p- 831 F;Ic: Nf'S Gen-

INDIVIDUAL REPORTS

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS IN NATIONAL PARKS Ric NP5 Gen. Individual Reports of Members of the Committee on Educational Problems in National Parks, Together with Minutes of Early Meetings of Committee

HE specific recommendations resulting from studies of the Committee on Educational Problems Tin National Parks have already been presented to the Secretary of the Interior through reports of the Committee under date of January 9, 1929, and November 27, 1929. These results were based upon extensive studies by members of the Committee working individually and in groups through a period of approximately two years. In the course of these investigations much material of value was accumulated by individual members. Each of these reports was transmitted at the earliest possible moment to National Park Service for use in development of various aspects of the educational pro- gram. In order that the data in these separate reports, and the expressions of opinion of the Com- mittee in the earlier minutes, may be of record with the office of the Park Service, it was decided by the Committee to have these documents put into permanent form by means of gathered proof sheets. The following pages representing work of the seven members of the Committee on Educational Problems in National Parks, while not approved by the Committee as a whole, have the authority of confidential expression by the individual members. It is believed that much of importance will be developed in use of the material. The reports are arranged in alphabetical order according to authors, and in general alphabetically by subjects touched by the authors. The table of contents for the document as a whole is given below.

JOHN C. MERRIAM, Chairman.

HAROLD C. BRYANT, Secretary.

Contents

PACE #F PAGE Atwood, Wallace W., Reports: ...... 2 Yosemite National Park ...... 25 Glacier National Park ...... 2 Granite Areas in Yosemite National Park.... '26 General Considerations ...... 3 Biological Features ...... 27 Grand Teton National Park ...... 3 Geological Sciences. : ...... 28 Yellowstone National Park ...... 5 Oastler, F. R., Reports: ...... 30 Bryant, H. C., Reports : ...... 7 Bryce Canyon National Park ...... 30 Lassen National Park ...... 7 Grand Teton National Park ...... 33 Sequoia National Park ...... 8 Isle Royale, Lake Superior ...... 33 McKinley National Park ...... 39 Bumpus, Hermon C., Reports: ...... 10 Mesa Verde National Park ...... 39 Acadia National Park ...... 10 The National Monuments ...... 40 Yellowstone National Park ...... 11 Never Summer Range of Mountains...... 41 Kellogg, Vernon, Report: ...... 16 Mount Rainier ...... 42 Rocky Mountain National Park ...... 16 Rocky Mountain National Park ...... 44 Zion National Park ...... :...:...... 45 Merriam, John C., Reports: ...... 17 Crater Lake National Park ...... 17 Wissler, Clark, Report: ...... 48 Everglades of Florida ...... 19 National Parks and Monuments of Historical Grand Canyon ...... 19 and Archaeological Interests ...... 48 Mount Lassen Park ...... 23 Rainier National Park ...... 24 Mifiutes of Meetings of Committee on Educational Sequoia National Park ...... 25 Problems in Nationgl Parks ...... ^,51 •

Reports of Dr. Walla6e W. Atwood on Studies Made in 1929 on Glacier Park, Grand Teton National Park and Yellowstone National Park

THE GLACIER NATIONAL PARK park where trails may some day be or made virtually dustless by some needed. The region referred to is method. The next most important Highways along the continental divide and ex- routes for oiling are from Lake Mc- tends from West Flat Top Mountain Dermott to Granite Park and the HE completion of the automobile to T Trapper Peak and northwestward trail from Lake McDermott to the highway along the south margin of through a series of basins to the vi- this park is provided for by contracts cinity of head of St. Mary's Lake. From the Mount Carter. head'of St. Mary's Lake to Lake Mc- which have been let. The road The ]3lackfeet glacier I found to should be opened for traffic next July Donald by way of Gunsight Pass be exceedingly interesting, but the should also receive attention. and with this new road across the trail from Gunsight Lake to that gla- All cier who care to become well Rocky Mountains a large increase in would need considerable work acquainted the number of visitors to Glacier Na- with Glacier National done on it if tourist parties were Park must follow the trails. It is in tional Park should be anticipated guided in that direction. The gla- the mountains rather than at their and provided for. cier has been melting away rapidly margins where one can appreciate The proposed automobile highway during the last few decades and the their through the midst of the park when workshop thus uncovered is exceed- magnitude, their beauty, their geologic history, and the larger prob- completed will be one of the most ingly instructive. There one finds il- lems associated with the plant and attractive scenic routes in our west- lustrated most of the phases of ice ern country. work. animal life of this mountain environ- The section from Lake ment. McDonald to Logan Pass, which has Similar phenomena are illustrated been completed, was used during the along the margin of Sperry glacier, past season by thousands of auto- and since that glacier is now easily A Science Hall and Demonstration mobile parties even though it is neces- reached there is no immediate need Laboratory sary to turn around at Logan Pass of making the Blackfeet glacier avail- and retrace the route to the south able for the general public. During the past season the educa- tional margin of the park. The trails in the park that are used work in this park has been The unfinished portion which will most present a very serious problem carried on in certain of the hotels follow the canon of Reynolds Creek which demands solution. These routes and on the trails. The hotel man- agers have cooperated and been very and the north margin of St. Mary's are so dusty that it is exceedingly helpful Lake will be wonderfully attractive unpleasant to follow them even in a but the conditions at the from a scenic standpoint. small party. The experience with a hotels are not at all satisfactory for Facilities for automobile campers large party from one of the hotels the conduct of serious educational is almost unbearable. work. Although there may be occa- must be provided along this road and Over two thou- sions the hotel accommodations must be sand people have followed the route when popular lectures might enlarged. I anticipate that this road, from Lake McDermott to Iceberg well be given at the park hotels by when completed, will soon double the Lake during the past summer. The officers of the National Park Educa- number of visitors to the park. Pro- round trip is made in a day, but one tional Staff, the regular work of the visions for the educational work rides in a cloud of dust much of the staff demands other facilities. The along this route should be improved time. That dust is very irritating to absence of a suitable room and of and recommendations will appear the eyes and nose, and undoubtedly demonstration material makes it vir- later in this report. most unwholesome for the visitors. tually impossible to put clearly before It is impossible to avoid the great an audience the larger and more sig- clouds of dust for the parties are nificant lessons in the natural history Trails of Glacier kept crowded together and they fre- National Park. I recom- The trails already completed and quently meet other parties that bring mend that, as soon as possible, all those under construction during the with them additional clouds of dust systematic educational work of the past summer constitute a wonder- just as automobiles did in the days National Park Staff be removed from the hotels. fully good net-work for hikers and before our highways were well sur- At least three buildings horseback riders through this range. faced. should be erected and equipped as scientific laboratories As the number of visitors increase Even a party of half a dozen who and centers and especially as more come who elect to take the North Circle or where this work can be conducted. enjoy going into the heart of the One should be at McDermott Lake, South Circle route through the park one near the upper end of St. Mary range on foot or in the saddle, the find that the horses stir up so much northwestern portion of the park Lake, and the other near the upper dust that the pleasure of going end of Lake McDonald. The need should be made more easily acces- through the mountains is almost sible. Wonderfully interesting routes of additional centers may develop at ruined. This condition is due to the Sperry Glacier and at Logan Pass. could be laid out from the south end fact that the rocks of this park are of Watertown Lake into the region of composed largely of shales and the Brown Pass and the Kintla Lakes. I frequent passing of large numbers of The McDermott Lake Station anticipate that a visit to Agassiz and shod horses is certain to reduce this Kintla Glaciers would be fascinating The site for a science hall or demon- material to an impalpable dust. stration laboratory on the shore of to those who like the high mountains. I would strongly recommend that McDermott Lake was selected in There is another very fascinating the trails to Iceberg Lake, Grinnell • and rather inaccessible portion of the company with Dr. Ruhle and Super- Glacier, and Cracker Lake be oiled intendent Eakin; later this site was [ Page 2 1 Reports on National Parks carefully examined with Mr. Kit- the-Sun Chalets and the neighboring nent scientists in the Parks, engaged ridge of the National Park Service. region go by motor boat and car or in field studies and speaking at times All who have visited the proposed by trail to the McDermott Lake to members of the educational staff, site are in agreement that its location, region. When the automobile road would be of great value in promoting just north of the outlet of McDer- is completed through the central our work. mott Lake, is exceedingly fortunate. part of the range many visitors to Our programs should succeed in a The points in its favor may be listed the Park may make their chief stop notable way if we select well-trained as follows: at the head of St. Mary Lake. The young people with pleasing per- 1. It is within easy reach of the number of visitors to this station will sonalities who are good speakers, chief hotel and of the tourist camp. be exceedingly large when the road is good field research workers, and who 2. The mountain panorama through completed, and provision should be are interested in helping others. I the 180° is magnificent. made for receiving many of them at believe scientific studies as well as 3. Each of the more important the demonstration laboratory. educational work should be promoted geologic formations of the Park can in the National Parks. Many im- portant scientific studies could un- be pointed out from this location. The Lake McDonald Station 4. The position of the Lewis over- doubtedly be promoted in cooper- thrust fault-plane can be seen. This station should be located at a ation with other departments of the 5. There is good parking space point near the entrance to Snyder United States Government. available. Creek Canyon where there is a favor- 6. Near the building there is an area able outlook over Lake McDonald. Questions where an alpine garden might be re- I could not visit that region because produced. The suggestion of an of the proximity of forest fires but I 1. Should not the educational staff alpine garden was made by Dr. E. P. appreciate the importance of this be organized separately from the Park Meinecke who was at work in this center for educational work. The Rangers and provided with separate Park last year. west side of the range offers a rich accommodations? The equipment for this station variety of plant and animal life, and 2. Should not the salary scale for should include: biological studies might well give those in the educational staff bel 1. A mechanical device which will character to the scientific and educa- raised so that the services of the make possible the demonstration of tional work at this station. more successful members can be re- the great Lewis over-thrust fault. The Lake McDonald station will tained for a number of years? 2. A relief map of the park. be along the automobile route of 3. Could arrangements be made so 3. A geologic map of the park. travel through the Park, near one of that married men appointed in the 4. A reproduction to scale of the the large hotel centers and on the educational staff for the summer geologic column in the park from way to Sperry Glacier. A visit to might have their wives and possibly cretaceous strata below the fault- Sperry Glacier is one of the very their children living in the park where plane to the crest of the range. attractive and valuable field trips in they are at work? Small housekeep- 5. Large hand specimens from each the high mountain region. ing cabins would solve this problem. of the formations. 4. Why should scientific men en- 6. Type specimens of fossil imprints gaged in doing educational work-in as they become available. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS the park during the summer be pro- 7. A map or model showing the hibited from bringing their own auto- maximum distribution of glacier ice The Educational Program in the mobiles into the parks and using the during the Pleistocene period. National Parks will require: cars to help them keep their appoint- 8. Specimens of glaciated stones. ments, and for pleasure or field work 9. Maps showing the distribution of 1. Organization of methods for the during leisure periods? the larger plant groups. careful selection of permanent and 10. At least two telescopes mounted temporary members of the staff. THE GRAND TETON NATIONAL on an open veranda at the west side 2. Provision for the training of staff PARK of the building. members. This should include field 11. A lantern and set of slides for work. Each member of the instruc- The Automobile Highway use in evening lectures. tional staff should be well acquainted with the park where he is at work. T HE present highway bordering the 3. Organizations of programs witf7iri foothills of the range is very well The St. Mary Lake Station each Park so that inappropriate du- located for the pleasure and conven- plications in the instructional talks ience of visitors to this park. There This station should be located on will be avoided. Many visitors to are already many natural openings the bold rocky promonotory, north of the Parks plan, as soon as they learn through the forest which present vis- the present hotel accommodations at of the educational work, to grasp tas of great beauty from the roadway Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, but south every opportunity offered. across the lakes to the bold mountain of the line of the proposed new high- 4. Suitable buildings where the edu- front. A few more openings throngh way. This location will have the fol- cational work can be conducted the forests may prove to.be desirable. lowing advantages: effectively. I would strongly recommend that 1. A superb mountain panorama 5. Special equipment at each edu- no buildings or camps be permitted through about 180°. cational center. The equipment may between this park highway and the 2. Accessibility for hotel guests. include certain museum exhibits, but small lakes located just east of the 3. Accessibility by automobile road must contain material needed in the mountains. At present camping is per- from the tourist camp. demonstration of the more significant mitted in that belt. It will be ex- 4. Visibility of chief geologic for- lessons in science. tremely fortunate if all such camps mations. 6. Provision for research work by can be placed at some little distance The equipment for this station members of the educational staff and east of the road, thus allowing the should be quite similar to that sug- other scientists in the Parks. The shore margins and the entire forested gested for the station at McDermott educational work will not, retain a belt at the east base of the mountains Lake. The talks or lectures given freshness or the note of inspiration to be left in their natural state. This at these two stations must be so unless those engaged in that work recommendation, I understand, meets planned that they supplement each carry on some original research work the approval of the superintendent, ,other. Many who visit Going-to- of their own. The presence of emi- Mr. Woodring.

[Page 3 ] Report on National Parks

The highway must be widened and easy proposition for several miles. the most interesting sections of the improved to better accommodate the The trail engineers may expect some park. traffic which it already carries and to difficulty in locating a good place for provide for the increased traffic making the descent into Leigh Can- Science Hall or Demonstration which must be anticipated. yon. The descent may very well be Laboratory The highway should be continued shifted a few miles farther north or northward along the shore of Leigh south from the route which I have The site selected for the erection Lake and might well follow the route indicated on the map. The crossing of a demonstration laboratory is in- suggested by the broken red lines from Leigh Canyon into Moran Can- dicated on the accompanying map by which I have placed on. the accom- yon will probably be easy. a blue cross. It lies between Leigh panying map. It would then com- The route up South Leigh Canyon and Jenny Lakes and is on the east plete a northern loop, pass through a is already passable over a fair; trail shore of String Lake. heavily forested morainic country, made by the foresters. That trail has The site chosen for this educational and add a few miles of very beau- not been completed down the slopes center is east of the main automo- tiful driveway along the shore of into Leigh Canyon but could be so bile highway with outlooks to the Jackson Lake. completed. southwest toward the Grand Teton There is no trail at present in Gla- group of peaks and to the north- Trails cier Creek Canyon but several miles west toward Moran Mountain. It in the upper reaches were examined is conveniently located for those who The development of a system of from an outlook station high in the may stop at the proposed Lodge or trails in this park is of prime im- range and the going appeared to be at the proposed tourist camp. portance. The mountain front is ma- very easy in that part. A sharp nar- Adequate parking space should be jestic as seen from the lowlands at row gorge exists in the lower or east- provided near this observation sta- the east, but anyone who wishes to ern part of Glacier Creek Canyon, tion. There is an abundance of room appreciate fully the natural wonders just as in the other canyons, and in there now and this matter should be of this park must go into the range, that section heavy rock work will be anticipated when the camp and Lodge follow some one of the many canyon necessary in the construction of the reservations are made. trail. routes to the divide, climb to certain The building should have large of the outlook stations,. and walk or The great canyons present a rich- plate-glass windows on the west side ride for several miles along a "sky- ness in geologic structures, in variety and it might well have an uncovered line 'traiP' near the western margin of rocks, and in the phenomena of veranda on the west side so that vis- of these mountains. The approach glaciation that makes a day spent in itors could leave the main demon- to the canyons from the east and the travel through any one of them a stration room and step out into the first mile or two upstream will pre- most profitable and inspiring expe- open to view the mountains or re- sent no serious difficulties in trail con- rience. ceive instruction. On the veranda struction but there is a constricted The Grant Teton group itself, which there should be placed at least two section two or three miles long, in presents the culminating spectacle of telescopes for those who would like each of the canyons where the stream scenic beauty in this rugged range of to study the details of this magnifi- gradients are high and where the con- mountains, should be made accessible cent mountain front. At this site struction of trails will be expensive. by an improved trail up the east slope visitors would have one of the choic- Those more difficult sections for trail of the range. The climb at present est, outlooks possible from the east work are near the eastern margin of is difficult because the trail is too base of the range. A chart with the range where the uplift of the steep. On the east slope of the Grand pointers should be provided here in Teton block was greatest and where Teton there is a small glacier which order that the chief objects of inter- the streams encounter very resistant could be made available for visitors est may be easily located. core rocks of the ancient or Pre-Cam- by a little trail work. This glacier is In the demonstration room there brian complex. Upstream from the worth visiting especially on account should be an enlarged topographic narrow gorges the canyons widen out of the moraine system that has been map of the park on a scale of at least and their floors present little or no left during a recent period of reces- two inches to the mile. As soon as difficulty for the trail makers. sion of the ice. possible a relief map should be pre- On the accompanying map I have I have suggested a trail along the pared and installed in this room. indicated in blue a system of trails eastern margin of the range through There should be present, for means which would lead those who travel on a morainic belt where there are sev- of demonstration, large rock speci- foot or in the saddle along routes eral lakes. Such a trail would keep mens which will give the correct im- of fascinating interest from the stand- the saddle horses away from the pression to the visitor of the great points of Geology, Physiography, and highway and would offer many easy variety of rocks in the fundamental of Plant and Animal life. Whichever and very attractive walks or rides. complex exposed on the eastern face of these trails they select the visitors This lowland trail would give to the of the range and in the overlying would soon find themselves in true visitors a large number of beautiful sedimentary series. The room might alpine environments. At the outlook outlooks and would also offer excel- well contain colored views of the stations, which have been indicated lent opportunities for the study of plant life and of the big game which on the map, and from many other plant and animal life. There are at may be seen by visitors who follow points on the trails, they would have present many parties of riders and the various trails through the park. before them magnificent mountain hikers who enter this portion of the Some mechanical devices or models scenery. park from nearby Dude camps. A should be constructed with which to The route up Death Canyon is great increase of hikers and riders demonstrate, to the layman, the passable today although at places it may certainly be anticipated as im- movement of faulting which occurred is rather difficult for saddle horses. proved highways from east and west during the last uplift of this moun- The ride through the upper portion give easier access to Jackson Hole tain bl9ck. of the canyon is easy and the route Valley. A geological map should be pre- along the crest line as far as exam- Judging from a distant view, I pared as soon as possible so that the ined presents no difficulty. Informa- think there were at least two some- distribution of the various forma- tion obtained from those who have what notable glaciers on the north tions may be clearly grasped by every gone farther, indicates that the "sky- slope of Moran Mountain. That re- student of the park. line trail" along the divide at the gion should be visited in the near As soon as possible also a map ,.vest margin of the park would be an future for it may prove to be one -of should be prepared showing the for-

