of Udine province [96]; here even a large evaporite occurrence is present, while other large evaporite lenses are found in the northern part of the region. In the southern part, there is a large artesian aquifer extended until the Adriatic Sea. Between these two areas a water protection area involves the Udine plain, where the majority of the 43 Landfills of the region are present. Landslides covers the mountainous areas. Mining areas are not mapped. 6.3.4.7 Liguria A thorough study on the main aquifers of the region is available in Ref. [97]. The Water Protection Plan of the region is available at: http://www.ambienteinliguria.it/lirgw/eco3/ep/linkPagina.do?canale=/Home/030acque/040pianotu telaacque However, scarce information is present on the hydrogeology of the region. Artesian aquifers are not present in this region. Karst water bodies are mapped instead of karst areas. Water protection areas are not mapped. In Liguria, more than 5600 landslides, DSGSDs, rock fallings and connected susceptible areas are mapped, which makes it one of the most sensitive Italian regions from this point of view if compared to its small surface. 20 Landfills of non-dangerous waste are mapped, indicated with buffer circles with a diameter of 200m. Mining areas are not mapped.

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6.4 Data on the French territory France has its own regulatory map formed by pixels of 500m x 500m (see GRETA Del. 2.2.1 [98]), based on a multi-criteria analysis presented in section 1.3.1. For the French regions of the AS, Geo-referred data on the French territory were collected using the sources indicated in Table 8.

Table 8: sources of French shape-files

Interference Source of the layer Note link

BRGM, extracted from Evaporites 1:50,000 geological http://infoterre.brgm.fr/ map This layer includes the former map plus a more BRGM, extracted from http://www.geothermie- Evaporite detailed study in Alsace and some well-known the French regulatory perspectives.fr/cartograp areas areas (brine exploitation for example) map (500*500m pixel) hie?mapid=40

BRGM extracted from http://www.geothermie- Multilayer Areas where more than one aquifer can be the French regulatory perspectives.fr/cartograp aquifers present in the first 200m. map (500*500m pixel) hie?mapid=40 BRGM extracted from In the AS area, artesian cells are related with http://www.geothermie- Artesian the French regulatory local spots and two bigger areas in north of perspectives.fr/cartograp aquifers map (500*500m pixel) Alsace. hie?mapid=40 BRGM extracted from karst areas 1:50,000 geological http://infoterre.brgm.fr/

map Natural BRGM extracted from This shape-file combines karstic area and http://www.georisques.g cavities the French regulatory anthropogenic cavities, derived from French ouv.fr/dossiers/cavites- map (500*500m pixel). national cavities database souterraines#/ This map is based on the French national landslide database. The attribute shown in BRGM extracted from note column is the number of landslide found http://www.georisques.g Ground the French regulatory in a 500*500m pixel. Some of the records in ouv.fr/dossiers/mouveme movements map (500*500m pixel) this database are localized only by municipality nts-de-terrain#/ name and some other were poorly located, so a buffer was applied.

Original shape: point; Buffer of 100m added http://sigminesfrance.brg Mining areas BRGM around points m.fr/sig_exploitations.asp

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6.5 Data on the Austrian territory

6.5.1 Karst areas Karstifiable lithologies cover around 22 % of the Austrian territory. With the exception of the young sedimentary basins, all geological units show karstifiable lithologies. Vast karst areas are present in the Northern Calcareous Alps, the Gailtal Alps and the southern Karawanken. The “Karst areas” layer includes all karstifiable carbonate rocks in Austria without differentiation between limestone and dolostone. In order to identify the karst potential of different lithologies, data from geological maps were combined with information about the occurrence of caves. The Hydrogeological map of Austria 1:500.000 [99] served as mapping base. This map displays the diverse aquifer types in Austria on a large scale. The lithological information from the below listed maps were used to identify and harmonize all karst aquifers. Sources of data:  Geological map of Vorarlberg 1:100,000 [100]  Geological map of Salzburg 1:200,000 [101]  Geological map of Upper Austria 1:200,000 [102]  Geological map of Lower Austria 1:200,000 [103]  Geological map of Styria 1:200,000 [104]  Geological map of Burgenland 1:200,000 [105].

