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The Historical, Literary, and Philosophical Influences on EM ﻣﺟﻠﺔ اﻟزرﻗﺎء ﻟﻠﺑﺣوث واﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ – اﻟﻣﺟﻠد اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻋﺷر – اﻟﻌدد اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ٢٠١٤ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ واﻷدﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أي أم ﻓﻮرﺳﺘﺮ أ.د. ﻋزﯾز ﻣﺎﺟﺎن ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻵداب – ﻗﺳم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟزرﻗﺎء -اﻻردن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﺳﺗﻼم اﻟﺑﺣث ٢٢/٧/٢٠١٤ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻗﺑول اﻟﺑﺣث ٢/١١/٢٠١٤ ﻣﻠﺧص: أن اﻟﻛﺎﺗب أي. أﯾم ﻓورﺳﺗر ﯾُ ﱡﻌد ﻣن ﻋﻣﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻷدب اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي ﻻ ﺳﯾﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرواﯾﺔ، وﻗد ﺣﻘق ﺑﺟﺎﺣﺎً ًاﺑﺎﻫر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ، ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻋﺎش ﺣﯾﺎة ﻣﻠﯾﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺧاﺑرت اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﻧﯾﺔ. وﺑﺎرﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﯾن، ﻓﺄن اﻟﻛﺗﺎب: ﺟﯾن أوﺳﺗن، ﺻﻣوﺋﯾل ﺑﺗﻠر، أﯾم ﯾروﺳت، أﯾل دﻛﻧﺳن، ﻓوﻟﯾﺗر، أي ﺟﯾر، وﺗوﻟﺳﺗوي ﻗد ﺳﺎﻋدوا ﻓورﺳﺗر ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﺎء وﺗطوﯾر ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺗﻪ ﻛر و اﺋﻲ ﻣؤﺛر، وﻣﯾدع ﻓﻛرﯾﺎً. وﻗد ﻛﺎن ﻟﻘورﺳﺗر أﻫﺗﻣﺎم واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﯾﺔ وأﻣور اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ، ﺣﯾث ﻛﺎن ﻓورﺳﺗر ﯾﻔﺿل ﻧوع اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺣررة وﻣﻠﯾس اﻟﻧوع اﻟذي ﺗﺷرق ﻋﻠﯾﻪ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ، وﻋﻠﻰ ﻛل ﺣﺎل، ﻓﺎن ﻓورﺳﺗر ﻗد ﺗﺄﺛر إﻟﻰ ٍﺣد ﺑﻌﯾد ﻣن ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌض اﻟرواﯾﺋﯾن، واﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻷﺧرﯾن وﺣﺗﻰ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺷاﻌرء اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﺗﯾﻛﯾن. أن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻫؤﻻء اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ﻓورﺳﺗر ﻛرواﺋﻲ ﻣﻬم ﺣﺗﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻏدا ﻛﺎﺗﺑﺎ ﻣرﻣوﻗﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﺻﺔ اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة، وﺑﺎت ﯾﻛﺗب ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻻت ﻋدﯾدة ﻓﻲ أطﺎر اﻷدب، ﻟذﻟك أﺳﺗطﺎع أن ﯾﺑﻧﻲ ﺷﻬرة أدﯾﺑﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ وﻣﺣﺗرﻣﺔ ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺎً وﻋﺎﻟﻣﯾﺎً. 263 The Historical, Literary, and Philosophical Influences on E.M. Forster 30. V.I. Lenin , On Literature and Art , (Moscow: 35. Day Lewis , ( London : 1937 ) , p.15 Progress Publishers , 1970 ), p.83 36. Forster , Two Cheers for Democracy,p.34 31. Ibid. , p.83 37. D. Sigmund –Schultz ,p.131 32. Forster , Two Cheers for Democracy, p.31 38. Virginia Woolf. The DEATH OF THE Moth 33. Forster , Two Cheers for Democracy, p.101 and Other Essays ( London : The Hogarth 34. R. E. Warner. The Mind in Chains, ed. C. Press, 1942), p.104. 264 Zarqa Journal for Research and Studies in Humanities Volume 14, No 2, 2014 Forster’s novels represent social history as 7. Morman Kelvin , E.M. Forster – The Man well as studies of the Edwardian mind. The prime and his Works ( London : Forum House , importance of his novels is the concern in 1967) , p.33 personal relationships and the need to “connect”. 8. E.M. Forster , Howards End ( London : His novels stress contrasting cultures and ways of Penguin Books , 1967) , p.242 life. Moreover, Forester’s novels are politically and 9. H.T. Moore , E.M. Forster , ( New York’s : morally tendentious and always in the liberal Columbia Un.Press , 1965) , p.25 tradition. Forster’s belief in the present has been 10. Ibid. ,p.25 achieved as a result of his attachment to tradition 11. Rose Macaulay , The Writings of E.M. and his sense of the past. Forster ( New York : Harcourt Brace , 1938 ) Through the survey of the influences on E. , p.136 M. Forester, it is noticed that Forster's life was 12. “ A Conversation with E.M. Forster “ , mainly cornered with human relationships. He Encounter , IX (Nov. , 1957) , p.55 unceasingly struggled to investigate the nature of 13. Forster , Two Cheers for Democracy , p.212 these relationships. Thus, Forster's characters are 14. Ibid. , pp.214-15 clearly related to the surroundings from which they 15. Forster , A binger Harvest, p.148 have been taken. 16. Ibid. , p.147 However, Forster was consistently engaged in 17. Ibid. , p.148 discovering the truth and reality that his characters 18. Forster , Two Cheers for Democracy, p.219 are also fundamentally concerned with. 19. Ibid. , p.216 Undauntedly, this approach Forster developed 20. Ibid. , p.282 stemmed from his liberalism. 21. Ibid. , p.174 It is difficult to pin Forster down, because he was 22. Ibid. ,p.20 not fully affiliated to any group. Forster held a 23. Thomas Hutchinson, ed. The Poems of fringe position. Shelley (London: Oxford Uni. Press, 1943) Notes and References p.424, Lines 149-59. 1. Rex Warner, E. M. Forster; (London: 24. E.M. Forster , Abinger Harvast ( London Longmans, 1964), pp: 7-8. :Edward Arnold and Co., 1953) , p.73 2. K. W. Grandson, “E.M.Forster at Eighty”, 25. Forster , Two Cheers for Democracy, p.157 Encounter, XII (January 1959), p.77. 26. F.R. LEAVIS, “Forster” – A Collection of 3. E.M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy, Critical Essays- ed. By M. Bradbury , ( N.T. (London: Arnold, 1972), p.70. Prentice-Hall, 1966) p.35 4. Ibid , p.78 27. Macualay , p.287 5. M. Rose, p.20 28. Forster , Two Cheers for Democracy, p.33 6. E.M. Forster, The Eternal Moment ( 29. Dorothes Sigmund –Schultz, “Raymond Edinburgh : Turnbull and Spears , 1928), Williams” Concept of Culture “ , Zeitschrift für p.125 Anglistik und Amerika nistik , 2 Jahrgang 1974 , Heft 2. 265 The Historical, Literary, and Philosophical Influences on E.M. Forster at the top , stand to lose by any readjustment doesn’t worry me. I do care about the past, and within the whole . We find that, at those do care about the preservation and the extension periods of history when a change of social of freedom.(35) organization is necessary, culture comes into As a matter of fact, liberalism had the opposition to the time -honored standards of greatest influence on Forster’s ideas of culture. I society, standards think his ideas on culture serve the ruling forces in which, by the way , were elevated and the imperialist countries where criticism of the properly honored by the culture of the past but existing system is allowed. In doing so, they try to which have proved inadequate and uninspiring maintain the illusion that in these cultures there is for a further advance into the future.(34) a truly democratic atmosphere apparently I believe that Warner’s view is obviously exercised. Thus I think that Forster’s views on relevant to the development of ideas and feelings culture are no longer appropriate for the countries which are an indication of the modern meaning of that long to develop and make use of socialism. culture. Warner’s point comes very near to an In this respect Prof. Sigmund –Schultz states: Arnold's definition, in which culture can be in “Socialist culture should at no time be placed advance of the economic and social organization, automatically on the same level as the culture ideally embodying the future, Many English which exists in the capitalist countries.” (36) Marxists’ writings laid stress on this point. On the whole, it can be noticed in this paper Forster’s idea of culture springs naturally from that the influences on Forster were of a varied and his way of looking at things, and from the way he extensive nature. These influences made an able looked at things in the past. Thus his views on writer of Forster. However, Forster’s character, culture are quite different from Marxist views. Nor ideas and philosophy are true of his personality. was Forster affected by them. The Marxist He developed in accordance with changes in all interpretation of culture did not become spread in fields of life during the time in which he lived. English until 1930s. J. Ruskin and W. Morris Virginia Woolf’s perception was extremely strongly espoused Marxist culture. Morris linked susceptible to the influences of time. (37) the cause of art with the cause of socialism, and 5. Conclusion his socialism was of the revolutionary Marxist kind. Forster was very much interested in matters Although Forster sympathized with communism, of culture. He believed in a liberal type of culture; he did not favour Marxist views on culture. which should be national, not governmental. His I am not a Communist, through perhaps I might be views on culture were not concerned with if I was a younger and a braver man, for in economical and political systems. On this ground, Communism I can see hope. he is in disagreement with the Marxists’ views It does many things that I think evil, but I know with regard to culture. His culture, he believes, that it intends good. I am actually what my age my should not be defended; nor directed by a certain upbringing have made me - a bourgeois who political party. I feel this kind of culture is not quite adheres to the British constitution, adheres to it appropriate to modern times, and it will generate a rather than supports it , and the fact that this isn’t confused society. dignified 266 Zarqa Journal for Research and Studies in Humanities Volume 14, No 2, 2014 culture of democracy and of the world working class was ‘ Macbeth’ was ‘Phedre’. Art for art’s movement.” (30) From the Marxist angle, the national sake?I should just think so , and more so than culture leads to liberal – bourgeois culture which V.I. ever at the present time (1949). Lenin rejects completely. He comments: It is the one orderly product which our It is that all liberal bourgeois nationalism sows muddling race has produced(33). the greatest corruption among the workers and Although art is important in human beings does immense harm to the cause of freedom ‘lives, yet it must have an aim, it must deal with and the proletarian class struggle. This social, economic and political matters. Otherwise bourgeois tendency is all the more dangerous art would not have a role to play in ordinary for its being concealed behind the slogan of people’s lives. A Culture has to be limited to those ‘national culture’. (31) who are much concerned with art for art’s sake. Views on culture vary whenever the social and Forster’s idea of culture is not concerned with economic conditions are not regarded as the basic economic and social conditions. “I know nothing factors which could bring about change in society. It about economics or politics but I am deeply is easy to understand that throughout history there interested in what is conventionally called culture (32) has been constant interaction between culture and and I want it to prosper all over the world “ .
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