[ Page 4 ] Revort on National Parks met distribution of glacier ice in the love for the out-of-doors, which is located that the outlook is distinctly park and on the neighboring lowland certainly encouraged by a visit to the impressive. I strongly recommend to the east. A special relief model Grand Teton National Park, while that the site of that station be neat' with the glaciers represented on it difficult to evaluate, are very sig- Artist's Point on the east rim of the would be very effective. nificant. canyon of the Yellowstone River. In the sedimentary rocks there are Opportunities for scientific studies There is room for such a station in a fossil re.itaina which offer a good op- abound in this park. They are varied grove of trees where the road now purttmity for the study of ancient life and extremely fascinating. College forums a looli or circle. The advan- and the appreciation of some of the und University students and 111.111y of t;iges of this site are as follows: deeper tnea,uiugs of geologic studies. the younger wembers of the faculties 1. A magnificent and inspiring view. Good specimens of the type fossits in otu• institutions Of higher learning 'I'he outlook would include a view of should be available in the laboratory. should be Ullcoul-agcd to spend their t le Lower Falls and of a section of The erection and equipment of the summer vacation periods in field the Grand Canyon of the Yellow- lauunstratiun laboratory is necessary studies in our parks. I. hope sotne stone. it an educational prograui with the plan tuay be worked out whiclt will 2. The niust striking scientific pltc- vi^,it.ury to this park is to be carried niake it, possible for its to promote nitniena it this locality are distinctly uut effectively. The one who is reacarclt in each of the parks. ge•tilogical. placed in charge of this work must 3. The clituax in the geologic his- luve had lie Id traitriub ill geology YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL lorv of Yellowstone P;•k comes with and pltysiugt•aphy. PARK tLe cutting of the Grand Canyon which is before the eyes of the visitor High Points for the Educational T HE educational work in this park NN-hen at the proposed site. 4. Most visitors to Artist's Point Work has proceeded ouch farther than in either of the other parks which I have already been to several of the EIere geyser basins and made a large part Tito outstanding possibilities for visited during the past season. 1 conferred at some length with those of the conventional tour through the educational work tit the Grand Teton park. They have seen so many phe- Park may be summarized as follows: administering the affairs of the edu- nomena that they should be ready for A geologic story in which tre- cational division, listened to a large 1. the presentation of the geologic utendotts physical changes are clearly. number of the talks which were given story. Mountain making, stream at hotels and lodges, accompanied recorded. 5. This site will become available erosion, glacial Nvork, rock weather- groups on nature walks, and other groups who were being guided through as soon as certain changes in the road, ing, rock metamorphisnt and phases which have already been provided of volcanism are well' illustrated. the geyser basins. A record of ancient life in the The educational staff included sev- for, are completed. 2. 6. The plans for the new highway sedimentary rocks high in the range, enteen people during the past sea- construction provides ample parking where a biologic history full uf mean- son, and Mr. Yeager strongly urges the addition of five more to their space for private cars and Park ing is recorded. busses, near this proposed site. A large variety in plant life illus- staff, and the employment of a sec- o. 7. The platform at Artist's Point trating adaptations from a lowland retary at his headquarters. is so near that all visitors can be en- environment to the adaptations com- From my field experiences I was couraged to utount to that remark- nton to alpine conditions. Adapta- convinced that the staff contains able outlook station. No formal talk- tions of plant life to various condi- many able instructors who are doing ing or lecturing should be done on tions of exposure and to the various very conscientious work, and I was that platform. There the beauty and and rock conditions are shown. deeply impressed with the interest soil grandeur of the scene should be re- Influences of altitude, temperature shown by visitors to the park who lied upon to produce a profound moisture conditions, and accompanied the instructors in the changes, eff ect. winds upon plant life, are clearly il- field or listened to them in the hotels, lustrated. Stages in the evolution of lodges, or museum building. There plant societies are undoubtedly to is no doubt as to the appreciation on Equipment for this Demonstration the part of a large number of vis- be recognized in this region by those Laboratory conversant with that field of study. itors to this park of the educational There are places from which glacial help which is being offered by the ice has but recently disappeared and National Park Service. No instructor should attempt to nearby areas that have been exposed The most striking and inspiring present even an outline of the geo- somewhat longer, where plant life features and phenomena of the Yel- logic history of the Yellowstone Park has made a little start. There are lowstone National Park are geologic, to an audience without excellent probably also landscapes where plants and yet the great story of geologic equipment. The following articles have had a sullicientl•y long period of changes is not adequately presented should be provided for the demonstra- time to have reached a mature or to the visitors. The talk given, with tiou room: climax stage. the help of slides, at the litlle mu- 1. A relief map of the Park. 4. At present the wild game in this setnn building near Old Faithful 2. A geological map of the Park. region is so abundant that one who brings out certain phases of the ge- 3. A relief map of the Park on travels into the region, even without ology but it falls far short of what which the Erlaciers of the Pleistocene any intention of searching for such should be presented. The geological period are represented. I think Dr. annuals, is sure to see them. Elk, lecture or talk at the lodge near the 11"illiam C. Alden, of the U. S. Geo- moose, deer, and bear are there and Grand Canyon is quite ineffective. logical Survey has the necessary data many of the smaller animals of the There the speaker attempts to tell "a for such a tuap. forest. most complicated geologic history 4. Lai-go hund specimens of various 5. The outstanding and undoubted- without any demonstration tnaterial. rocks, of petrified trees, of fossils, of ly the most significant element in He speaks well but his efforts are in tufa, and of sinter, for use before an this new park is its magnificent mottn- vain. audience. taiu scenery. There are few regions A demonstration laboratory should 5. Geologic structure sections in the world of such limited area that be erected and so equipped that the should be prepared for use in connec- present equal scenic beauty. The outline of the geologic history of the tion with the discussion. thrill which visitors receive when in park can be presented clearly to the a. A structure section at the the midst of so much beauty and the visitors. That station should be so Mammoth Hot Springs. [Page 5 ] Report on National Parks

b. A structure section at the larger ecological problems. The meadow lands, the forests, and the "Hoodoos." naming of flowers and the identifica- wild flowers of the Park and an ac- c. A structure section at the up- tion of trees has some value, but the count of the giant Sequoia that were per geyser basin, providing that cer- presentation of large scientific prob- buried in yolcanic debris. The plants tain deep borings now being made lems suggested by the local condi- all. present wonderfully interesting yield sufficient information for, the tions and phenomena strikes me as studies in adaptation and the ancient uonstruction of this section. of much greater significance for the Sequoias suggest remarkable changes d. A structure section showing mature visitors whom we address in in the plant societies of the region the various horizons of petrified these Parks. The visitors may carry during geologic times. trees in the south wall of Lamar away some slight amount of detailed Could not the story of the animal Valley. information from oqr work and that life of the Park be presentedofrom a e. A structure -section near the may prove to be valuable to some of thoroughly scientific point of view Grand Canyon. them, but the inspiration which and made just as fascinating as when 6. A sketch map to illustrate the comes from living in the midst of recounted as a series of humorous in- piracy committed by the Yellowstone these great wonderlands can not come cidents in the life of the animals? River. from such encyclopedic data. It Mr. Martindale's remarkable perform- I should like to add one comment seemed to me that at some one of the ance at Old Faithful while the bears which I hope will be helpfully sug- stations, where visitors are invited to are eating may well be continued gestive to those who are engaged in listen to a naturalist, the plant life while Mr. Martindale is available, giving instruction in this park. of the park should be treated as a but at some one of the stations a non- In the talks which I heard about unit. The talk might include the technical scientific talk based on the the plant and animal life of the Park story of the tiny algae living in the wild animal life of the Park should I missed the presentation of the hot waters, a description of the be given.

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C Pcye: 6 1 Reports of Studies by Dr. H. C. Bryant on Educational Problems Presented 0 in Lassen and Sequoia National Parks

NOTES ON LASSEN NATIONAL The area is not large, but is full of is like. There are numerous areas of a suitable PARK interest. To be appreciated, however, great contrast which give there must be some understanding ot background for environmental studies. F i'ER a three-day study of Las- the causes of such phenomena. Fauna: The park is well stocked A sen National Park. I am con- Uraksbad: A short distance above with deer and other animals. The vinced it is of national park caliber the summer resort owned by the Sif- trout in Butte and Summit Lakes are and has splendid possibilities in an tords lies anotner hot-spring area. of extraordinarily large size. Bird educational way. '1 he sante phenomena as are to be and annual life differs somewhat from seen at Bumpa's Hell are here in evi- that in the southern Sierra. Itinerary dence, but in my personal opinion, in less spectacular form. The rnud pots Historical George Collins was assigned to AIr. are not so brightly colored, but are show the park. The itinerary was as Lnziyrunt Trail: As one travels the of a thicker consistency. The hot road around t.he north side of the lollo«'s: springs, likewise, are not quite so Headquarters 1\lin- mountain, the old Lassen trail is Oct. U. Park active. Boiling Lake, to the south of eral. often in evidence. It probably con- the ]Jraksbad resort, is a stupendous stitutes the most interesting historical Oct. 10. llraksbad. spectacle. To see a lake of this size Viola to Manzanita Lake, exhibit contained in the park. Nu- Oct. 11. in a boiling, stuailling condition with Chaos Crags, Devastated Area, Stttn- uterous log cabins are scattered about numerous mud pots around the edge indicating many attempts made by mit Lake to end of road. st,rs every visitor. ']'his is certainty Oct. 12. New road to Bumpa's the pioneer to establish himself in one of the choicua of tile ho -spring this area. Hell. phenomena. Tnis area which is now The highly praised Butte Lake and privately owned should be purchased Museum Cinder Cone recreation area of the and added to the park. northeast corner of the park was not 1'lte museum building at Manzanita Cinder Gone: The Cinder Cone visited. Lake is of pleasing, architecture and area is said to be a splendid geolog- the location appears to be good, even SIGNIFICANT FEATURES ical exhibit with a chance to study though the ruain road around the Geology both the cinder and the lava type of mountain will not pass by the build- deposit. ing. The numerous enlarged photo- Devastated Area: There are other U/i.uos Cro!18 mid Jumbles: To file graphs of the mountain in eruption places where thermic activity and northwest of the niountain lies a made by Mr. Loomis furnish visual volcanism can be studied with almost great ridge of lava known as Cnaos evidence of the appearance of the equal advantage, but nowhere in the Crags. Below this to the west is a mountain in 1914 and 1915. The United States is there such visual tumbled area indicating a flow which natural history exhibits at present evidence of devastation wrought by has been named Chaos Jtubles. 'I'hi> are of very poor quality. The ta.r-i- mud flow and steani blast. Probably flow has been largely overgrown by a dermic work is very pool-. The back- the most gripping exhibit within Las- A short distance north young forest. grounds, on the other ]land, painted sen National Park is the devastated new road of Mautzanit.o Lake, a on enlargements actually taken around area on the north side. Every visitor cro scs this interesting area. A promi- the mountain have possibilities. Thu.-, will be stirred by the actual evidence nent geologist has recently published t'ar the collection of historical relics of a beautiful mountain meadow filled a paper dealing with this fortuation. is small and poorly displayed. Even- in fourteen feet deep with mud, and a rearrangement of exhibits at the same time ability to see un- Biology tually covered by the stream, trees which will allow better portrayal of Lassen Forest: The flanks of Lassen Peak Park and its associated features. have evidently been buried in a are beautifully forested with yellow previous mud flow. Furthermore, it pine, sugar pine and incense cedar. Educational Work is a fascinating experience to trace These forests are park-like in appear- out on the devastated area,the,direc- ance and have added beauty because Actual nature guiding in Lassen tion and strength of the blast which of the spacing of the trees. Stream National Park will always be difficult leveled the forest and swept the sides are bordered with aspens and for a number of reasons: mountainside clean. poplars, In the forests, the under- The headquarters are outside of Summit of Lassen Peak: The lava growth of flowering dogwood is of the park proper. plug and evidences of flow together particular beauty in the fall when the There are four actual entrances. with a typical crater steaming at the leaves have turned. The museum is far removed from bottom is visual evidence that one is Timberline: John Muir has called the recreational area around Cinder looking at the one active volcano in attention to the beautiful growth of Cone and is actually off the main the United States proper. A study of hemlocks on Lassen Peak. This hern- highway. old and new lava flows is possible. lock forest is an outstanding feature With these difficulties in view, it is Bumpa's Hell: This is apparently of the eight and nine thousand foot evident that other educational fea- the better of the two areas showing level. The aocompanying flora also tures than nature guiding need to be thermic activities. It is easily reached makes a fine study. stressed. The Loop Road will pro- by a good trail of little over a mile Ecologic Studies: A succession of vide a route to most of the interesting which leads from the new road. mud flows and lava flows gives a fine educational features. It is possible There are good examples of hot opportunity for a study of plant suc- that a nature guide might properly springs, mud pots, fumeroles and like cession. It is interesting to note what handle a caravan of automobiles on thermic activity. Crystals of sulphur sort of vegetation first appears on a this route, stopping to give instruc- are to be found around the fumeroles. new flow and what the eventual flora tion at each interesting location. Cer-

[Page 7]

^ Report on National Parks tainly, there is need of a first-class An understanding and an appre- in a tnorning's walk. The Circle na0,111•alist at the Musetnu, and a part- 'ciation of the biological features Trip may either start or end with t.nne man stationed at the recreation torm; the minunum objective of any the General Sherman Tree where center at Butte Lake would have plan to be helpful to visitors. Here there is an especially fine opportunity plCnty of opportwnity for conducting may be explained the laws of life, for the visitor to get a full appre- ucld trip;. The possibility should be the laws by which we live. Educa- ciation of the size and grandeur of con,^idered of detailing a uran to tional work in this park should aim the sequoia. The Congress Grove, remain throughout, the day at the at giving every individual who enters the Lincoln and Roosevelt trees should Devastated Area to help people to the borders of Sequoia National not be rnissed. The animal life of the understand it. I'ark : forest and the plant life of forest and if lectures can be given regularly 1. A vision of the antiquity, age, meadow may well claim a share of at the principal resorts, numerous height, girth, longevity of the big the studies made. visitors will have an opportunity to tree, a taste of its symmetry and 1i/z. Kale Thorp Log, Log Meadow learn what are the best things to see beauty and understanding of the con- and Return via Broken Arrow Trail and will be able to secure a basis of tributary causes. Return via Parker Group. interpretation. 2. An insight into the interrelations This route leads through fine primi- found in a forest of big trees and the tive forest and meadow to historic Publications means to be taken to maintain them. hollow log used as cabin and includes A knowledge of accessory fea- A splendid little guide booklet has 3. visit to the Parker Group of big tures of the park: animal life, flower- trees and Morro Rock may be in- been issued by Mr. George Collins. It grown meadows, geology. cluded. is on sale at all of the principal re- 2. Short Trip to tllore Interesting sorts. Theemic activity is dependably described in Carnegie Institution pub- Methods Trees in Giant Forest Center. (Round lication No. 360. Meadow.) A report on the fauna of Lassen An organized program having but On this trip there is splendid op- National Park, the result of a bio- recently been started (1929) there is portunity to study the effect of fire logical study of a cross-section need for a general working plan. on the big tree. Splendid growth of through the peak, is in press. This As far as possible the imparting cambium in healing old fire scars is biological survey, which covered sev- of information to the visitor should evident. Though the trees are not eral years, was niade by various mem- conic from personal contact with the so outstanding, one may gain a real bers of the staff of the California feature itself. This is more true of appreciation of the life and habits Museum of Vertebrate Zoology broiogical phenomena than of others, of the sequoia within a radius of a headed by Dr. Joseph Grinnell. After for specimens of living things are quarter-mile of park headquarters. this report is published, there will be sorry objects out of their own en- 3. Morro Rock. available a fairly complete knowledge vironment. Leading people to the The view from the top of Morro of the animal life of the park. Sherman Tree and helping them to Rock (6719 feet) into the Kaweah discover for themselves is a prefer- Canyon is spectacular and the rock able method to that of lectures. Con- should be climbed by every visitor. AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM sequently means should be provided Vistas emphasizing depth and dis- FOR SEQUOIA NATIONAL for furnishing personally conducted tance first appeal. Closer study shows PARK excursions, both short and long, to the older sedimentary rocks below view the big tree in its most interest- topped by the granite. Masses of SEQUOIA National Park may be ing features and to bring an under- brush and live oaks indicate the considered as an example of a standing of its native environment. Upper Sonoran Zone, with the forest park where the outstanding feature Guided study of big trees and (Transition Zone) well marked at an is of biological significance. The allied features of Sequoia National elevation of about 5500 feet. A prop- largest tree, the most extensive forest Park may well bring about as no- erly mounted telescope gives oppor- of big trees (Sequoia gigantea), are where else the following educational tunity to get a closer view of more contained within its borders. An results: distant objects. The dome structure unmodified climax type of forest with 1. Experience in interpreting Nature beneath one's feet forms an interest- its native life, typical of the southern and her laws. ing geological study. A new stairway Sierra Nevada furnishes a background 2. Training in observation. being installed will make this look- for these choice exhibits. The new 3. Understanding of interrelations out place more useful in the future. addition to the park includes on Cha- among living things. 4, Watch Tower and Heather Lake. goopa Plateau as fine a display of 4. Appreciation of the beauty found This trip makes one of the best all- foxtail pine as can be found any- in a climax type of forest. day excursions, leading one through where. Of but slightly less signifi- 5. Concepts of time, durability, beautiful flower-grown meadows to a cance are Mt. Whitney (14,501 ft.), solidity, permanence, perseverance. vantage point at Watchtower, where highest peak in the United States, 6. Veneration of old age. a glaciated valley (Tokopah Valley) other rugged peaks of great height, 7. A look into the past through a can be viewed. Opposite is Mt. Silli- deep canyons, flower-grown meadows window of the present. man and the ridge separating the and other accompaniments of the 8. Ideas of success in life as a re- Kaweah from the Kings River water- best part of the southern Sierra sult of protective features. shed. Heather Lake, a short distance Nevada. 9. Fire as an agent to tree destruc- beyond Watchtower, is typical of a Since every visitor is impressed with tion. Sierran Lake, its borders fringed, with the age of the big trees, splendid 10. Knowledge of results of protec- heather. , The lake is an attraction to opportunity is afforded to link the tion of forests and wild life by man, fishermen. The trip may easily be life of the present with the plant 11. Religious inspiration. shortened by driving in caravan for- and animal life of the past. Those 12. Inspiration for further studies. mation to the foot of the trail about great thoughts which through time two miles from Giant Forest. have been expressed by poets and Suggested Field Trips 5. Lodgepole to Tokopah Falls and philosophers when inspired by eon- Return Through Tokopah Valley: tact with majestic trees and forests 1. General Sherman Tree to Con- This trip necessitates auto trans- may well find a place in stirring the gress Grove (Circle Trip). portation to Lodgepole. The walk individual to great thoughts and to Without undue effort one may see through Tokopah Valley is a delight- appreciation of beauty. the choicest trees in the giant forest ful one giving abundant opportunity