For the areas which are not covered by large scale geological maps (like for the provinces of Tyrol and Carinthia), small-scale maps (1:50.000) were used to compile the information. Data source for the Austrian cave register: Distribution of caves in Austria, anonymised, internal document by the Austrian Speleological Association (http://www.hoehle.org/), 01/2016.

6.5.2 Multiple and artesian aquifers This layer contains information about multiple aquifers and artesian aquifers. The information about multiple aquifers concerns the occurrence of porous aquifers in Austria, as most of them can be assumed to be multi aquifer formations. These porous aquifers can be divided into three different types: 1) Highly productive: Aquifers of this characteristic consist mainly of quaternary gravel and sand. They occur in basins and valleys. 2) Moderately productive: Aquifers consist mainly of gravel, sand and accompanying moraines. Most aquifers are connected with quaternary sediments. 3) Local and limited groundwater resources: Aquifers of this type consist of tertiary sediments of the Molasse zone and the intramontane basins. Dominant sediments are clays and sands and to a minor extent gravel. They tend to build multiple aquifers and some strata build aquifers with artesian outflow. Areas with local and limited groundwater resources build the base for high and moderate productive aquifers. When considering drilling depths of serval tens of meters, all three displayed aquifer types represent zones of possible multiple aquifers and zones of potential artesian outflow. The source of multiple aquifers data is the Hydrogeological map of Austria 1:500.000 [99]. The identified porous aquifers were merged within the “Aquifers” layer for GRETA large-scale maps. The information about artesian aquifers includes both areal and point data on artesian wells in Austria. The areal geometries represent regions with an accumulation of artesian wells and are outlined as artesian provinces. Sources of data for artesian areas are:  Hydrogeological map of Austria 1:500.000 [99]  Map of drinkable deep ground waters of Austria 1:500.000 [106] 51/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

 Suitability map for Borehole Heat Exchangers in Burgenland 1:200.000 (national state Burgenland in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Austria [107])  Policy paper “Die Gewinnung von Erdwärme in der Form von Vertikalkollektoren“ (Department 19A, national state Styria).

6.5.3 Evaporites: anhydrites, gypsum and salt This map layer outlines potential and known occurrences of anhydrites, gypsum and salt. This dataset represents deposits extracted from the mining cadastre by the Geological Survey of Austria and descriptions and listings in literature (see list below) combined with geological maps of different scales (see list below). Not only the known deposits themselves, but also the related rock formations which are potentially anhydrite/gypsum/salt bearing were outlined in order to make sure a “safety distance” for the construction of BHE’s is given. The main deposits are located along the boundaries between the tectonic units of the Northern Calcareous Alps – the Bajuvaric-, Juvavic- and Tirolic Nappe Systems. Sources of data:  Database of the Geologische Bundesanstalt (GBA.DEPOSITS) for Gypsum, Salt, Anhydrite  Geological map of Vorarlberg 1:100.000 [100]  Geological map of Salzburg 1:200.000 [101]  Geological map of Upper Austria 1:200.000 [102]  Geological map of Lower Austria 1:200.000 [103]  Geological map of Styria 1:200.000 [104]  Geological map of Burgenland 1:200.000 [105]  Geological maps 1:50.000 in areas where no larger scale maps were available  Der Geologische Aufbau Österreichs [108]  Geologischer Lehrkoffer des Bezirks Reutte [109]  Beobachtungen Mineralbestand Salzbergbau Bad Ischl [110]  Theorie und Praxis der Fachdidaktik in Biologie und Umweltkunde [111]  Geologie Niederösterreichs [112]  Magnesitlagerstätte Sunk/Hohentauern [113]  Gips und Anhydrit in der Steiermark [114]  Gipsvorkommen bei Edelsdorf im Stanzertal [115]  Die Gipslagerstätten der Steiermark [116].

