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REVUE DE PRESSE Chine - Mongolie REVUE DE PRESSE Chine - Mongolie dépasser les frontières 法国国家科学研究中心 CNRS Edition Décembre 2016 A tous les lecteurs de la revue de presse du CNRS en Chine, le bureau vous souhaite une excellente année 2017 ! Nous entrerons dans l’année chinoise du coq à partir du 28 janvier.Assurément des perspectives très favorables ! L’objectif de cette revue de presse est avant tout de balayer l'actualité telle qu’elle apparaît au Bureau du CNRS en Chine, mais aussi de poser un regard plus analytique sur les récents développements de la recherche en Chine. C'est l'objet de notre éditorial : il aborde la question de ’l attractivité scienti- Crédits photo: CNRS ; Source : carte de vœux CNRS - voir la vidéo fique chinoise. er L’accent est certes mis sur le continuum formation-recherche-innovation, La Chine , 1 partenaire scientifique mais la revue entend aussi laisser de la place à ce qui entoure la science, à du CNRS en Asie l’image du CNRS qui embrasse tous les champs de la connaissance. Coopère depuis 1978 avec la Chine Le point de départ de cette revue est également de faire en sorte que chaque 72,3% des copublications France- lecteur puisse construire son point de vue alors que le système d’information Chine en Chine demeure très contrôlé. Rappelons-le également, l'accès aux informa- Actions structurantes : tions constitue également un défi en Chine, barrière de la langue oblige. 18 LIA, 6 GDRI, 1 UMI, 1 UMIFRE, 3 plateformes 1 360 doctorants chinois dans les Bonne lecture ! unités du CNRS (2015) 1 376 missions vers la Chine (2016) Les publications CNRS Chine Sommaire Editorial : De l’attractivité scientifique chinoise Actualités France – Chine Economie, politique et société Education, science, technologie et innovation Le magazine nº23 Le livret Le CNRS en Chine La coopération Environnement du CNRS en Chine Mongolie Le CNRS c’est encore… Evénements l’International magazine Appels et programmes le journal ; numéro papier Etudes et rapports des appels à projets 10 instituts CNRS Raccourcis utiles vers d’autres sources d’information Chine En direct des laboratoires du CNRS CNRS innovation Nouveau ! : « Carnets de science » Revue de presse CNRS - 1 - Chine / Mongolie Décembre 2016 Cliquez-ici pour modifier votre abonnement Editorial De l’attractivité scientifique chinoise par A. Mynard Bien que les flux sortants d’étudiants et de chercheurs chinois restent très élevés et que les conditions d’instal- lation des chercheurs étrangers en Chine demeurent difficiles, la Chine continue de promouvoir ses pro- grammes d’attractivité. Depuis plus de 20 ans, ces programmes concernent prioritairement des chercheurs chinois, toujours plus nombreux à rentrer. Une récente étude laisse penser que la production intellectuelle de ces chercheurs contribue désormais à la montée en puissance de la recherche chinoise. Une hypothèse en con- tradiction avec une autre étude réalisée en 2013 qui concluait à un succès mitigé de la politique d’attractivité chinoise. C’était il y a un peu moins de deux ans. Dans notre édito- grands. Une explication de cette situation pourrait être rial de janvier 2015, nous partions d’une information offi- que les programmes actuels d’attractivité internationale cielle sur la réduction des exigences imposées par la visent d’abord des personnes d’origine chinoise. Chine aux experts étrangers pour aborder la question l’attractivité scientifique du pays. Nous expliquions alors Mais la question que l’on peut se poser c’est bien enten- que, malgré les efforts entrepris et une habile communi- du pourquoi la Chine se montre toujours plus soucieuse cation sur les succès des programmes d’attractivité vers d’attirer des talents scientifiques étrangers tout en ten- la Chine, les choses n’étaient pas aussi simples : d’une tant de constituer une sorte d’élite de la recherche. Da- part parce que les flux sortants d’étudiants et de cher- vid Bekkers, un jeune ingénieur néerlandais1, s’est ré- cheurs chinois restent très importants et d’autre part en cemment intéressé à cette question. Dans un travail in- raison du fait que les retours des nationaux chinois sont terne à l’Ambassade, ce dernier s’est attaché à quantifier souvent des réinstallations partielles ou temporaires. la production intellectuelle des lauréats des programmes d’attractivité chinois. Pour les besoins de son étude, Da- Quant aux chercheurs étrangers qui souhaitaient s’instal- vid a également voulu mesurer le nombre de chercheurs ler en Chine, nous faisions le constat, fondé sur de mul- concernés par les programmes destinés à attirer les ex- tiples témoignages sur le terrain, que le modèle d’attrac- perts étrangers et qui prêtent à confusion avec ceux con- tivité chinois était encore modérément abouti. A l’excep- çus pour faciliter le retour au pays des chercheurs chi- tion des chercheurs très confirmés et des émérites, l’ins- nois. tallation ’d un chercheur étranger dans un