[Page 8 1 • Report on National Parks to study the fauna and flora of the Lectures far from the center of activity in upper part of the Marble Fork Can- Giant Forest in summer must be con- yon. No sequoias are to be seen, but The most suitable place for u lee- sidered. there is a splendid growth of cotton- tUu•c on the big tree is at the General wood and lodgepole pine, Jeffery 61 lierenan Tree. A ranger-naturalist Publications pine and white and red fir. Brush should be stationed here at certain types such as green nianzanita, serv- hours of the day in order to answer jce berry and hazel are abundant. questions and to help people to atudy As in other parks, there is need Birds are numerous and the study ttus largest of trees. Likewise, a study for sonic leaflets which will more of them could well be stressed on this (it the general geography of the region satisfactorily explain the chief fea- trip. can best be made at Morro Rock, tures to be found within Sequoia o. Admiration Point. where a lecture might well be given ,National Park. Particularly is there This trip is scenic and at the same at an appointed hour of the day. For need for a dependable account of the time of particular interest to those some time a man has been stationed big tree. The Secret of the Big interested in geology. It must be at the bear feeding pit to answer 'frees" by Ellsworth Huntington, made by auto caravan to the trail questions. An informal talk to the which is available, could be greatly junction (8'/•-- miles), the trail being assembled crowd is possible. improved in the light of recent find- about a mile long. A sharp drop luanp-fire lectures are an estab- ings. ']'here are numerous questions froni the road leads through splendid lished routine. They should be of a put by the average viaitor, the answers yellow pine and sugar pine forest. kind to stimulate hearers to go and to which are not to be found in this Crystallized sugar can be found in see the choice features of the park. leaflet. sonic of the burned sugar pines giv- Here is a proper time also to answer ing indication of how this tree was the niuncrous questions put by the named. The most attractive view average visitor. Do lichens injure Personnel from the point is that of some seven trecs7 Are there any young sequoias? waterfalls on the Marble Fork. At the NVhy is the bark so thick7 NVhy are Considering the travel record and base of each one is a fine large pool the big trees fire scarred? 'Nhat is the diverse locations of the outstand- of water. The point is located in a the difference between the Sierra and ing features, it will take a staff of at belt of white limestone which the coastal form of redwood? least three men to institute satisfac- stretches for a considerable distance There should also be an -endeavor torily a proper educational program. at the same altitude 'in a general made to offer special series of lec- One man will need to be stationed north-south direction. An interest- tures by scientists. A series given at the museum, two others at Giant ing biological study is afforded in the by Dr. Chaney of the Carnegie In- Forest who will alternate in taking yucca which apparently finds the stitution in the summer of 1929 is the shorter and longer trips and in limestone belt particularly favorable typical of the kind most suited to giving the lectures. At least one of for its growth. A good view of three the situation. these men should be a trained botan- different life zones is afforded. 7. Crystal Cave. ist or forester capable of gathering A three-mile trail leads from the Museum and filing research materials on the old road (Black Oak Trail crossing) Sequoia gigantea and capable of sat- to a remarkable limestone cave Judge Walter Fry has brought to- isfying technical visitors. A study of known as, Crystal Cave. At the pres- gether a splendid set of exhibits the ecology of a forest of big trees ent time, the cave is kept locked to which are now housed in the Adminis- would constitute a real contribution prevent vandalism. This cave, still tration Building. Of particular value to science. largely unexplored, with numerous are the Indian baskets and other his- galleries and "organ room" and a torical materials. Eventually these beautiful stream of water is a splen- valuable collections should be housed Conclusion did exhibit. Cluff Cave to the south- in a fireproof building. They are ward is said to be largely spoiled by altogether too valuable to be ex- The foregoing suggestions are to the curio hunter. Should it be found posed to fire hazard. The suggestion be taken in a general way. Experi- possible to guard the contents of the that the permanent museum should ence on the ground will doubtless cave and yet open it to the public, be placed at Hospital Rock meets demand modification of some parts this would afford a splendid feature. our approval though consideration of the program. The report is an 8. Self-guiding Nature Trails. should also be given the site near the attempt to interpret the outstanding A start has been made on a nature General Sherman Tree. The former educational problems of Sequoia Na- trail near headquarters. Others can location furnishes a splendid his- tional Park and indicate the type of be developed as needed. A wild-flower torical site and makes the museum program that is most satisfactory for garden with numerous metal labels available to both winter and summer a park whose chief features are bio- was built in the summer of 1929. visitors. The disadvantage of being logical.

[page 91 Reports of Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus on Studies made in 1929 on Educational Projects in Acadia National Park and Yellowstone National Park

ACADIA NATIONAL PARK tion, and intellectual improvement within its boundaries a rich and and any educational program must varied marine fauna and flora gives it (^AD1A National Park, superb in take into consideration these condi- an educational ^altte quite its own, a A its occanic, lacustrine, mountain, tions. value that is still further enhanced and woodland features, is incompara- As above intimated, there is already by the fact that this is the only loca- bly 'tlte most beautiful and, although a sttfficiency of scientific literature to tion in the entire system of Parks one of the smallest, offers the widest satisfy the average visitor. Research where the ocean may be observed ac- i?angc of educational possibilities of and publication will doubtless con- t.ually at work in its tireless process of any 1Vational Park. It has an en- tinue without special effort on the remodeling the shore-line, a shore- tertaining history running back to the part of the Government. Avenues of line furthermore presenting a wide ,,line of Champlain, long before the approach are already provided. Visi- range of variation and both a recent advent of the Pilgrims. Unlike many tor, are, and probably will continue and a remote past of great historical of the larger Parks, Acadia has grown to be, exceptionally well-informed, significance. in size and in importance by a rapid and there are already, either within It is idle for one to make recom- process of accretion and this process the Park itself or near its boundaries, mendations for an educational pro- is, happily, still going on. Just what several establishments which make gr,irn that will extend far into the fu- ^n•c the educational possibilities of it unnecessary to recommend an ex- ture, but tile pleasure and profit of this area and how may they best be tensive program of construction. those visiting-as well as those now developed? A marine biological laboratory, at- residing near-Acadia IrNzy be in- Mount Desert and the neighboring tracting a large nuniber of scientists, creased without the expenditure of islands and land and the surrounding has been in operation at Salisbury any considerable stun of money. ocean received the attention of geol- Cove for several years. It has an On the completion of the highway ogists, botanists, zoologists, geogra- admirable scientific library, represent- to the summit of Cadillac Mountain, phers, archeologists and historians ative collections, aquaria, and a good there should be an observation sta- • long before the establishment of any working equipment. Its publications tion where the visitor could tarry, en- National Park. There is an abundance have covered a wide range of sub- joy-and further enjoy by under- of literature covering a wide range of jects. standing, or partially understanding- subjects available for those who de- At one of the entrances to the the geological events that have made sire authoritative information. Park a number of college students the superb panorama possible, a The Park area is well provided with and investigators are occupied with panorama that extends to the horizon motor highways and there is a net- problems connected with the natural in every direction. work of bridle paths and charming fauna and flora. It is here that the There should be a small museum of trails leading to all points of interest. State is maintaining one of its sub- the trailside-laboratory type located Although nearer to Chicago and the stations for the economic study of near the auto camp and niade the large cities of the East than any of insects, fungi, etc., in their relations field headquarters of a competent the great National Parks, and thus to forestry. Ranger Naturalist. Evening lectures embracing within its radius a major Geology has received and is still re- should be given around the campfire. part of our vast population, Acadia ceiving the attention of men from The small buildings on Bar Island is not a place that is overrun by rest- eastern universities. should be kept in repair and a Ranger less tourists and probably never will Anthropologists are busy with the Naturalist selected for this charming be. Maine, itself, i= a great recrea- archaeological problems and a beauti- spot who is acquainted with and com- tional area and its seaside resorts, ful little museum, of the trailside petent to care for and tell about the numerous camps and popular hotels, type, has been constructed near one animal and plant life of the locality. arrest and detain the ordinary tourist. of the entrances and is freely open to Most important-in the opinion of The attractions of this Park appeal the public. the undersigned-is the early develop- rather to those who are able both to Out in the ocean, on Little Cran- ment of the shore-line at and near recognize and to enjoy the finer crea- berry Island, quite within sight of the Anemone Cave. In other Parks, I ions of nature, to those who seek Park, is a unique and a most in- much is made of the fossils of marine quietude, contemplation, inspiration, structive museum of local history animals and plants, footprints and and that kind of mental satisfaction and at Bar Harbor there is an ex- petrifactions, but here are living which accompanies discriminating ap- cellent public library. things abundant, colorful and entranc- preciation. The waters of Frenchman's Bay are ing. It is recommended that a series While it is a recognized duty of the now receiving special attention by the of rockwork basins-artificial tide- Service to provide for the accommo- Federal Government because of their pools-be constructed among the dation and of the multitude visiting wealth of plankton upon which the ledges above tidewater and shel- the National Parks, it is also the duty fisheries are so immediately depend- tered by the trees and shrubbery of the Service-an imperative duty- ent. growing luxuriantly in this local- 6o to conserve and administer its An excellent Nature Trail-one of ity. If these basins, or pools, priceless possessions that they will the best-has been maintained for the are placed on different grades and not become exhausted, destroyed, or past two years near Jordan Pond in a moderate amount of sea-water even suffer depreciation. Acadia is the heart of the Park area. is forced into the highest, the preeminently a place for those who The fact that Acadia National Park overflow, as a little stream, will find can discriminate; who seek informa- impinges on the ocean and embraces its way through the lower pools until [Page 10 ] • Report on National Parks

it finally returns to the -sea. There be revised by those specially quali- that will enhance pleasure and pro- is every reason to believe that the lied and has shown its willingness to duce a satisfactory grade of intel- native fishes and other forms of ma- insert additional material and omit lectual profit. Those in charge must ruie life will flourish in these shady portions of only minor importance. have sympathy, courtesy, patience pools and if the spot is properly land- Suggestions to this end will be made and an almost inexhaustible fund of scaped, it will give a kind of pleasure the subject of a special report. general and technical information. and profit to those visiting the Park A second publication, "Haynes' They must have an equipment of that cannot be provided in any other Guide," is privately printed and is maps, guides, etc., adequate to meet way or place. The cost of operating purchased by about one in twenty all rea^ipnable requests. an outdoor aquarium would be trivial of those entering the Park. This high It is the plan to make each Bu- when compared with the good it percentage of sales argues for a real reau of Information an essential part would do. desire on the part of the public to of each Trailside Museum. The ]at- Another recommendation is to the obtain-to even pay for-reliable in- ter is merely a practical device for effect that the several centers of in- formation. The publisher has ex- giving information about local phe- terest, both on Mount De,,ert Island pressed a desire to revise and improve nomena. Why not, then, extend its and the National Park areas on the this booklet so that it may continue functions to include all questions main land be linked together by the to be the best; thing of its kind in which arise locally? If a visitor publication of a Tia.ilside Guide, sim- the Park and thus the better serve wants to know the way to the buffalo the public. ilar to that used at Yellowstone. corral he will doubtless profit by all The recommendations hc-,j cut- For several ),cars the Park i\'attt- inspection of other ungulates and the bodied are justified as applying to the ralist, and those cooperating with him descriptive matter accompanying the have issued from Yellowstone a immediate, rather than the remote, exhibits close at hand. mimeographed monthly, similar to future. They involve an enlargement It is planned that each Bureau of that, issued by several of the .Na- of the Ranger Naturalist service and Information will be an organic part, tional Parks. 'I'his is primarily a increased appropriation for construc- of each Trailside Museum and each "friend-maker." Its obvious func- tion, maintenance. etc. They should local Museum will become, in fact, a tion-as a means of recording local not all be undertaken at once, but bureau/ of information. observations and sustaining the in- The Trailside Note-each covering should be developed on a firm basis terest of those who have once visited a special section of the "Loop" and of observation and experience. the Park-should be sustained. The other highways, as above described- Park Naturalist also issues a Ranger will serve not only as a source of YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL Naturalists' Manual. reliable information and as a sus- PARK For something like live hundred tainer of interest between the respec- years, the printed page has been a tive termini, but will prepare the N ORDER to have constructive means of popular education, and the visitor, on arrival at the information I value, a report on educational use of printed material for conveying center, more profitably to make use projects already undertaken at Yel- information in the National Parks of the agencies of information- lowstone, and on opportunities for will doubtless: continue to outrank in Nature Guides, relief maps, charts, I further educational work, it is neces- importance and in efficiency all other specimens, exhibits, etc-therc pro- sary to consider: The educational agencies. The preparation and issue, vided. It is more profitable for a agencies operating at the present as an experiment, during the past tourist to understand what he has time and their present and potential summer of "'Crailside Notes" amply seen than to indulge in faulty visions efficiency. The principal localities demonstrates the practical value of of what he is about to see. where these agencies are operating this method of popular inst.ruction. and the sufficiency or insufficiency of The publication covered only the (c) Museums. the places chosen. The reaction of motor trail from Mammoth to In Yellowstone, with its several the tourist toward existing educa- Norris Junction and was hastily centers of outstanding interest, it is t.ion:.cl,efforts. The reaction of utility drafted and hurriedly printed. The planned to construct a series of operators. Prophecies and recom- reaction of the public, as shown by buildings of the Trailside Museum ntenclations concerning the imu.te- return postals, is such as to warrant type, each intended primarily to ex- di;.cte future. the extension of the system to other plain the phenomena of its imme- The educational instruments and sections of the Park and to all main diate neighborhood. While this is agencies in operation within the park approaches. Properly prepared, a the primary purpose of these estab- it, the present time. are as follows: series of Trailside Notes will not only lishments, experience has shown that (a) Publications; Trailside Notes. serve the public but will enable the the visitor is frequently keenly in- (b) Bureaus of Information. motor drivers and other employees terested in what he has observed on (c) Museums. to derive and dispense reliable infor- his journey to the station and not (d) Lectures. mation and will act as a check upon indifferent to what he is to see on (e) Nature Guide Service. misconceptions and misrepresenta- his way to the next stopping place. (f) Trailside Notices. tions. The location of these stopping (g) Nature Trails. places is a matter of basic impor- (h) Photographic Facilities. (b) Bureaw of Information. tance. They are the exclamation and (i) Animal Enclosures. The "checking-in stations" and the interrogation points of an informa- (j) "Caravans." Bureaus of Information are the first tional recital. They must be timed (k) Public Utility Operators. points of contact between the visitor to the schedule of traffic nnd situated and the Park personnel. The atti- where there are ample parking facili- (a) Publications. tude of the visitor toward the man- ties, an adequate supply of water The so-called "Circular of Infor- agement of the Park is definitely and where the standard sanitary mation" issued by the government and often permanently established regulations and provisions may be and giyen to all entering the Park at these points of entry. Here the conformed with. is and probably will continue to be tourist should feel that he is entering The construction and equipment the most generally used agency of territory that is spiritually elevating of these minor museums classify as information and instruction. The and that those wearing the Park uni- capital expenditures. Their opera- Service has itself prepared, printed form are companions competent and tion, however,. becomes a charge and contributed this very practical willing to assist in overcoming diffi- against current maintenance. It is publication and has expressed a de- culties, in designating economics and proper that economy be practised sire that the several sections should in recommending ways and means- under both classes and it is probable [ Page 11 ] Report on National Parks

• that for some years to come those ful. At the several "basins" and lodges bestir themselves in order to who are appointed as custodians will points of particular interest it is attend instructive lectures given else- be largely selected from those that necessary that relief maps, descrip- where? They certainly will. serve on temporary payrolls as tive material and orienting agencies 9. Will it be possible so to en- Ranger Naturalists. It 'is, therefore, be installed. Correctives should be courage members of the permanent felt that the grade of service will be invented which will prevent the men- educational staff that they, without materially elevated if modest living tal confusion which is inevitable to special training, will collect, prepare, quarters are provided-in or adjoin- those who rush from place to place label and exhibit museum material ing these trailside structures--and not knowing what they see, eager for in such a way as creditably to meet believed that men can be found to and only partially conscious of their the special requirements of the sight- fill these positions who are particu- passing emotions. seer? Much will be acomplished if larly interested in the scientific prob- While the museum at Old Faithful within the service a competent tech- lems abundantly present throughout was primarily designed to tell the nical staff can be organized. The ex- the Park. These little museums may story of geyser activity and serve as periment of the year has uncovered thus serve not the flowing public the headquarters of the local staff of individual enthusiasm and capacity alone,. but they may become active ranger naturalists, those having its for this. kind of work. The ranger centers of research where small planning and construction in charge naturalists at Yellowstone were en- groups of students may spend the have not been unmindful of other couraged to undertake the installa- season profitably and intimately as- factors. tions at Old Faithful and-taking all sociated with elders who may direct Until such a building was actually factors into consideration-they did their field and laboratory work and constructed, several important mat- a very creditable job. Among these give continuity to prearranged pro- ters were in doubt: factors were limited time, limited grams of investigation. 1. Would a museum as a place of facilities, limited funds and limited Conference with the officers of the instruction. and study withstand the material. Their relief map work has Service, with the operators of utili- .competition of commercial and rec- been excellent; the exhibits of gey- ties and observations made during reational attractions of the neighbor- serite, while doubtless rather too the past two years have resulted thus hood? Experience has shown that technical for the average visitor, are far in the selection of the following it will. nevertheless wisely selected, attrac- locations on the western and, south- 2. If. material germane to the lo- tively placed and carefully labelled. ern Loop. Other portions of the cality is exhibited and labelled in The birds are sufficiently well Park will require further study and the ordinary way, will it attract at- mounted to answer every practical observation. tention and be used? Observation purpose. Since only the common Leaving Mammoth, where it is has shown that it will. forms are of popular interest and planned to construct a building ap- 3. What kind of educational ma- are easily mounted, it is quite un- propriate to the needs of a general terial will most attract the public necessary to place them under glass. educational headquarters, the first and what methods of exhibition are (The mounting of mammals re- regular stopping place of importance most effective? The public will quires a high grade of technical skill will be at the Norris Geyser Basin, read labels that accompany speci- and has not as yet been undertaken.) • a distance of twenty miles. It is pre- mens, even when the verbiage is Now that the first Museum` has sumed that the tourist while at stilted, technical and uninteresting. been constructed and has been in Mammoth has been prepared, to Photographs and posters attract little operation, it will have no little effect some extent, for the journey and that attention. Hand specimens, exposed upon the structure and equipment of the Trailside Notes, "shrines" and in the open, give promise of having other similar establishments, in other temporary labels have called his at- more educational value-much more parts of the Park. The patronage of tention to points of interest along educational value-than those ex- the public is assured and space the way. hibited under glass. in the newer structures must be At Norris he will find (1) Agencies 4. Will visitors use hand speci- provided sufficient to accommo- that will enable him to review and mens, lenses, microscopes, etc., and date an average attendance which classify what he has already seen; will they follow a laboratory out- will vary both in time and place. (2) A nature trail properly labelled line? Certainly. The adaptation to the locality and that will give him a survey of this 5. Should a museum at Old Faith- the background of exhibited material particular locality and he will be ful for example confine itself strictly are of primary importance, but there given what might be called a labora- to geyser activities, or should it must be ample space for the individ- tory outline, which will serve as a broaden its function and embrace a ual examination and study of hand program while he is on the trail; wider range of subjects appropriate specimens and opportunity for the (3) Collections and apparatus that to the -general locality? The wider consultation of books of reference, are designed to make clear what na- the local range, the better. etc. The introduction of what may ture is doing in this, the most recent 6. Is it really worth while to pro- be called laboratory methods into of the several "basins"; (4) Informa- vide relief maps and geological the educational program of the Serv- tion that will prepare him for the charts? For orienting purposes their ice will give a durability to the in- second section of his journey, viz., value has been amply demonstrated, formation derived by the visitor that from Norris to Madison Junction, a but the number of tourists who show can not be obtained in any other way. distance of fourteen miles. an eagerness for more than general The presence of a well-informed resi- The small museum at Madison geological information is relatively dent ranger is another essential. Junction, primarily designed to func- small and that of those who really tion as an orienting center for those comprehend the geological story of (d) Lectures. entering the Park from the west, and the Park as a whole is still smaller. Credit must be given to those who for those motoring toward the north We need someone who will devise a in earlier years have overcome ob- and south, has, as an underlying method of telling the geological story stacles and actually created and put theme, the historical story of the dis- so that it may be understood. It is into operation the present system of covery of the geyser basin and the perhaps the most important story of lectures-it is much more difficult to birth of the national park idea. The all. create than to criticize. There will exhibits will be arranged accordingly. 7. Are publications sought and presently be held at Des Moines, From Madison Junction-sixteen read? Yes. They give ample evi- Iowa, a conference the purpose of miles up the valley of the Firehole- dence of wear. which is to formulate plans and the tourist passes through a series of 8. Will tourists leave their camps methods for improving this service. events which culminate at Old Faith- and will guests of the hotel and Dr. E. N. Jones, now immediately in

[ Page 12 1 Report on National Parks

charge of the Service, Mr. Carl Rus- camps is not inferior to that of the ties, certain graduate students, or sell, Field Naturalist, Drs. Kelly and hotel guests. they will be acquainted with such Conrad, veterans in this kind of It would be ideal if large audi- students or instructors in other edu- work, and D^. McDougall, conspic- toriums, operated by the Service, cational institutions, as are especially itously'successful during the past sea- could be built and equipped at Mam- fitted for outdoor work. The heads son, will meet with the undersigned moth, Old Faithful, Lake and Can- of these several centers will almost and it is hoped that out of the con- yon. This may prove feasible at automatically compose a responsible ference distinct progress will result. Mammoth when the new museum is educational staff of practical value. Some doubt has been expressed in constructed. It is possible also that Here again, however, we need, and regard'to the propriety and feasibil- satisfactory arrangements may be need sadly, men that have had a ity of instituting and maintaining a made which will lead to the use of geological training. Some provision series of illustrated lectures. Dur- the large auditorium-now a part of must also be made to enable the ing the past summer, however, a trial the lodge at Old Faithful. members of the educational staff to was made at the small out-door audi- In the meantime it is recom- move about the Park more expediti- torium at Old Faithful which proved mended that an outdoor amphi- ously and which will relieve them of quite convincing. At this center theatre be constructed near the old unnecessary routine and give those of ,there are 'several evening attractions, power station at Mammoth, a loca- special training in a certain subject but t^He attendance on the illustrated tion midway between the Hotel, the the opportunity of advising and as- lectures-liurriedly prepared though Lodge and the Auto Campground. sisting those whose training has they were-was such as to tax If this is done, the reaction of the taken them into other fields. the capacity of the auditorium. public can be noted and further pro- In. closing this section, the writer All directly connected with this phase cedure made accordingly. There is makes the following suggestions. Shorten the Nature Trail's. A of instruction are now fully con- an appropriateness and charm to an 1. shorter trail that inspires is better vinced of its value and believe it evening lecture given under the dome than a longer one that exhausts. will become one of the important of heaven that is not present in the 2. Have resting places-smatI na- features of the final educational pro- ordinary lecture hall. The weather tural amphitheatres where the tour- gram. Dr. ` Oastler, of this com- at Yellowstone is not unkind and in ist may comfortably listen to a re- :mittee, has taken and is taking an stormy weather the smaller audiences may be accommodated elsewhere. view of what has been seen and the active part in preparing lantern bearing that the things seen may slides, Mr. Ansel 'Hall, Mr. Yaeger, (e) Nature Guide Service. have upon the larger problems of Mr. Haynes, Mr: Russell and Dr. The information given by Nature science. At these rendezvous it will Jones are giving their assistance. The Guides to small parties in the field be quite possible for the Guides to Service-has already purchased and in- theoretically and perhaps practi- have certain illustrative material, stalled projection apparatus and the is cally-because of its directness and specimens, geological and topogra- season of '1930 will make a distinct ad- intimacy-the best that the Service phic maps, perhaps lenses, a tele- vance in the development of this provides. It is expensive and it loses scope, almost anything that will activity. in value on the one hand, if the Na- elucidate or tend to fix in the mem- Now arises the important question ture Guide is perfunctory, poorly in- ory the essentials of the little expedi- of ' auditoriums, concerning which formed, or lacking in the power to tion that is in all probability the there is some diversity of opinion. arouse and sustain interest, and on first of its kind that the tourist has the lectures have been Hitherto the other hand, if the conducted enjoyed. given in the lobbies of the hotels and party is too large, tends to loiter, is lodges-under the sufferance of the lacking in compactness, and becomes (f) Trailside Notices. proprietors-and.in small improvised physically fatigued. A legend is as appropriate to an il- out-door amphitheatres at the auto- The present methods of discover- lustration in the open country as it camps. ing and appointing Ranger Natural- is to an illustration in an open book. While an audience may be guar- ists as Nature Guides is not entirely The grass is well worn in front of anteed when the lecture is given in a satisfactory. The compensation every historical notice that has been hotel lobby, where it is practi- while adequate for a certain grade erected in Yellowstone. These no- ^cally forced upon the guests, there" of service, is quite inadequate for the tices-at present far too few in num- are, "nevertheless, unavoidable inter- grade of service really desired. Dur- ber-have proven to be of real use ruptions and interferences which are ing the season, which opens abruptly, and it is hoped that an extension of most annoying to the lecturer and there is little time or opportunity this kind of t"railside instruction will disturbing to those who wish to listen. for conference, for the detection of be made the coming season. There The' attitude of the proprietors has faults, or the discovery of special is something, however, about a sign been, in the main, favorable-pro- aptitudes. or tablet that is obviously a tem- vided the lecturer did a good job. The distinctive features of Yellow- porary makeshift that gives it an Unfortunately some lecturers have stone are volcanic-geological-but exceptional educational value and not been wisely chosen, or at least Nature Guides, who have had geolog- without discounting the permanent have not lived up to their presumed ical training and can use this train- educational value of signs of a more ability. ing in a constructive way, are con- permanent nature, it is suggested If lectures of a higher order are spicuously absent. It is hoped that that transient events along the trail- .to be given and if these are to be at the Des Moines conference, al- side receive transient treatment and illustrated, it is improbable that the ready mentioned, procedures will be that one of the Ranger Naturalists hotels and lodges will undertake the agreed upon that will materially im- be delegated to motor around the expense and inconvenience of pro- prove this service. Park and see that temporary labels viding suitably therefor. On the The writer feels that at each of the are properly placed and properly re- other hand, the hotel attendance is four centers there should be at least moved as the flowers, etc., follow the not increasing and prior attention one man of maturity who has been course of the seasons. This attention might well be given to those entering a successful teacher and understands may not be confined to flowers alone. the Park by private motor who now not his subject alone but the people . outnumber those coming in by train that visit his section. He must be (g) Nature Trails. four to one. If one can judge the inventive in providing means for Probably no recent device for out- grade of intelligence by the ques- giving efficient instruction. Such door instruction has exceeded in 0 tions asked of the lecturer, the men- men will naturally have about them popularity the so-called Nature tal capacity of those occupying the in their own colleges and universi- Trail. Four years ago the first N a- [ Pape 13 1 Report on National Parks

• ture Trail was about half a mile in many of the characteristic animals of not interfering with those who choose length. In the intervening time, Na- the Park migrate away from the to be absolutely independent, or ture Trails have been constructed in neighborhood of the highways and with those who are making use of different parts of the country that camps at the very time their presence motor busses, makes it possible for a have an aggregate length of several is most desired. The absence of ani- single Ranger Naturalist to serve a hundred miles. This has meant a lot nial life leads to the keen disappoint- large number of visitors in an orderly of study for those who have construct- ment of thousands of visitors who and efficient way, and it is quite pos- ed and a lot of profit for those who are led to believe-through the an- sible that the several Caravan ren- have followed these inviting pathways nouncements and advertisements of dezvous will eventually require an in nature's museum. tourists agencies, and even through equipment that will add to the edu- The writer, an ardent believer in the circulars issued by the Govern- cational effectiveness of this now this method of outdoor education ment itself-that the Park is a place novel service. observes: In this connection, teeming with big game and animal the value of Trailside Notes, local 1. That Nature Trails tend to be life in general.. labels, and the opnortunities for too long. The use of pens, corrals, and cages making brief excursions from the 2. That they are not self-sustain- in National Parks is to be deplored, beaten trail become apparent. ing; but need daily attention. but when natural barriers can be so 3. That new events are frequent adapted and added to in such a way (k) Public Utility Operators. and require new labels. as to provide what are substantially It is the opinion of the under- 4.; That geological factors are often natural enclosures, there can be no signed, based on rather intimate ob- neglected. valid reason why they should not be servations, that the relations exist- 5. That ' quiet resting-places pro- used for temporarily restricting the ing between the public utility opera- vided with reading matter add ma'te- range of some of the larger mammals tors and the educational activities rially to the attractiveness and no less and thus lead to the enjoyment, satis- of the Service are as cordial and as to the efficiency of Nature Trails. faction and information of many who cooperative as reasonable agencies of 6. That wherever a Nature Trail come to the Park in order to observe somewhat diverse aims and purposes permits of a view of the country at animal life in its native habitat. can be. It is certain that without large, the visitor is as much entitled It is recommended, therefore, that the really excellent service given by to the geological interpretation of the an examination of the Park be made the Hotel, Lodge, Transportation and panorama as he is to information to the end that suitable and feasible other companies, a very large number concerning the objects of interest areas for such purposes be discovered of tourists would be prevented from immediately about him and at his and ultimately developed. visiting, or at least would not care feet. to visit the Park. It is also certain (j) The "Caravan." that (h) Photographic Facilities. anything that can be done Yellowstone is becoming more and through popular education to render Although not directly maintained more a resort for motorists. During more profitable to the tourist his visit by "the Government, but neverthe- the past season, six times as many to the Park is a help to those who are, less an important factor in an educa- entered the Park in their own con- as one unhappily says, commercially tional program at Yellowstone, is the veyances as were brought in by the interested. We must not expect that maintenance of widely distributed transportation companies. Auto- private capital invested for one pur- photographic supply stations. The minded parties are not given to hik- pose can be diverted into another, photograph is a quick memorandum ing. Indeed, and unfortunately, hik- nor must business concerns presume of an object or an event. Photo- ing is not a popular pastime at pres- that a program of education, de- graphs of characteristic objects in the ent in Yellowstone and horses are signed to enhance the value of the Park have more educational potency used only to a very limited extent. Park, can be modified materially in than' a great deal of the printed The motor, therefore, becomes an im- order to conform to minor require- matter and they are retained and portant factor in any comprehensive ments of business expediency. It is repeatedly used long after circulars plan for popular education. natural that transportation and hotel and pamphlets are discarded. At Mesa Verde and at Yosemite companies should encourage a con- So far as the writer knows, no one during the past season, advantage tinuous and fairly rapid flow of tour- has attempted seriously to capitalize has been taken of this situation and ists and fortunately it is quite possi- as an educational agency, the pre- .the so-called Caravans are the out- ble for the instructional service to ad- vailing interest in photography. If come. Steps should be promptly just itself to this kind of a program. a series of legends of what may be taken to make the Caravan service seen from a number of discreetly a distinct and important feature of One of the adjustments productive selected points throughout the Park the educational program at Yellow- of improvement would result from could be prepared-preferably by a stone. devising some scheme or schemes geologist or physical geographer- The plan involves the establish- whereby the drivers of the transporta- and issued as a 'photographic album ment of a series of rendezvous and tion companies could and would be- in blank, the amateur photographer the adoption of a timetable which come better informed. might be disposed to fill the blank is posted at the various auto-camps, spaces with photos of his own tak- hotels, lodges, etc. At a point of de- Those who are primarily interested ing. Since he would naturally scruti- parture and at a fixed time the in education prefer that the tour- nize the landscape in order to have Ranger Naturalist meets the con- ist extend the time of his visit his photograph fulfill the obligations vened motorists, gives a brief out- and that instead of hurriedly view- of the text, the instructional by- line which prepares the Caravan for ing outstanding features he be en- product of a popular fad would have the first stage of the ,journey, which couraged to remain, to tarry, and a greater educational value than the ends, say in half an hour, at a defi- become more intimately acquainted fad itself. Furthermore, in exhibit- nitely arranged rendezvous-a place with, and better informed concerning ing such a completed album, the selected for a reason, or for reasons- what nature here has so bountifully owner would be automatically self- where the Ranger Naturalist meets to offer. To the educator the Park promoted from a camera craftsman the motorists again, reviews the is an inviting laboratory where to an amateur instructor. section just traversed and prepares people may study and learn and de- for the next. (i) Animal The timetable provides rive mental and physical improve- Enclosures - Ranges for another party starting at a later and Barriers. ment, rather than a spectacular hour and so on throughout the day. movie designed for temporary, casual • It is most unfortunate that so It is obvious that this plan, while and profitless entertainment. To be [Page 14 ] Report on National Parks

hurried through the Park on a quick tive information in the immediate than if arranged by any single schedule is like being shown a library past. He also refrains, for the present, individual. The execution of without the privilege of opening a from making recommendations con- any plan must, of course, be book. But some sightseers prefer this cerning the further extension of entrusted to an executive of- method. roads, within the Park and beyond, ficer duly appointed by the It should be the job of the educa- obecause at the present time it seems Service therefor. tional service so to arrange its pro- wiser to render educationally profit- 4. The compensation of those gram that the tourist is not com- able what already exists rather than holding the more responsible pelled to hasten on, but voluntarily to enter upon_a program of general positions on the temporary determines to remain in the Park expansion. educational staff should be in- until it can become a part of him and. credsed to equal that for serv- he can become a part of it. This report closes with the follow- ice of equal value performed In drafting this report, and making ing conclusions: elsewhere. the suggestions therein, the writer, as 1. A real beginning has been 5. Provision should be made to a member of the Committee, refrains made in developing an educa- enable frequent, easy and from advocating a program that will tional plan . for Yellowstone. prompt contact between the extend very far into the future. He 2. An essential defect in this various officers of instruction feels that greater progress can be plan, at the present time, lies during the active season. made on an experimental basis and in the fact that, for certain 6. Provision should be made for on observed reactions than is pos- reasons, it has been too largely the proper housing, domestic sible through the advocacy of a pre- the creation of those inter- and professional, of those who conceived, fixed and final mode of ested in the biological and are willing to devote their sum- procedure. The entire problem of historical rather than in the mers to this kind of work and outdoor education is still in its in- geographical and geological fea- are temperamentally fitted for fancy and to recommend large ex- tures of the area. This does not it. enditures on a theoretical basis is mean any reduction in or dis- 7. Provision also should be made l^ardly justifiable. Funds should be paragement of what has been for camping facilities for such forthcoming adequately to advance already done in the domain of graduate students and instruc- those phases of educational activity living things. tors-prospective Ranger Nat- that have already proved their prac- 3. The instruction given will be uralists-as may accompany tical value, and it would be poor of a higher grade if arranged those placed in charge of the business not to continue the program by a small staff-a faculty- several educational centers. of experiment, study and observation composed of those who have 8. The early construction of one that has been so productive of posi- had experience as teachers, or two outdoor auditoriums. •