For the areas which are not covered by large scale geological maps (like for the provinces of Tyrol and Carinthia), small-scale maps (1:50.000) were used to compile the information.

6.5.4 Mining areas In the framework of a nationwide research project (funded by the “Implementation of the Mineral Deposits Act”) the GBA carried out an inventory of abandoned mine sites (ores, industrial minerals, coals) in Austria by means of a GIS-based information and documentation system [117]. Particular attention was paid to the relevant basic data (geology, mineral resources, mining, mining history, published and unpublished literature) of each mine site with special regard to space-related data and the mineralogical/geochemical attributes [118]. Most of the data were compiled from the archives of the GBA, mining authorities and some mining companies on map scales of 1:5.000 to 1:10.000. The use of large-scale compilations allows a topographical representation of detailed surface information of the mine sites (adits, galleries, shafts, open pits, waste dumps, tailing ponds e.g.). Underground mining areas are mapped as outline of the underground workings, so far documented in mine maps.

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Accurate up to date verifications are based on aerial photo and laser scan analysis, combined with additional fieldwork in selected mining areas. For financial reasons the field survey was restricted to the relevant larger deposits in Austria. So many of the entries in the inventory – especially data concerning small scale mine sites – are represented by information on a historic level without recent field verification. The mining information system is based on the SQL Server© Database tables, several ArcGIS® layers with polygon and point data, georeferenced images and a scan archive with documents. The inventory currently covers detailed space-related information on about 4,500 mine sites in Austria, most of them with small-scale mining operations. Updating of the inventory and completing work are part of the maintenance of the archives at the survey. The layer of mining areas is implemented in the “IRIS” (interactive raw material information system) web application of the GBA, which can be visited via https://www.geologie.ac.at/services/webapplikationen/geofast/iris-interaktives- rohstoffinformationssystem/

6.5.5 Gas occurrence This layer, provided by the Geological survey of Austria (GBA), shows areas with high probability of gas occurrence. There are some spot areas in the urban area of Vienna (southern and north-eastern districts) and a narrow belt, SW-NE directed, few kilometres at the east of the city. The layer was extracted from the geological map of Austria, 1:50.000 scale. Visualisation of the layer is available at https://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/gbaviewer/?url=https://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/arcgis/rest/services/imag e/AT_GBA_GK50/ImageServer.

6.5.6 Landslides (mass movements) The layer shows the collection of natural (geogenic) mass movement events and is provided by the Geological survey of Austria (GBA) in the scale of 1:250.000. The layer and related information is available on the homepage of the GBA via https://www.geologie.ac.at/services/webapplikationen/geofast/massenbewegungen/. The events group into rock fall, soil creep and landslide/slip. The collection of data comprises mass movements attracting attention causing both, small and large impacts:  Large scientific or media attention (e.g. newspapers, literature, internet) usually caused by large (spectacular) mass movements  Claim of damage or pure scientific attention caused by small mass movements The spatial distribution of the mass movement events allows no conclusion on endangered areas or typical events for certain landscapes. It represents much more a random number and distribution of events related to Austria´s settlement areas/structures and the freedom of research of the individual researchers.

6.5.7 Contaminated sites (“Altlasten”) The environment agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt) has published a catalogue of contaminated sites (“Altlastenatlas”) which is updated on a regular basis. Contaminated sites are:  “abandoned landfills”/“Altablagerungen” (authorized and not-authorized dumps of waste, divided into municipal landfills – i.e. mainly domestic waste and dumps of operational waste)  “abandoned industrial sites”/”Altstandorte” (locations of plants, where environmentally sensitive substances were handled) as well as their associated contaminations to soil and groundwater, which are expected to cause significant impact to the health of humans or the environment. Exceptions are pollutions caused by emissions to air.

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About 63.000 abandoned landfills and abandoned industrial sites are recorded up to date, making the registration largely complete. Estimates suggest that about 72.000 sites exist in the country, thus, running acquisition programmes aim to complete the registry. By January 1st 2017, the registry “Altlastenatlas” counts 288 contaminated sites. Of these, 152 sites are remediated or secured and marked as such in the registry. Link to the website.

