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The Evolution of Mobile Communications: Moving from 1G to 5G, and from Human-To-Human to Machine-To-Machine Communications

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The Evolution of Mobile Communications: Moving from 1G to 5G, and from Human-To-Human to Machine-To-Machine Communications NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS SCHOOL OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS THESIS PROJECT The evolution of mobile communications: Moving from 1G to 5G, and from human-to-human to machine-to-machine communications Panagiota D. Giotopoulou Supervisor: Merakos Lazaros, Proffesor ATHENS NOVEMBER 2015 ΕΘΝΙΚΟΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΠΟΔΙΣΤΡΙΑΚΟΚΑΙ ΚΑΠΟΔΙΣΤΡΙΑΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ ΣΧΟΛΗΣΧΟΛΗ ΘΕΤΙΚΩΝ ΘΕΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΛΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΛΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΩΝ ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ Η μετάβαση από τα δίκτυα πρώτης στα δίκτυα πέμπτης γενιάς, και των επικοινωνιών από άνθρωπο σε άνθρωπο σε μηχανή προς μηχανή Παναγιώτα Δ. Γιωτοπούλου Επιβλέπων: Μεράκος Λάζαρος, Καθηγητής ΑΘΗΝΑ ΝΟΕΜΒΡΙΟΣ 2015 THESIS PROJECT The evolution of mobile communications: Moving from 1G to 5G, and from human-to-human to machine-to-machine communications Panagiota D. Giotopoulou Α.Μ.: 1115200900067 Supervisor: Merakos Lazaros, Professor ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ The evolution of mobile communications: Moving from 1G to 5G, and from human-to-human to machine-to-machine communications Παναγιώτα Δ. Γιωτοπούλου Α.Μ.: 1115200900067 Επιβλέπων: Μεράκος Λάζαρος, Καθηγητής ABSTRACT Nowadays, where everything around us is evolving rapidly, integral part of our everyday life is communication. Technology and integration in communication systems have been operating competitively in all forms of industry, resulting in continuous improvement of end services that reach the user. One of the most important areas that will affect the configuration and provision of these services is the emergence of the Internet of Things according to which, the connection of billion devices on the Internet is expected. These devices are going to exchange information and provide services. New telecommunications technologies should therefore be created in order to enable and support the applications of IoT. One of these applications is the development of Machine-To-Machine communications. This thesis is a review and inventory of existing mobile communication systems and a study of the technologies of future communications systems. More specifically, we study the transition from existing First Generation networks to the future Fifth Generation technologies, and make an introduction and analysis of M2M applications. Although these technologies and applications are not developed or are still at the research stage, the requirements for their implementation have already been identified and will be analyzed in this thesis. SUBJECT AREA: The evolution of mobile communications: Moving from 1G to 5G and from human-to-human to machine-to- machine communications. KEYWORDS: Fifth Generation Networks (5G), Machine-to-Machine Communications (M2M), Internet of Things (IoT), Evolution of Mobile Networks, Telecommunication systems ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Στη σημερινή εποχή, που όλα γύρω μας εξελίσσονται με ταχύτατους ρυθμούς, αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι της καθημερινότητας μας αποτελεί η επικοινωνία. Η τεχνολογία και η ενσωμάτωσή της σε συστήματα επικοινωνιών, έχει λειτουργήσει ανταγωνιστικά για κάθε μορφής βιομηχανία, με αποτέλεσμα την συνεχή βελτίωση των τελικών υπηρεσιών που φτάνουν στον χρήστη. Ένας από τους σημαντικότερους τομείς που πρόκειται να επηρεάσει την διαμόρφωση και παροχή αυτών των υπηρεσιών είναι η εμφάνιση του Διαδικτύου των Πραγμάτων (Internet of Things) σύμφωνα με το οποίο αναμένεται η σύνδεση δισεκατομμυρίων συσκευών στο διαδίκτυο. Οι συσκευές αυτές πρόκειται να μοιράζονται πληροφορίες και να παρέχουν υπηρεσίες. Θα πρέπει λοιπόν να δημιουργηθούν νέες τηλεπικοινωνιακές τεχνολογίες οι οποίες θα επιτρέπουν και θα υποστηρίζουν τις εφαρμογές του IoT. Μία από αυτές τις εφαρμογές είναι και η ανάπτυξη των Machine-To-Machine επικοινωνιών. Στην εργασία αυτή γίνεται μία ανασκόπηση και καταγραφή των ήδη υπαρχόντων συστημάτων κινητών επικοινωνιών αλλά και μία μελέτη των τεχνολογιών των μελλοντικών συστημάτων επικοινωνιών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετάται η μετάβαση από τα υφιστάμενα δίκτυα Πρώτης Γενιάς στα μελλοντικά δίκτυα Πέμπτης Γενιάς αλλά και η εισαγωγή και ανάλυση των Μ2Μ εφαρμογών. Αν και ακόμη αυτές οι τεχνολογίες και εφαρμογές είτε δεν έχουν υλοποιηθεί, είτε βρίσκονται σε ερευνητικό στάδιο, οι απαιτήσεις για την υλοποίηση τους έχουν ήδη προσδιοριστεί και πρόκειται να αναλυθούν στα πλαίσια αυτής της πτυχιακής εργασίας. ΘΕΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗ: Η εξέλιξη των κινητών επικοινωνιών: Η μετάβαση από τα δίκτυα πρώτης στα δίκτυα πέμπτης γενιάς, και των επικοινωνιών από άνθρωπο σε άνθρωπο σε μηχανή προς μηχανή ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: Δίκτυα πέμπτης γενιάς, Διαδίκτυο των Πραγμάτων, επικοινωνία μεταξύ μηχανών, εξέλιξη κινητών επικοινωνιών, Τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΕΣ Για την ολοκλήρωση αυτής της πτυχιακής εργασίας θα ήθελα αρχικά να ευχαριστήσω τον καθηγητή μου, κύριο Μεράκο Λάζαρο που ανέλαβε και στήριξε την πρωτοβουλία μου για την ενασχόλησή μου με το συγκεκριμένο αντικείμενο ενώ παράλληλα συνέβαλλε στο να διευρύνω τις γνώσεις μου στον τομέα των κινητών δικτύων και να εντείνω το ενδιαφέρον μου σε συναφή επιστημονικά πεδία Στην συνέχεια, θα ήθελα να εκφράσω τις ιδιαίτερες ευχαριστίες μου στην υποψήφια διδάκτωρ Λιώτου Ειρήνη για την πολύτιμη και ουσιαστική καθοδήγηση που μου προσέφερε καθ’ όλη την διάρκεια εκπόνησης της πτυχιακής μου εργασίας. Η συμβολή της κρίθηκε καταλυτική για την πραγματοποίηση της παρούσας εργασίας. Τέλος, θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω την οικογένεια μου αλλά και τους πολύ καλούς μου φίλους Παπανάγνου Κατερίνα και Πετρόπουλο Κωνσταντίνο για την υπομονή και την κατανόηση που έδειξαν όλα αυτά τα χρόνια μέχρι τώρα, για την ολοκλήρωση των σπουδών μου. CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................... 10 1. EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS .................................................. 11 1.1 First Generation Technology ......................................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Analogue Cellular Networks ..................................................................................................... 12 1.1.2 Network Standards ................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.3 Access Technology .................................................................................................................. 13 1.2 Second Generation Technology Systems .................................................................................... 15 1.2.1 Digital Cellular Networks .......................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2 Network Standards ................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.3 Access Technology .................................................................................................................. 16 1.2.4 Network Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 19 1.2.5 Technology Limitations ............................................................................................................ 21 1.2.6 Evolved 2G Systems and Enhancements ................................................................................ 22 1.2.7 GPRS Network Architecture ..................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Third Generation Technology Systems ........................................................................................ 24 1.3.1 ITU’s Requirements for Third Generation Networks ................................................................. 24 1.3.2 Network Standards ................................................................................................................... 25 1.3.3 Access Technology .................................................................................................................. 26 1.3.4 UMTS Network Infrastructure ................................................................................................... 27 1.3.5 Third Generation Technology Limitations ................................................................................. 29 1.3.6 Evolved 3G Systems and Enhancements ................................................................................ 30 1.4 Fourth Generation Technology Systems ...................................................................................... 32 1.4.1 Network Standards ................................................................................................................... 32 1.4.2 Access Technology .................................................................................................................. 33 1.4.3 LTE Network Infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 35 1.4.4 Fourth Generation Technology Limitations ............................................................................... 38 1.4.5 Evolved 4G Systems and Enhancements ................................................................................ 39 1.4.6 Access Technology .................................................................................................................. 39 1.4.7 Relay Nodes............................................................................................................................. 40 1.4.8 Carrier Aggregation ................................................................................................................
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