[ Pape 15 ] Report of 'Dr. Vernon Kellogg_ on Educational Problems in Rocky, Mountain National Park, October 21, 1929

ROM my visit to the Rocky with the enduring signs of the ancient Mountain bird life are revealed in striking and F National Park last glaciers. I have never seen in any unforgettable manner. summer-and from several visits in of my mountain experiences any more The whole Park, with its high earlier years-I am strongly impressed abundant and easily visible and under- mountain tops, well-forested moun- with the special educational oppor- standable exhibits of ancient glacia- tain flanks, and numerous open lush • tunities provided by the Park in tion. mountain meadows, can be looked connection with (a) the evidences With regard to the biological phe- upon as a great alpine and subalpine and results of glaciation, and (b) nomena of timber-line and higher,, botanical and zoological garden of the. striking character and ready ac-.. the peculiar character of the main unusual educational and inspirational cessibility of the biological condi- crest (Front Range) within the park values. But to realize these values tions at timber-line and above. affords unsurpassable opportunities for The glacier gorge and morainal there is needed the help of a much studies of these phenomena. At one larger naturalist staff than the Park systems are of remarkable obvious- place, readily accessible from the park now has. ness and symmetry. The superintendent, a man One does not village and hotels by easy trail-and of high intelligence and sympathy have to be a geologist-and I am not even by motor road-one can begin one-to recognize easily the paths with the higher aims of Park Service a walk of ten miles, all of it at the development, is doing his best. But and the mountain-sculpturing work altitude of timber-line or above of the ancient glaciers. he greatly needs and deserves an There are (roughly 11,000 to 12,000 feet) and all adequate no living glaciers in the Park except naturalist staff. Rocky of it, in the summer time, through a Mountain National Park seems to two or three small remnants which veritable alpine garden with all its have little to reveal. have been sadly neglected in this But to be any- characteristic features. The effects of respect. where in the Park is to be face to face high altitude on plant, insect. and

• [Page 16 1 Reports of John C. Merriam on Studies of Educational Problems . in National Parks

SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO avenues by which the public may An educational program at Crater PURPOSE AND EDUCATIONAL reach the points at which the beauties Lake should provide the following: and wonders of the region present 1. PROGRAM OF CRATER LAKE A plan of roads and trails de- themselves to best advantage; (2) the signed with special reference to pre- NATIONAL PARK, 1929 making available of means through senting the features of the region which the- public can obtain essential which have been determined by ex- OT at any stage in discussion of . information regarding the nature and perts to be of outstanding impor- N the purpose and function of history of the crater and the lake; tance. Crater Lake d'oes there seem to have (3) , the providing of such necessities 2. An adequately equipped observa- been question regarding the general and comforts of living as will permit tion station situated on the best avail- purpose in dedication of this area as the visitor to secure maximum enjoy- able point for study of outstanding a National Park. The crater and ment of the peculiar features of this parts or aspects of the crater and the the lake have always been the dis- park. lake. tinguishing features. Analysis of the One of the greatest needs concerns 3. A staff of persons competent to characteristics of the lake and its the making available to tourists of study the region effectively, and to surroundings brings out two special essential information regarding the take charge of all educational work characteristics: (1) The extraordinary nature of the mountain, and the his- on the ground. This staff should beauty of the lake expressed more tory of its making, as a part of the prepare, the publications needed for particularly in its color. (2) The ex- story of tremendous igneous activity use of the public, and take charge of ceptionally interesting geologic or of this region. It is essential that we necessary talks or lectures. There dynamic aspects of the volcanic bring the visitor' into contact with should be a Naturalist in charge at mountain in which the lake rests. those features indicating the reality a salary of $3,000 to $4,000 per an- „„7

It should be approached over a care- guides in the immediate vicinity of character of the rocks. This would 'fully constructed trail from the rim the hotel and camps, for the purpose bring out the gradual building up of of the crater. The rocky point should of pointing out special views of the the mass, the variation of materials, have built upon it a platform ap- lake from carefully selected localities, both as to type of lava and as to dif- proximately 25' x 40', with a care- and for showing through direct ob- ference between flows of molten lava 'fully designed parapet and, if possible, servation something of the materials and outpourings of tufa or ash. In way the story of growth of the a sheltering roof of 'such a nature that forming the rim of the crater, and to this crater wall as a mass would be shown. it would not be conspicuous from give opportunity for making acquaint- points around the margin of the lake ance with the elements of special in- If possible, evidence should also be ,or the rim of the crater. terest in the flora and fauna. presented showing any changes in the' In selecting a group of features to region about the crater, such as evi- The station should be equipped be used for interpretation of the dence of general quiescence during with several telescopes. Some of story of the crater as it may be read which the region may have been for- these must have sufficient field to from Victor Rock, it is desirable to ested, or evidence of change of show the location of objects of prin- present to the visitor the following climate during which there may have cipal interest in their setting. At points: been intensive glaciation of some of least one telescope should have suffi- 1. Evidence that the rocks form- the older surfaces. cient power to give the maximum ing the rim of the crater and the 7. Evidences which concern the opportunity for careful examination surrounding region could have been later story of the crater showing what of distant objects. There should also formed only through volcanic, igneous events have brought about the pres- be available such maps as would be activity-in other words, they could ent situation as to great width and needed to show all the details of the have been produced only by the depth of the crater with relatively lake and surrounding region. If pos- low altitude, and evidence of almost sible, a relief map should be prepared pouring out of igneous or heated- melted materials on the surface of continuously fractured inner walls for use at the station. Finders locat- the earth by way of volcanic erup- showing the exposed edges of broken ing points of interest would also be tions. strata. The evidence here would in- useful. A small exhibit room back This proof would be based on examination of specimens of several clude those suggestions as to the of the observation. platform should types of rocks from the rim of the height or mass of the mountain such contain specimens illustrating mate- as may have obtained in a past rials of peculiar interest at localities crater, such as volcanic glass, pumice, lava showing ropy or flow structure. period; also evidence on the one hand to be pointed out by the attendant. If necessary, comparison could be indicating that the present situation A collection of the most significant may have been brought about by ex- plants and animals of the region with made with rocks of similar types plosion of the center of the mountain selected specimens illustrating the from known volcanoes-if possible leaving only the sides and base, or types of rocks may well be assembled those near Crater Lake such as Mount Lassen, or Rainier, or Shasta. evidence that the mountain may have in the Community House or in a 2. subsided, leaving only the present small museum, in addition to facili- Evidence that the structure of remnants. Any available evidence ties at the Victor Rock Station. This the strata surrounding the crater is that should also be presented which indi- collection should have as its purpose which would be produced by cates that the mountain may never the interpretation of the region to pouring out of material from a vent have been a great cone, but that sub- those who are making its acquaint- or volcano. This would include evi- sidence or sapping may have broken ance, and would be of especial use dence of the tilting of the strata down the original walls until the in connection with general lectures away from the crater on all sides; present condition developed. given at the Community House. also lens-like character of the strata; As a further chapter in the story It is important to provide for also evidence of flows of limited ex- 8. of the crater it is important to bring carefully prepared general talks to be tent running out through old valleys out evidence of glaciation, and its delivered by a qualified naturalist on the sides of the crater. bearing upon problems which concern at the Community House, possibly 3. Evidence indicating pouring out the original size or height of the also at the hotel, and at such other of lava from the old crater through mountain, or which might relate to places as may be -suitable. These vents or cracks such as are com- conditions in this region at a time lectures should, in the first instance, monly formed on the sides of vol- when the climate of the earth was outline the elements of major interest canoes, illustrated especially by the materially cooler and more humid in the Crater Lake region with which dike known as the Devil's Backbone. than that of the present, as was the the visitors would wish to make 4. Evidence that the layers of lava acquaintance. have burned or baked or otherwise case in late Pleistocene time. Other talks of a more distinctly modified strata over which they have. special nature might be given at the been poured. (Possibility of finding Community House or at the Observa- evidence of vegetation on old surfaces Although the story of the crater as tion Station. The lectures of the sec- of the mountain on which the vege- it can be read from an observation ond type would be in effect the. spe- tation has been burned or carbonized station at Victor Rock will be one cial discussion of things of particular by pouring out of lavas upon it.) of the major features toward which interest rather than general descrip- 5. Evidence of the Wizard Island attention of visitors should be di- tions of the region. cinder cone, both as to character and rected by this station and the ap- It is important that the lectures, formation, indicating that it has been paratus related to it, it is important wherever possible, be illustrated b' thrown out of a volcanic vent, as in to note that at the same time there carefully selected lantern slides of the case of modern cinder cones. At will be great advantage in using the the highest type, and by the use of some stage in the discussion there station for a study of the beauty of such specimens as can be utilized should be a general comparison in the lake, and for discussing questions form and structure of this crater with readily for the occasion. To this end relating to the nature and distribu- volcanic vents for which the history there should be a stereopticon lan- tion of life in that region. of eruption is known. The problem involved in examina- tern of the best type at the Commun- 6. After having proved the igneous tion of the lake as an element of ity House, and a set of lantern slides nature and origin of the crater, it is beauty is one presenting many diffi- prepared particularly for general and important to consider specific stages culties, but some of the questions special talks. in its development, as shown by the concerned will always be raised, It is important to provide means succession of flows of varying kinds, such as: what is the scientific for walks with scientifically trained and such variation as is known in the cause of the deep blue color of the

[Page 18] Report on National Parks lake. It is important that in connec- portant. The landscape is quite dif- ful whether it should be so established tion with demonstrations at the ob- ferent from that of the northern re- under National Parks. It might be so servation station all available data be gion. In general it gives the effect set aside by the State. brought together for use in presenting .of a grassy plain with fairly evenly It is doubtful whether the Ever- an answer to this question. This will spaced but widely separated mounds, glades region can be protected fully involve information touching the which are the hammocks. The small if the recreational feature of park ad- composition and nature of the water, channels and lakes give variety to the ministration, or the bringing of large the elements of the problem based landscape and add to its attractive- crowds for either park or general com- upon meteorology, and the psycho- ness. munity purposes, is permitted to The logical factors involved in a study of The whole region has large educa- become a dominating influence. problems of this nature. tional value, which is expressed in principal national value of the Ever- It is important that either in the terms of contrast with the conditions glades is as a place where nature of observation station or in a mu- familiar to those living north of tropical cast can be seen in its primi- seum situated elsewhere there be a middle Florida. It illustrates in a tive condition. The principal features simple but effective representation of striking way many phenomena of the are biological, both plant and animal, materials illustrating the principal tropics with which most residents of with a necessary recognition of the features of the fauna and flora which this country are not familiar. dependence of the biological features would naturally attract attention in The nature of the inner jungle, upon characteristics of climate, topog- a visit to the Crater Lake region. especially where one can follow it in raphy and geological history or de- Some of these things of interest may a boat through the wild places, would velopment of the region. possibly be shown from Victor Rock be stimulating to thought and of If the Nation becomes interested in with the naked eye or with. 1'ow-power large educational value, as showing the Everglades, the recreational fea- telescopes. It is desirable also to the nature of tropical jungles and ture should be reduced to the lowest have available information as to wild life. This can *be maintained limits compatible with opening the means by which persons who wish only if there are rigid restrictions region to visit and study by the pub- to do so can reach all points of in- regarding disturbance of the life both li'c. Every recreational use should be terest seen from the observation animal and plant. Under such con- eliminated which would tend to dis- station. ditions it would contribute much to turb the characteristic biological fea- education. Its inspirational value tures of the region. EVERGLADES OF FLORIDA would depend in part upon the ele- The possibilities in use of the ment of strangeness. Contrast would Everglades give an excellent illustra- March, 1929 be an important element. Under tion of the difficulties presented in good guidance the biological story attempting to "have a cake and eat T HE following statement is merely could be told here in an extraordinary it too." If a program is put in opera- comment and should not be taken way. Animal and plant ecology, and tion for protection of the region for as final judgment. Before decision is evolution with relation to the life of national use, it should be based upon made as to the course to be followed past periods would be important. intensive study of the problem by the in preservation of desirable features The Everglades would in consider- best minds in the country familiar in the Everglades region, the area able measure lack the stupendous with the scientific, esthetic, and ad- should be made the subject of ex- compelling influences which form the ministrative aspects of the problem. tremely careful study by students of basis of attraction at Grand Canyon, Administration of the area might be plant and animal life familiar with Yosemite, or Rainier. These parks under continuous guidance of a board the southern region, by landscape en- affect visitors by striking features especially conversant with the biologi- gineers, and by persons familiar with of magnitude and power which take cal problems involved and of the the purposes, opportunities, organiza- and hold the attention. The stimu- means for full protection of the tion and administration of National lation of thought originating through region. Parks, National Monuments, and the type of contact in the Everglades A considerable part of the area State Parks. would bring exceptional and impor- might be shut off from all but the The Everglades region possesses tant, types of questions which a well most exceptional use or penetration. sufficient of interest in the strange- organized educational program would Other areas could be open for en- ness of its setting with wealth of sat.i,fy. trance by special canoe paths or foot plant and animal life to make impor- The scenic values of the Everglades trails, largely or entirely tinder guid- tant the preservation of an adequate will have inuch interest. The beauty ance of regularly authorized persons. area. Although careful consideration of the place, being of a type dif- Carefully selected areas so situated should be given to availability of this ferent from that of other reserva- as to give a view of features of great area for National Park purposes, it is tions, will develop a sense of appre- interest could be entered by good desirable also to give attention to ciation which should have special roads and well constructed trails open possibilities for utilization of features study by scientist and artist in order to all visitors without guides, but of the region as a National Monu- to give its full value. under stringent regulation as to in- ment, or as a State Park, or as a wild It is possible that some parts of the .jury of plants and animals. The re- life reserve, or a combination of some Everglades region, as the flats and gions open to the whole public should of these features. A considerable part heaches from Flamingo to Cape be chosen for their special interest, of the area, especially those regions Sable, might be camping ground- and the approaches carefully planned which might be useful for recreational possibly mosquitoes would prevent on the basis of biological and land- purposes, for camping, boating, fish- this. Perhaps such use would inter- scape studies. ing, might perhaps be set aside as a fere with preservation of the bird life State Park which could be supple- in this region by eliminating the wide SUGGESTIONS REGARDING mented by a carefully guarded and flats as a feeding ground. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF National Monu- well administered Perhaps the Thousand Island and ment, and perhaps by other reserva- GRAND CANYON lWhite Water Bay region might be tion purely for protection of wild life. The broad glades with hammocks inade a recreation ground for boat- T HE educational program of Grand scattered through them are interest- in:[ and fishing without interfering Canyon National Park is as yet ing and picturesque. The hammocks with the protection of wild life, but onlv in early stages of development of mangrove, palm, and cypress, with I am doubtful whether this is possible. as regards definition of purpose, pro- many other trees are unusual, pictur- If the Thousand Island region is to be gram of operation, personnel, and esque, and scientifically extremely im- boating and fishing ground it is doubt- equipment. As the principal features

[ Page 19 ] Report on National Parks

of the Canyon region appear well de- roads and trails along the north and National Park Service by way of its fined, planning for educational work south rims, and the trails from the Educational Division should be so to would seem relatively easy, but inten- South Rim to the floor of the canyon develop the opportunities for learn- sive study reveals difficulties due in and from the canyon floor to the ing to know features of special in- part to stupendous size of elements North Rim. In general the roads and terest in the park that visitors may maximum of personal composing the picture. trails as now established may be as- exercise the sumed to represent natural means of initiative. At the same time it is Purpose access determined by geographic fea- important to make clear the desire of tures. Park Service, and of the concession- Although the purposes of educa- There can be no, doubt that the naires, to be helpful in promoting tional work in the Canyon may com- future will bring out many new lines the enjoyment and furthering the prise an infinity of subjects, it is es- of study relative to noints of view. interest of visitors. There is grave sential that for use of the fleeting Other roads and trails will be de- danger that in all programs for edu- multitude of visitors there be out- signed to bring out striking views of cational work the plans of visitors fined that group of features unques- the Canyon with the maximum of be so organized that the individual tionably distinguishing this area. effectiveness and the minimum of is moved about under guidance, and The great number of details will in- damage to the landscape. It should loses in considerable measure those evitably be subject for inquiry by be a part of the program of educa- values which come through the joy scientific and lay visitors, and a well- tional service to have such possibili- of personal discovery. developed program must provide for ties under continuous study. For this Development of these various as- answers to such questions. Means for work it is desirable that every aspect pects of the program might be car- furnishing information will be pre- of the program be included which has ried out tentatively as follows: sented through especially prepared importance to visitors, including 1. Definition of general features or literature, museum facilities, and per- scientific, aesthetic, and other aspects subjects of interest, the nature of which sonal interpretation by a well , in- of personal interest. should be known to every visitor. formed staff of naturalists. The general program of educa- The most successful of all Euro- Study of what constitute major tional work may for temporary pur- pean guide books have been those in purposes in educational work at poses of classification be described which the points of major interest Grand Canyon has been the objec- under the following heads: could be separated quickly and accu- tive for carefully planned effort on 1. Definition of the general fea- rately from those interesting details the part of a considerable group of tures or subjects of interest, the na- which have generally a lower rating. the leading scientific men of Amer- ture of which should be known to The stars and double stars and triple ica acquainted with this problem. every visitor. stars have had great value to casual These results will be presented in a 2. Selection of the major points or hurried visitors. Even to persons special statement to be issued in the of view and defining modes of ap- giving more careful attention to the near future. The essence of values proach by roads and trails or by places visited, these outstanding from this study has already been other methods to be devised. points are recognized as those to I incorporated in development of the 3. Plans by which visitors may, on which there is most frequent return. station at Yavapai Point. their own initiative, obtain such gen- In an area as large, and with as The idea of giving thorough study eral or orientation views as will pre- many stupendous features as the to objectives for educational work in sent the major features in their nat- Grand Canyon, it will be possible for National Parks has justified itself ural relation to each other. any visitor to have an experience of fully in examination- of the Grand 4. Installing of such necessary tremendous significance through con- Canyon program. At any place of labels or signs along roads and trails tact with even a small group of the great wonders it is easy to pick out as may call points of special interest features within reach. It is, however, a large number of things any or all to the visitor's attention. important that every visitor on of which may be interesting to the 5. Preparation of literature in the leaving the Canyon be able to say public. But the object of this par- form of leaflets and simple guides to himself, "In the brief time avail- ticular work has been conceived as giving concise information as to able I have had at least, a view of relating to the exceptional opportimi- points of peculiar interest along those things of greatest interest and t.ies which the parks present. It is, roads and trails. renown in this region." The study therefore, important to give assur- 6. Organization of park naturalist of this problem is one requiring the ance that a brief period which may personnel fitted to give information highest knowledge of the region, the be at the visitor's disposal can be in to visitors at selected points, and on greatest skill in interpreting the value part devoted to the greatest avail- special occasions, relative to features of the features, and the most inti- able features. of major interest. mate knowledge of human interest 7. Planning of excursions by visit- and appreciation of natural features. Program of Operation ors (a) by way of concessionaire as- Whatever the plan by which the edu- While the educational program of sistance through busses, private con- cational program be developed, this the park must arrange itself around veyances, by animals, with aid of highest thought, through which selec- the elements of principal interest, it guides; (b) through assistance of tion is made of the things of primary will involve a study of the means Park Service naturalists to visitors in valhie, will have relatively large re- for giving the best opportunity to their own conveyances, singly or in sponsibility. The fact that the prob- see and to understand these most sig- groups, and to visitors on foot, singly lem is difficult should not mean that therefore, be set aside for nificant features. The educational fa- or in groups. it may, cilities will necessarily be organized 8. Carefully planned talks of stim- some future time. The best effort 'both according to methods of ap- ulative and informative type to should be made as early as possible, proach determined by geographical be given either under auspices of and the results then modified through conditions, and to means by which the Government at camp sites and further. information as it accumulates. information can be transmitted in the specially selected auditoriums or In any list of outstanding features most effective way. in connection with activities of con- of the canyon it will be essential to With reference to organization of cessionaires. include the following: (1) an excep- methods of approach in the physical It is essential that these several tional panorama illustrating depth or geographic sense, the educational elements of the proposed program be and magnitude of the canyon, (2) plan at Grand Canyon is relatively always considered as only parts of a view of the Colorado River at a easy to define, as the main points of unit plan. point where its power and volume view are followed closely by the In general the attitude of the are evident, (3) view illustrating na-

[Page 20] Report on National Parks

ture of the great plateau into which the funds permit making only a par- Although orientation at these sta- the canyon is cut, (4) residual peaks ticular type of a road. If the land- tions would be largely by means of of Red Butte and Cedar Mountain, scape is one for which it is worth fifteen or more special views, good (5) bordering area of the Painted while to spend large sums in opening organization makes it possible to in- Desert, (6) contrast of the Archaean it to view, it is sufficiently important clude most of the greater elements Inner Gorge with overlying Algon-- to require that whatever is con- of the Canyon story, as well as to kian and Cambrian. structed be so handled as not to de- express the principles which underlie 2. Selection of the major points of face the very elements which it is its-. interpretation. view and defining modes of approach expected to make available. Selection has been made of a num- by roads and trails or by other The constructing. of roads and ber of other viewpoints somewhat less methods to be devised. trails will inevitably develop as a comprehensive and not so easily ac- `What constitute the principal points special art involving the highest cessible for the larger group of visit- of view at Grand Canyon will de- talent of the scientist, the artist, and ors. For each of the subsidiary view- pend upon such a variety of interests the engineer, in order to show the points the visitor would have full and opinions that there will never be great values and beauties of the can- value for all information previously a plan so clearly defined as to go yon, without changing the face of obtained from Yavapai Point or Cape beyond the range of , profitable dis- nature through means used for access Royal. In time special arrangements cussion. There are, however, a num- or through mere presence of the for orientation may be found desir- ber of places and' points of view multitude in the region. able for the subsidiary points. In which come so near to universal ac- Due to the fact that the North the absence of necessary apparatus it ceptance that there can be no ques- Rim has been developed less rapidly is desirable that the subsidiary points tion regarding their need for special than the South Rim, exceptional op- be fitted out with finders by which,• treatment. portunity is open for special study of things of peculiar interest can be It should be the function of the that area with reference to the points located, and that they be covered by ,• National Park Service administration, which have been made. preparation of special leaflets. These and especially of the Chief Natural- Many ex- tremely- beautiful regions will be leaflets for special use should be re- ist, to carry on a continuous study opened by new modes of access. lated to the leaflet or booklet for of this aspect of the problem. The Many other tracts should be left as description of the orientation pano- outstanding views should be' selected nearly as possible in their primitive rama at Yavapai Point or Cape by reason of combinations compris- condition, and such entrance as is Royal. ing the purely scenic and esthetic permitted should be arranged by way along with the scientific and spiritual For the station at Yavapai Point of trails constructed with the greatest values of these localities. the views from the parapet cover the care and under the highest develop- following elements of the Canyon It is important to place emphasis ment of artistic engineering skill. on the time of day and the weather and its story. The views as utilized, Such view places as the points conditions which are particularly from the parapet are numbered as known as Havasupai, Mojave, Hopi, favorable for the best views. Cer- in the list following. Grand View, Yavapai, Yaki, Moran, tain points may have relatively little Lipan, and Comanche should be FORCES WHICH PRODUCED CANYON value in the middle of the clay and reached by roads and trails giving AND WALLS : be exceptionally beautiful in early the principal effects of the view at morning or evening. A general guide I. How the Colorado River cuts to the Grand Canyon should list the places where the greatest values its canyon can be reached. these places especially, and if the Such is true on II. How the Canyon walls were the guide is so voluminous as to make North Rim for Point Sublime built impossible its thorough study on a and for several of the prominent Movement of earth's crust brief visit, such conventions should locations in the region of Cape Royal. makes possible canyon-cut- 3. be utilized as will make it difficult Plavs by which visitors may, on ting and formation building for the visitor to overlook these lo- their own initiative, obtain such a Evidence of movement in calities. general or orientation view of the earth's crust The leaflets prepared for trails and Canyon as will present the major fea- Colorado River makes new roads should be so organized and tures in their natural relation to each other. formations from-_ products of printed as to give special attention to canyon erosion accumulated the principal points of view. For bus Aside from views developed through at its mouth roads and trails, which may be known and general trail trips it should be as the unconscious approach, it is im- HISTORY OF EARTH BUILDING : possible to select the special leaflets portant to set up means for opening relating to the particular regions to III. Oldest rocks in the Canyon, to visitors the most important views be visited. of principal features. and among_ the oldest in the world-so Roads and trails should be con- The consensus of opinion from old that their structed in such a manner as to pro- careful study at the Grand Canyon original characters have been mote interest in the landscape and indicates desirability of selecting two destroyed IV. Oldest rocks which retain their the features which they open to view. or more points with exceptionally Means of access which form scars on comprehensive views, where the vis- original character as gravels, sands, the face of the landscape, or espe- itor may obtain an understanding of muds,- etc. V. Greatest single geological story cially upon cliffs or canyon walls, matters having special importance. are disfigurements difficult to erase. It was believed desirable that these told by the Canyon VI. Tremendous changes in surface The planning of roads should not be elements be seen in the perspective of the earth, shown in widely merely the development of an engi- of the picture as a whole, and in differing formations of the neering approach. The road is a part such relation to each other as to upper Canyon walls , of the landscape and unless it con- give maximum value through this tributes definitely to the beauty of setting. The plan as worked out has RECORD OF LIFF. THROUGH THE AGES: centered the picture, it should come as near upon development of an VII. Most ancient relics of life pre- to being completely invisible as is observation station at Yavapai Point served in walls of Grand possible. This should be accom- on the South Rim. A somewhat Canyon-primitive. plants plished under the most expert and similar station has been planned for VIII. Oldest remains. of animals in S esthetic development of engineering a comprehensive view at Cape Royal Grand Canyon walls-crab- art. It is not sufficient to say that on the North Rim. like creatures and-shell-fish

E Page 211 ----771 Report on National Parks

IX. Earliest imprints of ferns and It is desirable to extend the sys- The leaflets relating to special view insects in Canyon forma- tem of trail and road markers to the points should be so constructed that tions north and east in such manner as to they can be obtained separately.for a X. Oldest traces of four-footed lead toward and connect with ele- price not to exceed five or ten cents. animals preserved in Canyon ments of special interest in regions It is important that all guides, bus walls-last to appear in the beyond the park boundaries toward drivers, and other employees of story. which visitors will naturally travel. Park Service or of concessionaires XI. Continuation of Grand Canyon Labels or markers along trails and be thoroughly familiar with the data story of earth history and life roads should be related to the system included in the road and trail leaf- through isolated hill of strata of guides and leaflets, as also to the lets. There should at least be fa- upon Canyon rim plan for orientation, in such manner miliarity with the object described, as to indicate elements emphasized with its general significance, and FORMING OF GRAND CANYON AS AF- by these other aids to visitors. with the available sources of infor- FECfING LIFE OF TODAY: 5. Preparation of guides and leaf- mation. lets for use along roads and trails. It is desirable that all visitors XII. Cutting of Grand Canyon as Study of the Grand Canyon region traveling on regularly organized influencing variation of life will undoubtedly produce a number trips handled by concessionaires be by separation of North and of published guides of varying stages provided with leaflets covering the South Rim Plateaus of elaborateness, which will be con- region to be visited. There would Distribution of animals and sidered from the point of view of be advantage in having a leaflet for plants today according to different groups of visitors. For gen- every trip furnished with the ticket Zones of climate devel- eral use, whether for brief or for long for the particular journey. oped in cutting Grand periods, it is important to have liter- 6. Organization of park naturalist Canyon ature with concise statements as to personnel. XIII. Life of the North Rim area, outstanding features along the prin- The element of personal relation like that of southern Canada cipal roads and trails. It is desirable to visitors desiring information is of XIV. Life of the South Rim area that this literature be so organized enormous importance. No two vis- XV. Life of the Canyon floor re- as to make it especially useful at the itors are alike as to interests, mode gion, like that of desert areas principal viewpoints. of approach, or supplementary ques- in Sonora, Mexico The guide for use of visitors to tions which may be raised by the orientation stations such as Yavapai experience of the Canyon. The per- 4. Labels and signs along roads or Point and a corresponding location sonal relation is valuable in that it trails. on the North Rim will give a basis permits deviation from stereotyped Even if adequately prepared guides of reference for literature relating to form of statement, and facilities ex- and leaflets are available, it is desir- snecial roads and trails. Leaflets for planation of secondary features re- able that certain key points in the trails and roads should be planned so lated to major aspects of the Can- Canyon be so marked that one travel- as to place each item in its relation yon. • ing without personal guidance can to the panorama of the Canyon. But we must note that there is ad- keep continuously orientated with A series of leaflets should be con- vantage in so arranging the expe- reference to the landscape. Marking structed with reference to each of the rience of making acquaintance with objects of special interest by labels principal roads and trails. This the Canyon that the visitor can or signs in a landscape such as that should iliclude a statement for the make his discoveries with aid of of the Grand Canyon presents a South Rim drive from El Tovar to roads, trails, road signs, and carefully problem of difficulty, both as regards Desert View and return, with special prepared literature. It is therefore selection of features and with refer- attention to each of the principal desirable to reduce instruction or talk- ence to the danger of detracting points of view along the road. Simi- ing at the visitor to the minimum from their beauty. lar leaflets should be constructed for which gives opportunity to enjoy As useful as labels or signs may be, the drive from El Tovar to Hermit the region. they should not under any conditions Rest on the South Rim, and for the In view of the fact that the Grand be so placed as to mar the landscape North Rim drives from the hotel to Canyon story represents a superla- or diminish the pleasure of the, vis- Cape Royal, to V. T. Ranch, and to tive development of nature, it will itor. The situation requires a small Point Sublime. Similar leaflets should always be difficult to find a natural- group of carefully placed markers, be prepared for the Bright Angel ist staff competent to give informa- serving to help in guiding the vis- Trail trip, Hermit Trail trip, the tion which will be scientifically and itor to the elements of greatest in- trail from Yaki Point to the river philosophically correct and at the terest. Careful handling of the and return, and the trail from Phan- same time intelligible to persons of problem will make it possible to keep tom Ranch to the North Rim. average intelligence. It is not easy the fullest attractiveness of the land- The- leaflets should be so organ- to describe the superlative in terms • scape. It is always important to bear ized that the parts relating to special which are themselves Jess than the in mind that one is dealing with a stopping places could be looked over supreme effort of expression. It is place of tremendous natural beauty, in not to exceed two or three min- difficult for one not saturated with and not merely with a section of out- utes, so as to direct attention to the knowledge and with interest in the of-doors to be labeled as a group of essential points at the moment of miracle of the place to present a museum specimens. arrival. The data should be thor- statement measuring up to the op- Along the roads on both the north oughly tested scientifically. They portunity evident in the face of na- and south rims it is desirable to have should be clearly worked over with ture. It will always be difficult to a small group of markers indicating reference to their human interest, satisfy any intelligent person with a outstanding views and features of and should be presented in.language purely scientific statement regarding special interest. Important as it may so clear that it can be understood a picture which clearly requires a be to give visitors a knowledge of the immediately. Simple sketches of the philosophic interpretation, and which flora and of other individual elements impressionistic type are desirable., at the same time demands the high- in the picture, labels or signs furnish- They should center attention upon est type of spiritual appreciation. ing information regarding trees or particular features as related to their Every educational system tends to plants or particular rock specimens environment. It is not wise to spread develop what is known as the stereo- should be so unobtrusive as to be the illustration so liberally through typed view of the subject. If there • practically invisible for anything ex- texts and margins as to diffuse at- is any place at which discussion of cepting careful inspection. tention. the material in hand will fail com- [ Page 22 ] ^ Report on National Parks

pletely of its objective under a for- of roads and of. trails, by the, plac- 8. Carefully planned talks on sub- mal treatment, it will be under the ing of guide signs and labels along jects of special interest to visitors. conditions prevailing at Grand Can- the trails, and especially by orien- It should be a part of the pro- yon. It is essential that the natu- tation of the visitor through use. of gram of the naturalist staff to work ralists have clear scientific insight, the stations on the North and South out three types of carefully planned accurate philosophic judgment, and Rim, and by the leaflets extending. discussions for the information of the sympathy of human interest. interest along all roads and trails. visitors: (a) Regular, but brief and Formal instruction will be wholly For the individual visitor there concise discussions of both general unsatisfactory. It would be less ad- will also be much of profit in plan- and special topics at the orientation vantageous than planning the gen- ning excursions through discussion stations; (b) general and special eral program of roads, trails, leaflets, of personal problems with natural- talks at campfires, community. and general approaches as leading ists at the orientation station, or at houses, and at other points where lines, and leaving the visitor to fol- campfire and other lectures, or on visitors naturally gather in the eve- low his own interests. guide walks and automobile trips. ning when it is not possible to enjoy For leadership in development of It is important that special con- the principal beauties of the Can^. an educational program at the sideration be given to the interests of yon; (c) talks arranged in coopera- Grand Canyon, it is clear that' no the individual following his own in- tion with the concessionaire. level of scientific, intellectual, and clinations, and tracing out through It is important to recognize the human interest would be too high. his personal interest the methods of necessity of what might sometimes The subject has superlative scienti- approach developed by previous be called "selling" talks by the con- fic, philosophic, and spiritual inter- study of the problem on the part of cessionaire for the purpose of in-. est, the picture smites the eye in the administration. forming the visitors of trips which such manner as to hold attention, For the second group of visitors, may be to his advantage. It should and the audience is drawn from the namely those attaching themselves to be possible to arrange, in relation to most virile intellectual group of the walking parties or automobile par- such talks, authoritative statements country. Under these conditions the ties under the guidance of natural- regarding items of special interest in possibilities are too large to justify ists, it is important that there be, the Canyon. Such combinations any guidance excepting that which first of all, t;he experience of orien- may. be of advantage both to de- lifts the spirit high. One has the tation from the stations on the velopment of the educational pro- right to assume that this experience North and South Rim, and second, grain and to development of legiti- may easily become it permanent in- the opportunity to secure the special mate and important features repre- fluence in. the lives of all who are literature relating to trips planned. senting responsibility of the conces- exposed to the wonders of the re- The third group of persons, carry- sionaire. gion. ing out their plans under guidance of It is desirable to use illustrative 7. Planning of excursions by visi- the concessionaire, will represent a material in the form of specimens tors on their own initiative, or under large portion of the total group of or pictures whenever this is possible. guidance of Park Service, or under visitors. For their advantage it is All general talks should be in sim- guidance of concessionaires. desirable that the concessionaire and ple and clear form, and should lay Among types of excursions by visi- the Park Service keep in close touch before the visitor groups of items of tors for which definite plans should as to means by which all informa- real human interest. The special be prepared, there may be listed: tion available for the advantage of talks should center upon objects ac- First, those organized by visitors on visitors may be used on the excnr- cessible to the visitor, upon which ar their own initiative and traveling sions. general interpretation of certain im- either on foot or in their own con- It is important that all visitors in portant features of the Canyon can^ veyances to points which may be in- this group be provided wit:h avail- be based. dicated by aid of maps, guides, leaf- able literature touching points of It is essential that for all talks, of lets, or series of trail signs set tip principal interest along the road or whatever type, the naturalist re- by Park Service; Second, excursions the trail. It is also. essential that all sponsible be fully acquainted withr organized under guidance of park guides or drivers be acquainted both the scientific detail of all mate- naturalists, and visiting points of with the geography of the region rials considered. He must also have interest either on walking tours or and with the special literature de- a clear, philosophic, and human view- in their own automobiles; Third, the scribing it. They should also have as to the significance of his subject. various types of excursions organ- acquaintance with the sources of He must further have good training ized under management of a con- further information relating to the in the art of presentation of his cessionaire. This third type would area. It is also desirable that visi- materials; otherwise the subject will consist of riding parties along the tors on all trips of this nature have have relatively little value to the rim or on the trails, regular excur- opportunity to visit the orientation visitor. sions by bus to various points on station. If these conditions are met, either rim, or parties conveyed by even on a fleeting trip, it should be NOTES ON MOUNT LASSEN special automobile transportation ar- possible to learn the essential ele- PARK, 1929 ranged and conducted by the con- ments of the picture as it,is met. cessionaire. It is believed that cooperation of The road from Mineral to White For the first group it must be Park Service with the concessionaire Mountain and from Hot Rock to White recognized that the planning of ex- can develop an extremely effective Mountain constitutes a very service t.hrough this third method of beautiful scenic highway. There can cursions by the individuals who fol- be no doubt about the value of this low in a general way their own in- excursion. On the one hand, it must area, or that the automobile jour- clinations will in reality represent be recognized that there is the pos- ney will be of much interest to vis- the development of leading lines to- sibility of it routine trip with little itors. According to the view that the ward points of interest which have explanation of value. On the other parks have as their primary function been developed by careful study of hand, there is the possibility of de- the showing of certain outstanding the Canyon problem. Even under veloping through the concessionaire features, and according to the idea these conditions, the visitor will have extremely intelligent groups of that the main roads which enter these a relatively large element of,personal guides and ([rivers in close touch regions may have as one function discovery in his experience. Excur- with the naturalists, and fully ac- the showing of certain great fea- sions of this private pature will be quainted with the means of assist- tures, one would expect the main influenced enormously by planning ance open to the visitor. highway to be planned in such a man- [ Page 23 ] Report on National Parks-

ner as to present this picture and at Museums It is important also to note that the same time to bring out the scenic variation in length of the glaciers beauty of the region. No plan has A museum at Manzanita Lake and is an extremely interesting indicator been worked out showing the major perhaps another similar building at of changes in climate. This evidence features of the park, but the general Mineral could be made tremendously is important to us when we reach back concensus of opinion would indicate attractive if the illustrative material slightly further in geological time and that Mount Lassen itself would be of were based largely on the eruption, consider the tremendously significant first importance. The opinion of or on the living mountain, which is and interesting glacial history of the many, both scientists and those inter- the great attraction of the region. world. ested in the scenic features of the Such exhibits should include: 3. An interesting feature of the nark, would indicate that Bumpass 1. Carefully prepared maps of the mountain is found also in the beauty Hell. or Bumpass Hell and the Devil's region. of light and shade and atmosphere Kitchen, would constitute a second 2. An exhibit of the volcano in clothing the rugged scenery. Espe- feature illustrating a present activity action, including Mr. Loomis' splendid cially significant is the dynamicaspect of the mountain evidently related to pictures and Mr. Hammer's film. of t, he mountain scenery contrasted' the volcanic activity. Cinder Cone 3. Specimens of the lavas, and ma- with the subtle atmospheric changes region with its lava beds and Snag terials of such a nature as to indicate producing the element of beauty. Lake would probably be the feature 'the character of the activity of the 4. Beauty of the forest, meadow, and third in interest. volcano. flowers, both in detail and as a scenic In a general way the thing which Other major features of the park effect is of great significance. would be of primary interest to the would naturally be int,roduced, but Beauty of the forest as shown in visitor is the fact that Mount Lassen the museum showing the mountain in luxuriance of the tree growth, and in is a great volcano, the only volcano action would be one of the great fea- attractiveness of individual trees, as in activity in the United States in tures in connection with develop- cedars and beautifully developed recent time. It will be of much im- ment of the park. hemlocks is exceptional. portance to the visitor to see evi- The flower gardens have a wealth of types and great variety in the masses dences of the volcano in action. This MEMORANDUM CONCERNING could be done only by the use of of color. The floral display attracts by Mr. Loomis' and other pictures and RAINIER NATIONAL PARK individual beauty and by the massed Mr. Hammer's movie. The Bumpass 1929 effect of color. To persons on vaca- Hell and Devil's Kitchen regions tion flowers are friendly and graceful furnish present evidences of volcanic Rainier park seems to present as its and restful and do not bring recol- activity. The Cinder Cone-Snag principal features the following: lections of anything unpleasant. Their Lake region represents a related and 1. The story of a great volcano with value in the recreational and therapeu- possibly an associated phenomenon. little upon it destroyed excepting that tic sense is very high. As color values which has been torn down by the seem to increase with age appre- ciation of the flowers may be a thing Placing of Roads With Reference glaciers. There is still enough evi- dence remaining at the summit to of developing interest with persons of to Scenic Features show that it is a volcano. It is also middle life and advanced years. important to recognize that Mount - The beauty of the meadow and It would seem that the main road Rainier lies in an area which has forest and flower gardens is undoubt- going through the Mount Lassen re- been one of great volcanic activity edly greatly enhanced by contrast with gion should show at least the two through a long period in late geo- what to many people would be the main features. This road passes logic time. The story of the moun- somewhat forbidding features of the within less than a mile of Bumpass tain can be told best in direct rela- mountain. There is nevertheless an Hell and leaves that area completely tion to the record of tremendous interesting relation between the invisible. The next plan should take crustal movement and igneous ac- strength and bulk of the mountain into consideration access to Bumpass tivity of the region around it. We upon which as a form or skeleton the Hell, and perhaps the Devil's Kitchen, should have full information con- mantle of verdure is spread. and should work out a means by cerning the structure, and sequence The tendency of the excellent nature which the Cinder Cone region could of volcanic activity of the mountain guide work has been to lean in the be made accessible without defacing in order to illustrate the phenomena direction of emphasis on the life story, the landscape and without disturbing to the visitor. assuming that because human beings the possible wilderness feature of the 2. The glaciers of the mountain pre- are interested in living things and be- middle park area. sent a tremendously interesting story cause they ask questions about the In development of the Mount illustrating nature, origin, movement, trees and flowers therefore these rep- Lassen region use of some of the rate of change in relation to climatic resent the most important elements most important educational features variation, and erosional or destructive of the park. It is probably appro- depends upon development of ade- effects. The record is peculiarly inter- priate to assume that the interest in quate parking spaces where visitors esting by reason of the fact that it moving things by the people is as a may leave their automobiles and view appears in rather sharp contrast with whole correct. A large percentage of the landscape without the rush, hurry, the story of the volcano over which the questions asked always relate to and tension of automobile travel. If the glaciers flow. the flowers and trees even if the moun- possible, parking spaces should be In development of the story of the tain and glaciers were overwhelmingly sufficiently removed from the obser- glaciers it is well to call attention to important. Even under such circum- vation points to allow greater quiet the way in which the mountain has stances it is, however, desirable to to those who enjoy the scenery. been built, layer upon layer, by the base the development of an educa- Attention should be called to the internal forces of the earth which tional program upon the greater fea- fact that a primitive periphal area produce the land formations, and to tures which exist, and not allow the bordering a park serves as an outer contrast this effect with that of the trend of work to be determined by sanctuarv, entrance into which helps glaciers and streams operating upon the incidental questions which may to develop in the visitor a frame of the mountains as a group of forces, be asked. It is the function of an mind in which he ,can to better ad- tending to tear down or level the educational scheme to present the vantage appreciate the wonders and land. These two forces are responsible great things for understanding of the beauties of the greater features con- Accepting the large value of • for the face of the land and for all people. stituting the holy of holies of the that goes with the variation in land the fauna and flora, and especially the sanctuary. forms. great artistic beauty of.what is there [ Pape 24 1 Report on National Parks

presented, it is desirable that every- one have opportunity to know the tre- which can absorb all of the attention These areas are commonly included that can be given by the average under the term of scenic or natural mendous story of the volcano and the visitor. glaciers. The relation between these features. They have elements of ex- In another direction the element of two great forces so clearly expressed ceptional beauty, and generally con- time and the history of the sequoia tree there should also be shown, as also tain an unusual representation of the development of the land forms can be made the basis for reaching out primitive life of the region, both into consideration of the geological which has been in considerable meas- plant and animal. Generally the ele- ure responsible for differentiation of environment and history of the trees. ment of magnitude, as expressed by the forest and flower gardens. It is With this measuring rod of time one dimensions or power, is involved. In also desirable that the average per- can approach the Pleistocene story and practically every instance the distin- son have some recognition of tlie ultimately the origin and shaping of guishing thing is recognized as being contrast between the elements of the great mountain ranges. The story an extraordinary clear expression of beauty and friendliness of the flower of granite, as at Yosemite, will be the type of phenomenon represented. gardens as compared with the force one of the most interesting aspects of It is usually true that the aspect of a and power and might of the moun- the geological story. given national park which distin- tain as represented in the volcano In consideration of the biological guishes it from other areas has quali- and in the smashing, grinding erosion ties which give the visitor such a' of the glacier. problem of Sequoia Park it is impor- tant to bring out the life zone story as definite emotional reaction to the The organization of educational work represented along the road in visiting principal elements presented in its at Rainier is extremely well developed the park. story that the effect may be charac- as compared with other National It is important to have it number of terized as inspiring. Parks. The short nature trails at leading students of geology and biology There has never been doubt that Longmire are well conceived and are visit Sequoia National Park and study the extraordinary features of magni- kept within reasonable limits. The the problem with it view to furnishing tude and beauty of Grand Canyon, walks with guides seem extremely use- the essential materials for this work. or in the evident power exerted in ful and are much appreciated by the Such it group should include F. E. producing this phenomenon, exert visitors. Matthes and another geologist, with upon the visitor an effect which There seems to be need for study Harold Bryant as a biologist, along makes inescapable a measure of rec- of the whole plan of the mountain with with someone who is thoroughly fa- ognition of the elemental laws of relation to roads and trails and with miliar with the problem of the trees. nature involved in the forming of the Canyon. regard to objectives of the nature A careful study of the region by Ralph There can be no doubt that observation of the Grand Can- guide.trips, and with reference to pre- W. Chaney would probably be as im- yon gives to the average person a sentation of the things which might be portant as any work that could be done deeper understanding of principles or seen by the visitor unassisted except- in laying out a program for research laws widely expressed in nature, but ing by literature and following the and education at Sequoia Park. trails. which are usually difficult to under- There is need of it clearly con- stand or appreciate. ceived plan with leadership of it suffi- PURPOSE AND FUNCTION - OF A study of the major features of ciently high type to define the things YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK: national most important. parks indicates that while The most sympathe- 1929 their use tic attitude must overlap to a large of the superintendent extent that of other types of park guaranties success in development of such a plan. Intensified interest of recent years areas, the development and defense The sharp contrast of Mount Rainier in parks and park problems, together of the system as of national signifi- with the need for large expenditures cance must depend in the first in- with the routine of ordinary life, the in their wealth of material in the story of the development and mainte- stance upon emphasis on the fea- nance, has made necessary the at- tures to which the parks owe their volcanoes and glaciers, the beauty of existence. the forest, and the extraordinary splen- tempt to define various types of park While in general recrea- dor of the flower gardens make this and recreation areas. It may never tional and therapeutic values of na- tional parks must be recognized as park-a place where a great work will be possible to define any one of the be accomplished. types of parks in such way as to of interest and importance, there is cover all possible questions for 11 no special reason why the nation places and all purposes. But the should consider the support or ad- MEMORANDUM REGARDING clearer the definition of purpose or ministration of reservations for such SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK: function, the easier it will be to plan purposes unless there be involved 1929 operation and development. certain features which are of defi- As contrasted with municipal and nitely limited extent and of clearly state national importance. The educational program at Sequoia parks, or with the extraordi- If it be true should initiate with study of the great nary opportunities for recreation and that national parks owe their origin to outstanding expressions of beauty, trees. There would be advantage in education in national forests, the na- or to presentation of exceptional op- preparing small orientation mtips giv- tional parks are distinguished by ing location of points of principal in- characteristics which represent scenic portunity for understanding natural phenomena, it is through the utiliza- terest in study of the trees. beauty or natural phenomena unique Brief tion of these features that we must leaflets regarding the sequoias could in the country or in the world. expect the National Park program be utilized for these trips. The evident purpose in the setting aside of each of the major parks to develop. There is, however, every Beginning with the study of the leaves no room for doubt that it is to assume that along with the great trees, it is possible to develop a the unique thing in the use of which outstanding features of these parks tremendously interesting biological the nation as it whole would wish to there are collateral or related fea- tures story which can extend itself to con- participate that constitutes the basic which should be utilized and sideration of other aspects of this great element in definition of national developed to as great extent as pos- forest which serve as a background for parks. sible consistent with continuing em- the giant sequoias. This study of the The characteristics phasis upon the distinguishing char- of national acteristics. setting of the trees provides the inate- parks have never been classified, and rials for a general study of the appre- it may be difficult to reduce them In the history of Yosemite Valley S ciation and interpretation of nature to there does not seem at any time to any simple form of definition. have been doubt as to the peculiar [Page 25 ] Report on National Parks

• characteristics of this area. Along preciation of these things is a natu- given it its unique position among with climatic, physical, and biologi- ral function of the intellectual the National Parks. cal features which may be duplicated and spiritual life. The development While every way should be opened in many other regions on the west of some of these characteristics for use of Yosemite in the sense of side of the Sierra, the outstanding represents a considerable part of the possibilities of rest and recreation characters of the Valley are univer- opportunity for growth in under- and enjoyment of living, the max, sally recognized as essentially of the standing and appreciation of nature. imum opportunity should be given inspirational or educational type. 1. The stupendous natural pheno- for understanding and appreciation While everyone realizes that there mena represented in the origin of of the major or distinguishing char- the granitic masses out of which the are many accessory aspects which acteristics of the Valley. Where Yosemite region has been carved. may have large value in association judgments or decisions must be made This includes the development or in- with the distinctive elements, the among a number of possibilities in- trusion of tremendous volumes of volving use of the valley, preference things which have justified the exist- molten material forming the axis of should always be given to those uses ence of Yosemite National Park are the mountains and replacing that which relate to the basic purposes. represented in those features which part of the earth's crust upon which If a study of the program indicates distinguish it from the many other the sediments of the foothills, region that sacrifice must be made among areas of exceptionally interesting originally rested. the possibilities of use, judgment mountain country of the inspirational 2. The series of tremendous move- should favor those forms of utiliza- type in the Sierra region. ments involved in the origin of the tion which concern feasible combina- mountain region. tions of recreational life and enjoy- °SUGGFSTIONS AS TO DISTINGUISH- 3. The enormous and extended ment with the higher intellectual, ING CHARACTERISTICS OF YOSE- erosion which has removed from the inspirational, or spiritual values. It MITE VALLEY: mountain region the covering sedi- should always be recognized that es- ments and has modeled the moun- sentially man is an intellectual or Obvious Features tains through the power of water and spiritual being, and that where de- ice. cisions are made between lower uses 1. Striking features of magnitude 4. The history of climatic change and higher uses, there can be no de- shown in depth of valley and steep- and the effect of glacial action in the fense of any action which sets aside ness or abruptness of walls. glacial period. the. higher uses at a place where 2. The contiguous or surrounding 5. The zonal associations of life, these forms of utilization can be region of high mountains with occa- both plant and animal, as illustrated carried out to best advantage. sional slopes covered with snow or in the range of fauna and flora It is recommended that all possible'. glaciers. from the lower valley to the higher consideration be given to develop- 3. The exceptional contrast be- mountains. The illustration of life ment of the educational or inspira- tween abrupt, sheer walls of massive adaptation or variation in accordance tional utilization of Yosemite Valley rock with their awe-inspiring expres- with variation in physical conditions along lines which involve use of those sion of power and, on the other hand, produced by altitude, temperature, forms of guidance which present to the level areas of quiet meadow and and change in soil conditions. the visitor the major interests or op- forest. ("The hills rock-ribbed and 6. The relation of variation in portunities of the Valley, in the man- ancient as the sun, the vales that zonal distribution of living forms to ner in which they may be most fully stretch in pensive quietness be- the principle of specific variation in understood, appreciated, and enjoyed. tween.") the plant and animal kingdom as 4. The beauty and power of water- expressed in the general theory of INTERPRETATION OF STORY falls, unique in their expression of life development and variation. living which produced the valley. 7. The relation between movement OF THE GRANITE AREAS IN 5. The significant accessory fea- of the earth's crust and change of YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK tures shown in widespread forests, land forms to variation of life meadows, lesser streams, and wild through the ages. Recognition of The form and beauty of Yosemite life enhancing the beauty of the the living earth as affecting the de- Valley are due in considerable meas- region. velopment of living things. The ure to the shaping of its features in unity of the story of nature begin- granite.. Had the rocks of this re- Less Obvious Features, Represent- ning with the causes which produce gion been the same as those of the crustal movement and extending into lower Merced area, or of the Grand ing the Fundamental Phe- Canyon, the result would have been nomena of Nature the development of the living world. 8. Evidence that the phenomena widely different from what we see in Yosemite - today. These represent elements in the illustrated in so spectacular a man- ner in Yosemite are forces which are The mode of origin of much that region which may be in some meas- has unique interest here gives rea- ure sensed or recognized by a large active everywhere and through all time and are a part of the effective son for suggestion regarding the ma- number of observers. Their full un- terials from which the valley is derstanding depends upon something environment in which human life is lived. formed. Additional reason for mak- more than casual inspection. They They also constitute a part of the material which man naturally ing available to visitors something are within reach of the average ob- of the story of the granite at Yose- server, but only through the medium uses in development of his environ- ment to meet his own needs. mite is found in the fact that the of extended study and the use of or- circumstances relating to origin of ganized knowledge. the granite mass of the Sierra prob- Certain of these features are in Suggestions as to Development ably constitute the greatest single some part responsible for the emo- Program event in the story of the Yosemite tional reaction described as inspira- region. tion. They represent aspects of It is recommended that in develop- The account of building of these knowledge in which human imagina- ment of the plan of Yosemite Valley granite masses is an epic represent- tion extends itself through the me- special emphasis be placed upon op- ing the action of tremendous cre- dium of organized realities to an portunity for use and enjoyment of ative forces. It possesses that at- understanding far beyond that of the Valley as represented in those tractiveness inherent in movement mere photographic reflection of na- features which have distinguished it or development or growth. We need ture in the mind of man. The ap- from other types of parks and have only to find means for presenting to [ Page 26 1 Report on National Parks

the visitor observationaf evid'ence^ ments resting upon "Sbdiment Peak-" a cement platform with an adequate from which average intelligence can an!U Parsons Peak.. stone, reinforced parapet, and with a construct a picture of realities in the The leaflet for use at this point well-constructed finder-perhaps also. history of this region. should include a simple, brief de- with telescopes. From this station The essentials in presenting the scription of the nature of the intru- many points of interest in the main story of development of the granite sion of the original molten granite valley and above Mirror Lake could: and its relation to the history of mass and of its gradual cooling to be shown to advantage. Yosemite involve finding such locali- take on its present physical .char- Museum. It is also desirable that ties as will permit the visitor to see act.ers. There should be a cross- in the geological room of the mu- for himself the relation of the granite section through the granite area ex- seum on the Valley floor the essen- to the sedimentary masses into which tending out to the great valley and tials of what has been discussed as it has been intruded. It is also de- illustrating the nature of the con- important exhibit material for Seati- sirable to present evidence of the tacts in the Merced valley and on nel Dome and Glacier Point be il- sediment remaining in fragments the summit of the range. lustrated by use of carefiill'y prepared above existing granite mountains. The leaflet should also call atten- transparencies, well selected speci- Sentinel Dome. The best point of tion to the erosion process by which mens, careful labels, and a small leaf- observation for telling this story the sediments were removed from let. seems to be the summit of Sentinel the great granite area exposed. Merced Canyon. It is also desir- Dome. At this locality there is wide There should be . reference to the old able that on the Merced canyon road and unobstructed view over the erosion surface of approximate Mio- near the contact of the granite and whole of the Yosemite region and cene time so clearly seen from Sen- the sediments one or two small sign out to the Coast Ranges. From tinel Dome over the region to the labels be set up pointing out the Sentinel Dome it is possible to see north of Yosemite Valley. The aid nature of the tremendously disturbed practically the Whole stretch of the of Dr. Matthes in preparation of this and folded sedimentaries near the vast sedimentary series lying upon leaflet would be extremely impor- point of contact with the granite. the granite and extending beneath tant. At such a locality it may be im- the great valley of California. The Glacier Point. At Glacier Point portant to have a small case with a general area of contact between the the multitude of visitors makes it few photographs and labels. The .sediments and the granite is visible important to present, so far as pos- leaflet used at Sentinel Dome would in the lower Merced valley. sible, the story of the origin, nature, also be helpful in an explanation of There are also visible from the and significance of the granite what is seen at this locality. If ar- summit of Sentinel Dome a number mass which can be told to best gument is made that illustrating this of patches of sediment resting upon advantage from Sentinel Dome. point would obstruct traffic on the the granite at what has been called Although it is not possible to see narrow road, suggestion might be tentatively "Sediment Peak," near the lower Merced valley from Gla- made that the road exists in order Mount Clark, also on Parsons Peak. cier Point, the features illustrated to carry visitors into a region in Occurrence of blocks of altered sedi- from Sentinel Dome and not visible which they are to learn something of mentary material near Sentinel at Glacier Point could be represented exceptional wonders in nature. The Dome may also be seen. through good photographs. There distorted strata along the Merced The development of a station for are many reasons why it may seem road represent a part of this story, the purpose of showing the granite desirable to develop at Glacier Point and there is abundant justification involves preparation of a small a station which will show Half Dome for so adjusting the situation on the smoothed area on or near the sum- and the Little Merced region, in- road as to make it possible for vis- mit of Sentinel Dome with equip- cluding the sediment cap on "Sedi- itors to park for the few moments ment consisting of a, well designed ment Peak" near Mount Clark. A necessary to come to understanding finder to locate the principal points station to represent this and the few of this locality. of importance, a single case to con- other major features visible to the It is probable that visitors would tain a few important specimens and east from Glacier Point could be make most frequent use of the lo- photographs with labels, and further constructed in the depression imme- cality illustrating disturbed sedi- a small booklet or leaflet giving sim- diately to the north of the present ments in the Merced River region pie and concise statement of the lookout. In this depression a plat- when on the way out from the Val- story and description of the localities form could be prepared with moder- ley after having heard the story of to be observed. The station at the ate excavation. A parapet could be the granite. If, however, they could summit of Sentinel Dome should be constructed such as would not mar visit the locality on the journey into approached by a well defined path the face of the cliff, and side walls the Valley. this would be helpful in- with as little as possible of artificial and a roof could be constructed understanding the story as it will he construction. The platform of the which would be practically invisible learned from the various points men- station would best be constructed of excepting within the range of a few tioned at Sentinel Dome, Glacier concrete in order to remove uneven- yards of the station. Point, and the museum. nesses. A small bordering wall or In this lower crypt or hidden sta- parapet should be so low as to be tion at Glacier Point there could be SIGNIFICANCE OF CERTAIN BI- inconspicuous and not mar the sum- included a relief map and such other OLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE mit of the Dome. materials as would show to advantage EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF The finder at this station could features which can be' seen better well be modeled after the type at from Glacier Point than from other NATIONAL PARKS, 1928 Pilot Butte, Oregon, of which full localities. The type of equipment LTHOUGH in development of specifications are available at the for such a station would be in gen- A eral similar to that at Sentinal the educational program of Na- central office of National Park Serv- tional Parks a relatively large part of ice in Washington. Dome. A second station and platform de- the effort expended up to the present The case at the summit should signed for the purpose of pointing time has been directed toward study contain specimens of the sediments out features seen better from Gla- of life, the biological aspect of edu- near the contact in Merced valley. cier Point than from other places cational influence is probably much photographs of the tremendously should be constructed. near the east more important than has been recog- folded sediments near the contact end of Glacier Point. There is a nized. A considerable part of the • with the granite in Merced valley, low area at the east end of the work done up to the present time, and a few specimens from the sedi- Point which could be provided with has related to the more elementary

[ Page 27 1 Report on National Parks

features of field botany and zoology.. plant from another. It is important fully satisfactory situation for the fu- It has been of real significance, and to bring out these fundamental as- ture will be one in which we have has served an important purpose pects of the life problem in connec- original forests available for study of through initiating study of the tion with the educational program. their composition, and of the many fauna and flora for many who under A further point of great importance plants and animals associated in them. the conditions of relaxation in the in connection with study of the bio- What is true of the need for preser- park environment have welcomed a logical problem of National Parks re- vation of trees in a forest, so far as friendship with nature. Visitors to lates to the opportunity to study un- original association of organisms is the parks commonly wish to have modified primitive associations of concerned, is true of a large variety rest and freedom along with the plants and animals. This is increas- of associations of plants and animals desire to learn. There is an element ingly important as we come to recog- regarding which we shall require in- of refreshment in the contact with nize that civilization is rapidly wip- forniation in the future. flowers and forests and birds. It is a ing out, or fundamentally reorganiz- In National Parks with. a wide relation free from that routine of ing, a large part of the biological variety of plant and animal types, and everyday life which the visitor espe- complexes of the world. The adjust- with the biological zones most re- cially desires to leave behind. ment is taking place so rapidly that markably developed and related in Among the major opportunities for only under special conditions can we their origin to geological phenomena, education in biology, one of the most expect any areas to remain long with there is reason for attempting com- important concerns the factors which the composition of fauna and flora plete preservation of certain relics of have to do with variation of life, and which existed when the parks were plant and animal life associations for the relation between life and its en- established. The time is not distant the enjoyment and appreciation of vironment. This is expressed in some when areas in which the original bio- the people, and for future need's in measure in the geographical distribu- logical grouping remains unmodified scientific and economic studies. There tion of animals and plants, according will have the same relation to the is no doubt that such reservations to what are called life zones, repre- surrounding world altered tinder the will ultimately be enormously im- senting a relation between variation hand of man, 1. hat a Pleistocene or portant sources of information regard- of types of life and variation in physi- Pliocene biological complex or asso- ing life, and concerning the principles cal conditions. Without reference to ciation would have if somewhere iso- that controlled its development be- special theories advanced in dis- lated in the living world today. fore man began to sweep over the cussion of the factors governing dis- The more deeply we, study the liv- earth and modify it. tribution, the relation between range ing world, the more fully we recog- of certain types of environment and nize that what man has obtained SUGGESTIONS REGARDING SIG- the range of kinds of plants and ani- from nature to meet his economic NIFICANCE OF mals is a striking thing in many parks. needs represents only a part of what PROBLEMS IN Through the suggestion and guidance might be secured. The animals and THE FIELD OF GEOLOGICAL of clear-minded naturalists, study of plants forming the so-called domes- SCIENCES IN CONNECTION the illustrations here may bring about ticated group today are not the only WITH AN EDUCATIONAL PRO- S development of a train of interesting ones that might have been domesti- GRAM IN NATIONAL PARKS interpretations by visitors. cated. Their present status is due There is also in the geographical to a variety of circumstances, one of 1928 range of organisms in National Parks the most important of which is the an extremely important relation be- fact that they are among the types M UCH of the research and educa- tween the distribution of life zones long. associated with man. Had the tion which naturally develops and the development of the geog- association been different the plants in National Parks will relate itself to raphy or geology of the region. The and animals domesticated might have problems in the field of the geological life zones have been made possible differed in some measure. sciences. In most instances, the great by geological changes resulting from It is to be assumed that with the scenic features are fundamentally geo- contrast of two sets of forces: those increasing needs and intelligence of logical. Full value should also" be involved in movements of the earth's man, research of the future will bring given to the covering of vegetation, crust producing uplift, and those ex- to our service groups of organisms the beauty of the forests, and all wild pressed in wind, running water, and now largely known as wild or weeds. life. Far too little has been said re- ice which have carved o* moulded the The existing fauna and flora may in- garding these aspects of the land- land forms. The geological processes scape. It is, however, important to clude many forms which man will responsible for conditions governing realize that in large measure the great need in the future, but which will distribution of life in the National characteristics of National Parks are soon disappear unless considerable Parks really represent one phase of of the geological type. the story of development of life areas are preserved intact-not merely Under the circumstances, it is essen- through the ages. We describe them intact as to certain species, but intact tial that the most careful study be as physical forces. We do not know as to the whole association of given to the nature of the problems their origin. Perhaps the elements of organisms. which must be considered in research the unknown in these activities are No better illustration is to be found and to the character of material to be not less significant than those unex- of the need for preserving a biologi- presented in educational work in Na- plained factors which elude us in cal group unmodified than that which tional Parks. Many of the specific study of the physiology and other has become evident in the develop- features are of such a nature that life processes of the living organism. ment of forestry. We are just now be- they thrust themselves upon the at- The physical activity of the earth ginning to consider growing new for- t.ention of even the most casual vis- seems so intimately related to de- ests in the place of those cut. It is itor. Such, mainly, are the elements velopment of the living world that the sometimes assumed that all we need which have to do with magnitude and two are in a sense one process. There to do is to plant a tree in the place of the figure of the land, which may be are no places where these and many one removed. But a forest is not mere- in sharp contrast to that with which other relations of the story of life ly a group of trees of one kind. It is visitors are familiar in everyday life. can be developed better than in Na- an association of plants including In addition to these obvious elements tional Parks. The beginnings of un- many types. In order to grow a for- there are many things for which the derstanding may initiate with small est such as has been harvested we visitor is not able to obtain any- details, such as are involved in dis- must know the original conditions thing like a complete interpretation. tinguishing one interesting animal or which we seek to duplicate. The only These great problems of the less ob-

[ Page 28 ] Report on National Parks

vious type represent material which it educational application. It is im- in the educational programs. The op- is of the first importance that we un- portant that preliminary to educa- portunity for study of geological derstand and present in simple but tional work there be intensive study problems in National Parks is one of adequate form to the visitor. on all of these questions and on the the most important in America, and it With all that has been done in the simplification of these data for edu- is essential that there be leadership of general geological study of the Na- cational use. the highest type for definition of the tional Parks there is still a vast num- Experience in National Parks indi- problems, as also for furtherance of ber of details and of specific questions cates that among the greatest of all researches, and guidance of the men regarding which we have little or no questions that may attract the inter- to assist the public in understanding, data. This is true even in the strictly est of the visitor are some to which the material presented. scientific sense without relation to little or no attention has been given

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(Page 29] Reports of Dr. F. R. Oastler on Studies Made in 1929 Relating to Possible- Additions of Areas to the National Park System and to a S.urvey of the National Parks and Monuments

R EPORT for 1929 of investigations of our National Monuments can these animals will become half tame undertaken for the National Park _ hardly be considered of much educa- Service in the following regions:- tional in summer only to be an easy target value and a visit to these for the hunter on the fall and winter Isle Royale, Michigan; Never Sum- would seem superfluous. mer Mountains, Colorado; Rocky. , range, which is at present outside of During this time the problem of the Park. This matter required con- Mountain National Park, Colorado; the future care of our flora and fauna Yellowstone National Park, sideration. Wyom- has been given careful consideration. The difficulty at present with Bryce ing; Grand Teton National Park, Inasmuch as this work is practically Wyoming; Canyon is the inability of the visiting Mt. Ranier National in its infancy throughout the country, Park, public to get into the Canyon and en- Washington; Bryce National and- the work to be accomplished in Park, joy many of the beautiful objects not Utah; Zion National Park, the future will be largely experimental seen from the rim. The trails even at Utah; Grand Canyon National Park, and original, the writer has hesitated best are steep. Many people, are (North Rim), Arizona; Mesa Verde to furnish even a preliminary report National Park, Colorado; McKinley without afraid to ride a horse, especially on much closer study than he these trails, with the result that most, National Park, Alaska. has been able^to give to the subject The following National Monu- of the visitors arrive at the Canyon, up to the present moment. It is suf- look over the rim and think they ments: - Betatakin Ruins, Aztec ficient to say that, it is rather remark- Ruins, Pueblo Bonito Ruins, Casa' able how little scientific work has have seen all there is to see. As a matter of fact Grande Ruins, Frijolas Canyon Ruins, been conducted in these two great most of interest is in the Canyon itself and not on the rim. White Canyon Natural Bridges, Rain- divisions of Natural Science. To the bow Natural Arch, Devil's Garden and layman the only answer seems to be In order to overcome this difficulty Window Castles, Navajo Mountain,, the lack of.funds offered by the public it is suggested that a small conces- sion be established in the bottom of Pipe Springs, Petrified Forests, in- to conduct proper scientific observa- scription Rock, Glacier Bay the Canyon near it's outlet. From (Alaska), tion and experiment. It is to be Mt. Olympus, ( Washington). . hoped that the future will offer much the diagram appended, it will be seen Respectfully submitted, greater promise than has the past so that a concession situated as proposed Frank R. Oastler. that our flora and fauna may be prop- can be reached by a road running ely protected for the pleasure and from the rim of the Canyon to the. HE summer of 1929 from June profit of those not only of our time, village of Tropic, which road is a1- 26th to September 20th has been but those who will follow us. ready in existence, and by the con- spent in two ways, (1) examining new struction of a road from Tropic to the entrance of the Canyon for about oae areas, Isle Royale, Michigan, the BRYCE CANYON NATIONAL , Never Summer Mountain Range, Col- and one-half miles. The village of PARK Tropic has agreed to build this road orado, the northeast face of Mt., Rainier, at it's own expense if allowed to do Washington, an area ten RRYCE Canyon has been in the so. miles northeast and twenty-five miles ! JLl National Park Service about a In this way tourists may enter south of Bryce Canyon, Utah. The.: year. the Canyon by automobile and then There has not been sufficient walk or ride to the points of interest object of this inspection has been to time to organize this Park to any determine the character of the coun- great extent. in the side canyons, spending a few The trails into the Can- days at the concession, or they may try and decide whether or not the yon have already been improved, walk or ride from the rim to the con- country is suitable for possible addi- however, and the development of cession, spending some time there tion to the National Park Service, camp sites, ranger stations, etc., is (2) visits to the remaining National and return the way they came or by progressing. The writer has paid four automobile. Parks and Monuments in continua- visits to Bryce Canyon prior to this By the establishment of a hotel in the Canyon and building tion of the survey commenced in visit. The purpose of this visit was 1928 made at the request of the Sec- a road of one and one-half miles, the to study the Canyon itself with ref- