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Ccommittee on Revisit Board on Div Ting Bruce N Agricultu Vision on E Committee on Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies A Report of THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This study was supported by Grant #14-9795-2254-GR between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-45831-3 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-45831-5 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/24750 Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover photo courtesy of Mark Gocke, Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24750. The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by Presi- dent Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to sci- ence and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C.D. Mote, Jr., is presi- dent. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was estabblished in 1970 un- der the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health is- sues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguishedd contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Med- icine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nattion and conduct other activi- ties to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also en- courage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national- academies.org. Reports document the evidence-based consensus of an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and committee deliberations. Reports are peer reviewed and are approved by the Na- tional Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Proceedings chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other con- vening event. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and have not been endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Acade- mies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit national academies.org/whatwedo. COMMITTEE ON REVISITING BRUCELLOSIS IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA Chair TERRY F. MCELWAIN, NAM1, Washington State University Members L. GARRY ADAMS, Texas A&M University CYNTHIA L. BALDWIN, University of Massachusetts Amherst MICHAEL B. COUGHENOUR, Colorado State University PAUL C. CROSS, U.S. Geological Survey RICHARD D. HORAN, Michigan State University DAVID A. JESSUP, University of California, Davis DUSTIN P. OEDEKOVEN, South Dakota Animal Industry Board DAVID W. PASCUAL, University of Florida VALERIE E. RAGAN, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine GLYNN T. TONSOR, Kansas State University Staff PEGGY TSAI YIH, Study Director and Senior Program Officer JENNA BRISCOE, Research Assistant ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources 1National Academy of Medicine. v BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Chair CHARLES W. RICE, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Members SUSAN CAPALBO, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR GAIL CZARNECKI-MAULDEN, Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, MO GEBISA EJETA, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN ROBERT B. GOLDBERG, NAS1, University of California, Los Angeles, CA FRED GOULD, NAS1, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC MOLLY M. JAHN, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI ROBBIN S. JOHNSON, Cargill Foundation, Wayzata, MN JAMES W. JONES, NAE2, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL A.G. KAWAMURA, Solutions from the Land, Washington, DC STEPHEN S. KELLEY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC JULIA L. KORNEGAY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC JIM E. RIVIERE, NAM3, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Staff ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Senior Program Officer JENNA BRISCOE, Research Assistant KARA N. LANEY, Senior Program Officer PEGGY TSAI YIH, Senior Program Officer 1National Academy of Sciences. 2National Academy of Engineering. 3National Academy of Medicine. vi Preface With a global incidence of over half a million human cases annually, brucellosis is a zoonotic dis- ease of public health concern for much of the world. Fortunately, due in large part to the brucellosis erad- ication program begun by the U.S. Department of Agriculture more than 80 years ago, the incidence of human brucellosis in the United States is now less than 0.5 cases/million population, a dramatic reduction from the high of over 6,000 cases annually in 1947. Unlike in 1947, nearly all U.S. human brucellosis cases are now caused by Brucella melitensis acquired while traveling outside the United States, not B. abortus. The only remaining U.S. reservoir of B. abortus infection is in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA), where wildlife transmitted cases spill over into domestic cattle and domestic bison. Yet this spill- over is now occurring with increasing frequency, raising the possibility of brucellosis reoccurrence out- side the GYA. This report examines the changing dynamic of brucellosis in the GYA, providing a com- prehensive update of what is new since the 1998 National Research Council report Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area and exploring various options for addressing the challenge of brucellosis dis- ease management. Much has changed in the 19 years since the previous report. There is now clear evidence that trans- mission of B. abortus to domestic livestock in the GYA has come from infected elk, not bison, posing greater challenges for control of transmission to domestic species. This is coupled with significant chang- es in land use around the GYA, and the increasing value that the public places on our wild lands and the wildlife they support. Indeed, change has been the norm, even during the course of the committee’s delib- erations. New cases have been recognized in cattle and domestic bison since the start of the study. Poli- cies of state agencies trying to counter the increasing incidence of brucellosis have changed. The study was conducted during the 100th anniversary year of our national park system, with Yellowstone National Park the “granddaddy” of them all. And the bison, an icon of Yellowstone National Park and a key player in brucellosis control, was officially designated as our national mammal, further raising the visibility of brucellosis management efforts in the GYA. The committee gained insight from invited speakers and an impassioned audience expressing multi- ple perspectives in public meetings. In addition to the study’s sponsor, USDA, stakeholders range from additional federal and state agencies to non-governmental organizations, and from the public who gain value and satisfaction from our wild lands and the animals they support to those who have for generations derived their livelihoods from privately owned land in and around the GYA. All are impacted by efforts to manage brucellosis caused by B. abortus in the last remaining disease reservoir. There is a complexity and interdependency in addressing the issue that mirrors the complexity of the ecosystem in which brucel- losis occurs, and which defies both simple solutions and a perfect solution. The committee has taken an objective, science-based approach in addressing its Statement of Task, and presents this report as a com- prehensive starting point for discussions among all stakeholders to address a problem of increasing con- cern. We trust this report will be helpful in those deliberations. I would like to express thanks to all the committee members for their dedication and perseverance during the long course of the committee’s deliberations and writing. On behalf of the committee, sincere thanks are also extended to the study director, Peggy Yih, who did an outstanding job of directing a chal- lenging task, and to Robin Schoen and Jenna Briscoe who provided background support for the study. As vii Preface always, a National Academies report simply does not happen de novo and capable hands guide the
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