6.5.8 Approval (NSGE authorization procedures) This layer shall provide the information, which type of procedure for the approval of a NSGE installation the submitter can expect. Generally, Austria provides the “one-stop-shop” procedure, which means that the submitter will only have to introduce the documents to one competent authority. If necessary, the competent authority distributes the documents to other authorities. Though regulations partly differ from one federal state to the next, some approval procedures are the same for the whole country. For example, the installation of a GWHP needs an approval procedure in the whole country. For BHEs, procedures range from approval procedure over notification procedure (even notification procedure p to 1.800 m.a.s.l.) up to no procedure required. SHC usually do not need any procedure, though notification or approval procedures apply in case of the location within a water protection/sanctuary area, in case of the presence of groundwater and/or in case of the presence of wells/springs. Using this layer, the user can understand with one “click”, which type of procedure applies for the relevant location. As this information is not always easy to excerpt from the web presence of the competent authorities, this map layer shall take the first organizational hurdle for persons interested in the construction of a NSGE system.

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6.6 Data on the Slovenian territory

6.6.1 Anhydrites Anhydrite and gypsum most commonly occur within Upper Permian and Lower Triassic successions in Slovenia. Typically, they occur in dolomite, while anhydrite was locally found also in the Permian sandstone. Primarily anhydrite predominates over gypsum. It was partly altered to gypsum where it is in contact with groundwater. Evaporite occurrences are restricted to lenses or lenticular layers. They are from few tens of centimetres to up to 2 meters thick. Anhydrite lenses are commonly interrupted by beds of dolomite. Upper Permian and Lower Triassic carbonate to clastic successions in Slovenia are exposed in a wider Idrija-Cerkno-Škofja Loka area, “Sava folds”, Ortnek area and in wider Karavanke Mountains. Occurrences of anhydrite and gypsum are reported especially from dolomites in Idrija-Rovte area [119] and from Karavanke Mts. In the Cerkno Municipality few centimetres thick lenses of anhydrite was found in boreholes near Šebrelje and on Škofje hill east of Cerkno [119]. The geotechnical problems related to the evaporite occurrences are known from the Karavanke railway tunnel [120]. In the tunnel anhydrite is reported from the section km 3.010 to km 3.054. Anhydrite in this section alternates with dolomite. The stability problems are related with increased groundwater flow along the fault zone and recrystallization of anhydrite into gypsum. Railway lines at this section were mainly damaged due to washout of less resistant gypsum. In general, in Slovenia anhydrite and gypsum is expected in Upper Permian and Lower Triassic dolomites and sandstones. They can be in maximum up to few meters thick. According to thickness and spatial occurrences they are not expected to have a greater impact (limitation) on the exploitation of near surface geothermal energy. This data layer shows the lithological units, which may contain evaporites, based on geological map 1:250.000 [121]. The occurrence of evaporites are only present in a lithological unites 92, 93 and 94 (attribute N_OPIS_ID) from Upper Permian to Lower Triassic. In these sequences the gypsum or anhydrite do not occur in larger quantities, but are only present in the form of a thin lens, or just as a single crystal.

6.6.2 Landslides The Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning has published dataset showing priorities of the landslide areas in 2005. This multipoint layer of landslides locations shows the priorities of landslide areas in Slovenia in three different classes (high, medium and low). For each landslide the different data are available, i.e. the geometry of the landslide, the cause of the trigging, the possibility of expanding, execution of various works and remediation costs. This dataset is updated occasionally (the last available from 2005) and is available at following web link: http://www.geopedia.si.

6.6.3 Mining areas and quarries Mines and coal mines are represented by two different large scale maps 1:500,000, produced by GeoZS in 2010. Development of underground mine galleries is not shown, but only the location of the mine. So, designer or applicant for the NSGE has to check the state of mining underground spaces by the aid of authorities. The point shapefiles of both mines and coal mines were transformed in polygons by adding a 500 m radius buffer since the accuracy of mines location is not high, due to the large scale of the original paper map. Reference: 55/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

1. Mines map of Slovenia 1: 500,000 [122]. 2. Coalmines map of Slovenia 1: 500,000 [123].

6.6.4 Landfills The Slovenian environment Agency has published Landfills of municipal waste (point shape-file). It shows the spatial distribution of the landfills, their type (non-hazardous, non-hazardous-communal, inert, dangerous) and their status of operation (active, closing, closed). The updated version of this dataset is available at the link: http://gis.arso.gov.si/atlasokolja/profile.aspx?id=Atlas_Okolja_AXL@Arso A data layer of contaminated sites is not yet available.

6.6.5 Karst areas and cavities 45% of the total territory of Slovenia is of karstic geomorphology which is linked to carbonate rocks, i.e. limestones and dolomites. Basic map that delineates these rocks and provides data layer at the national scale is the Geological Map of Slovenia scale 1:250,000 [121]. Further classification of the degree of karstification (intensively, moderately and poorly karstified) is represented by the Hydrogeological Map of Slovenia 1:250,000 [124]. The map is equipped with IAH (International Association of Hydrogeologists) standard legend. The main classification criteria are the type of porosity (intergranular, fissured, and karstic porosity), extent of aquifer and it is productivity. Hydrogeological Map of Slovenia (sublayer LAWA) shows also classification of aquifers by the geochemical composition (carbonate, silicate and mixed carbonate-silicate). It displays larger areas of cover layers, aquicludes and strata rich in organic material. Special advantage of the map is the division of karstic aquifers according to their degree of karstification (intensively, moderately and poorly karstified). The degree of karstification is assessed based on the spatial distribution of the entrances of karstic caves. The methodology is built on statistical analytical approach in GIS tools and, more specifically, on the analysis of DEM and IDPR index (modelled/natural river network) and cave density [124]. Data used for determination of karstification of lithological units were: Lithological map, Digital elevation model, River network, Cadastre of caves. Base for analytical approach is the classification of lithological units regarding their type of porosity (intergranular, fissured, karstic (karstic-fissured)) to extract carbonate lithological units. To determine karstified lithological units, the IDPR index is calculated, which defines absence of river network, and reclassified IDPR index on maximal number of classes (64 classes). Median class value of reclassified IDPR index is calculated on lithological units for determining karstified lithological units. Final determination of karstified lithological units has to be made by expert review. Determination of kartification degree is made on base of cave density analysis (number of caves on km2). Lithological units with cave density >1/km2 are defined as very karstified, from 0,4- 1/km2 moderately karstified, <0,4/km2 poorly karstified. Reference: Hydrogeological map (LAWA) of Slovenia 1: 250,000; archive GeoZS [124]. Caves are designated natural values in Slovenia, as determined by the Rules on the designation and protection of natural values (OG RS, no. 111/04, 70/06, 58/09, 93/10, and 23/15). The dataset of natural caves, used for the assessment of karstification degree, is available at web link: http://gis.arso.gov.si/atlasokolja/profile.aspx?id=Atlas_Okolja_AXL@Arso (Register of valuable natural features (caves) - published by the Slovenian environmental Agency.) GeoZS is not providing this dataset.

6.6.6 Artesian aquifers This layer shows two artesian aquifers. These aquifers are located in the area of Ljubljansko Barje, south of Ljubljana: a bigger one close to the city, with an extension of approximately 62 km2 and a smaller one (3 km2) 15 km direction SW from the city. Both are located in Water Protection Areas, protected by the Decree on the water protection area for the aquifers of Ljubljansko Barje and outskirts 56/ 64 GRETA is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. See more about GRETA at www.alpine-space.eu/projects/greta. Assessment and mapping of potential interferences to the installation of NSGE systems in the Alpine Regions

of Ljubljana (OJ RS, N. 115/07), where the water right can only be granted for public drinking water supply. The dataset is derived from GeoZS archive and the last update is November 2012. There are numerous other artesian or sub artesian phenomena around the territory of Slovenia. Important artesian aquifers are some deeper aquifers, more than 300 or 400 m which are not relevant for NSGE. Higher importance regarding NSGE potential have sub-artesian aquifers in confined aquifers at foothills of the mountains. However, artesian or sub-artesian aquifers are not mapped or available as a data layer and they are also not protected by the Slovene regulation till present.

6.6.7 Water protection areas GSHPs and all the others activities that might threaten the quantitative or qualitative status of water resources are prohibited in the narrowest water protection area (1st water protection regime) in Slovenia. There are more than 1000 water protection areas for public water supply. Nevertheless, the number of groundwater abstraction sites and water permits is much more than 30,000. These sites are used for individual supply, industrial use, irrigation, heat exchange (GWHP), and others. All this sites do not have protection areas or designated impact areas. Thus, this should be checked by applicant for GSHP installation for each location of interest. Data layer of water protection areas shows municipality level and national level of detail and is subject of more or less permanent updates. For more detailed and updated data, check the geoportal of the Environmental Agency (ARSO) at: http://gis.arso.gov.si/atlasokolja/profile.aspx?id=Atlas_Okolja_AXL@Arso.

6.7 Data for German and Swiss territories The part of Alpine Space territories of Germany includes a portion of Bayern and Baden-Württemberg lander. Conversely, Switzerland is all included. As mentioned in section 4, both countries have legally binding WebGIS services dedicated to NSGE systems and their interferences with the environment. For this reason, in the GRETA WebGIS the two territories were reported in neutral colour and the information provided is essentially the link to access the WebGIS services. Since the two German lander and the 26 Swiss cantons have different WebGIS services, each administrative sub-unit was maintained with its specific link.

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7 Conclusions A large-scale mapping of interferences was carried out inside the GRETA Project, funded by the EU Interreg Alpine Space. In this large scale map geological, hydrogeological or legislative issues which can interfere with the installation of NSGE plants are reported.

A WebGIS freely accessible online was finally developed, to show this map to the stake holders. It covers part of the Alpine Space: the Italian regions (Liguria, Piemonte, Valle d’Aosta, Lombardia, Veneto, Trento, Bolzano, Friuli Venezia Giulia), the French regions (according to the classification in use up to 2015: Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Rhône-Alpes, Franche-Comté, Alsace), Slovenia, and Austria. The two German Landers of Bayern and Baden-Württemberg and the territory of Switzerland are not covered by the GRETA’s WebGIS: for Germany, the Landers already developed detailed WebGISs of drilling risks; for Switzerland, most of the 25 cantons have developed suitability maps with similar criteria. For both these cases, the implementation of a further WebGIS would have been useless or even misleading. France already owns two separate WebGIS of suitability for BHEs and GWHPs (Geothermie Perspective): however, this WebGIS contains some of the input layers adopted for this WebGIS. Some WebGIS have been developed which cover parts of the other countries, e.g. in Trento Province in Italy.

This report explains the criteria adopted for the choice of interferences, data sources of the WebGIS, and complementary data which are not available in GIS format.

The WebGIS has been realised for three kind of users: - for designers, in order to preliminary understand possible geological and hydrogeological or legislative interferences; - for the authorities, to show them the most favourable areas and the problems occurring on their territories; - for private owners, in order to show them if their property is in macro-areas can be interested by certain interferences or law restrictions.

We conclude reminding that: Greta WebGIS identifies underground conditions that can potentially interfere with the installation of shallow geothermal plants. Particular measures, detailed investigations and consequent additional costs might be necessary in the coloured areas (…). The WebGIS does not indicate areas where the installation is impossible or forbidden and the information provided by this tool is not legally binding. Furthermore, areas with no data are not meant to represent absence of interferences: they mean that further investigations may be needed to include every possible interference.

For information, remarks and suggestions, you can contact Dr. Alessandro Casasso (POLITO) at [email protected]

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