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Turkey's Foreign Policy Towards Kazakhstan in The TURKEY’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS KAZAKHSTAN IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DASTAN ALMEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE PROGRAM OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES SEPTEMBER 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Benli Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem Tür Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist.Prof.Dr. Işık Kuşçu Bonnenfant Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bestami Bilgiç (IPEK U., IR) Assist. Prof. Dr. Işık Kuşçu Bonnenfant (METU, IR) Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba Ünlü Bilgiç (METU, IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Dastan Almen Signature: iii ABSTRACT TURKEY’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS KAZAKHSTAN IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD Dastan, Almen M.S., Graduate Program of Middle East Studies Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Işık Kuşçu Bonnenfant September 2013, 155 pages This thesis is concerned with the policies and strategies of Turkey as a regional power. In this context, the main purpose of the thesis is to locate Turkey’s role in the system of regional relations and to analyze its level of influence in Kazakhstan. This thesis starts with a discussion of the origins and the historical analysis of Turkey’s presence in Central Asia starting from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and finishing with the end of the Cold War. A particular attention is paid to the bilateral relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan in the post-Soviet period, including all aspects of bilateral cooperation such as politics, military, economy and culture. Finally, this thesis briefly discusses how Turkey’s struggle for fulfilling the geopolitical vacuum in the region and especially in Kazakhstan is challenged by a number of major powers such as China, The United States and the Russian Federation. Keywords: Pan-Turkism, Central Asia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Major Powers. iv ÖZ SOVYET SONRASI DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE’NİN KAZAKİSTAN’A YÖNELİK DIŞ POLİTİKASI Dastan, Almen Yüksek lisans, Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Programı Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Işık Kuşçu Bonnenfant Eylül 2013, 155 sayfa Bu tez bölgesel bir güç olarak Türkiye'nin politika ve stratejisi ile ilgilenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, tezin temel amacı bölgesel ilişkiler sisteminde Türkiye'nin rolünün yerini bulmak ve Kazakistan'daki nüfuz seviyesini analiz etmektir. Bu tez, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun dağılmasından başlayarak ve Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesi ile biten, Türkiye’nin Orta Asya’daki varlığının kökenleri ve tarihi analiz tartışması ile başlar. Tezin büyük bir kısmı Türkiye ve Kazakistan arasındaki ikili ilişkiler için ayrılmıştır. Bu kısım siyaset, askeri, ekonomi ve kültür gibi ikili işbirliğinin tüm yönlerini içermektedir. Son olarak, bu tez bölgede ve özellikle Kazakistan’da jeopolitik vakum’u doldurma çabası içinde olan Türkiye’nin Çin, ABD ve Rusya Federasyonu gibi Büyük Güçleri ile mücadelesini anlatmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pan-Türkizm, Orta Asya, Türkiye, Kazakistan, Büyük Güçler. v To my dear mother vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It would not have been possible to write this master thesis without the help and support of the kind people around me, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. Above all, I would like to thank my mother for her personal support and great patience at all times. This thesis would not have been possible without the help, support and patience of my supervisor, Assist. Prof. Dr. Işık Kuşçu Bonnenfant, not to mention her advice, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better adviser and mentor for my Master study. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bestami Bilgiç and Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba Ünlü Bilgiç for their guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the research. I am also grateful to the academic staff of the Graduate Program of Middle East Studies and especially the Head of the Department, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem Tür, for giving me an indispensable academic background that provided me with the possibility to make this research. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iv ÖZ .......................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 2. TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ...................................................... 6 2.1. Relations with the Caucasus and Central Asia under the Ottoman Empire ................................................................................................................6 2.2. Relations with the Caucasus and Central Asia during the Early Years of the Turkish Republic ...........................................................................9 2.3. Relations with the Caucasus and Central Asia in the Period from the World War II to 1960 ................................................................................13 2.4. Relations with the Caucasus and Central Asia in the Period of 1960- 1991…..............................................................................................................16 2.5. Conclusion.................................................................................................22 3. TURKEY’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS CENTRAL ASIA AND AZERBAIJAN WITHIN THE FIRST DECADE OF INDEPENDENCE...........24 3.1. Background................................................................................................24 3.2. Motives behind Turkey’s Activity in the Region......................................25 3.3. The Initial Euphoria Period.......................................................................26 3.4. The Disenchantment Period......................................................................30 viii 3.4.1. Turkey as a Model..........................................................................31 3.5. The Pragmatic Politics............................................................................34 3.6. Conclusion..............................................................................................38 4. TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH KAZAKHSTAN SINCE KAZAKHSTAN’S INDEPENDENCE.............................................................................................40 4.1. Kazakhstan since Independence............................................................40 4.2. Bilateral Diplomatic Relations in Historical Perspective.......................42 4.3. General Background of the Relations in Multilateral Framework........45 4.3.1. Conference on Interaction and Conference-building Measures in Asia (CICA)…………………………… ………………………………….....45 4.3.2. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)...........................46 4.3.3. The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO).........................47 4.3.4. The Turkic Council and the Turkic Summits.................................49 4.4. Bilateral Relations within the Military Realm.......................................51 4.5. Bilateral Relations within the Economic Realm....................................53 4.5.1. Aspects of Bilateral Trade.............................................................56 4.5.2. Turkish Investments in Kazakhstan...............................................60 4.5.3. Bilateral Relations in the Construction Sector...............................61 4.5.4. Bilateral Relations in the Banking Sector......................................62 4.5.5. Kazakhstan’s Energy Resources as an Important Dimension of the Relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan.............................................64 4.6. Socio-cultural Cooperation....................................................................68 4.6.1. Cultural and Educational Cooperation through Governmental Organizations...........................................................................................70 4.6.1.1. The Great Student Exchange Project.....................................70 4.6.1.2. Turkish Scholarships and the Directorate of the Turks Abroad and Relative Communities..........................................................................75
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