établissement universitaire ou académique reste une entreprise de Que retenir de ce travail ? longue haleine qui comporte des limites, sinon des risques professionnels. Deux évidences tout d’abord. La première est que le péri- mètre des programmes en question est assez mal identi- Début 2017, ce constat reste valide, en dépit de tous les fié. Notamment en raison de l’absence d’un pilotage cen- tous efforts entrepris pour faciliter l’arrivée des cher- tralisé et des déclinaisons régionales que l’on peut obser- cheurs étrangers et malgré la très bonne santé du sys- ver, le tout dans une absence totale de transparence. tème de recherche qui dispose de moyens toujours plus 1Il s’agit d’une étude de la Section science, technologie et innovation de l’Ambassade du Royaume des Pays-Bas. Non publiée. Revue de presse CNRS - 2 - Chine / Mongolie Décembre 2016 Editorial Néanmoins, on comprend que quatre programmes Il ressort de ce travail que la production intellectuelle des jouent un rôle central : (1) le « 100 talents » (depuis jeunes lauréats progresse très rapidement en chimie et 1994, géré par la CAS), (2) le « jeunes chercheurs talen- sciences de l’ingénieur (passant de 1 publication en 2008 tueux » (depuis 1994, géré par la NSFC), (3) le « 1 000 à respectivement 12 et 13 en 2014), moindrement en talents » (depuis 2008, géré par un département du co- SDV-santé et physique (de 1 à respectivement 7 et 5). mité central du PCC) et (4) « Cheung Kong Scho- Concernant les chercheurs confirmés, on assiste à un lars » (depuis 1998, géré conjointement par la Fondation phénomène similaire quoique moins marqué puisque ces Li Ka-Shing et le MoE). Les montants maxima versés aux derniers augmentent leur production intellectuelle de lauréats de ces programmes varient de 1 million façon modeste sur la période 2008-2015 : +2 (physique), (Fondation) à 6 millions de RMB (1 000 talents). Second +6 (ingénierie), +2 SDV-santé, +4 (chimie). Interpréta- point, très clairement, ces programmes, en fait de talents tion : les chercheurs confirmés accentuent leur produc- sont essentiellement destinés à des chercheurs (75% se- tion intellectuelle une fois de retour en chine mais se lon l’auteur). Autre évidence, ces programmes attirent livrent également à des activités d’administration de la prioritairement des individus d’origine chinoise (95%) et recherche. n’ont aucunement vocation à favoriser la coopération scientifique internationale. Pour conclure Combien de chercheurs? Les longs efforts de la Chine en direction de sa diaspora scientifique produisent leurs effets. Les chercheurs de D’un point de vue quantitatif, l’auteur en est réduit à des retour au pays se montrent productifs. Et si des millions estimations. Elles se situent à un total 1 140 chercheurs d’argent public continuent ’d être dépensés pour mainte- confirmés pour chacun des programmes jusqu’en 2011, nir voire amplifier ces programmes, c’est bien parce excepté celui de la Fondation LI-Kashing. Puis on aurait qu’ils contribuent à la montée en puissance de la re- assisté à une forte augmentation des lauréats qui aurait cherche chinoise et au formidable accroissement de la permis d’atteindre le chiffre de 5 000 en 2015. Selon production intellectuelle du pays. Autre constat : cette l’auteur, il convient d’ajouter à cela les chercheurs lau- politique de retour, qui a démarré il y a 25 ans, a connu réats plus jeunes qui dépasserait ce chiffre.Que produi- de très nombreuses vicissitudes. Elle a même fait dire sent tous ces chercheurs ? David Beckers a interrogé les aux experts en 2013 qu’elle se traduisait par un insuccès. bases Thomson-Reuters (Web of Science) après avoir pris le parti d’identifier, dans quatre champs disciplinaires, Une erreur d’appréciation qui appelle à la modestie et à deux ensembles statistiques de lauréats, l’un composé la prudence quand on essaie de comprendre les évolu- de chercheurs confirmés (239), l’autre de jeunes cher- tions de ce grand pays ! cheurs (262). °°°°° A. Mynard Pékin, 12 janvier 2017 2 Ingénierie, chimie, sciences physiques, sciences de la vie et santé. 3 Le premier a été découpé en 5 groupes correspondant aux années 2008-2011 (sans doute avec des périodes de 2007 et 2012). Le second corre- spond à des lauréats de l’année 2011. 4 Voir à ce sujet : “Can China Bring Back the Best ? The Communist Party Organizes China’s Search for Talent”, The China Quaterly, sept. 2013. Revue de presse CNRS - 3 - Chine / Mongolie Décembre 2016 Actualités France – Chine L’innovation au cœur du XXIe Colloque économique franco-chinois Le Comité France Chine a tenu le 8 décembre 2016 à Pékin son XXIème Colloque économique franco-chinois sur le thème « Innovation & Entrepreneuriat – Visions croisées France-Chine » co- organisé avec ses partenaires chinois le CCPIT, et le DRC. Cet événement a été l’occasion de re- mettre les trophées de la 3ème édition des Prix de l’Innovation des équipes françaises et chi- noises.
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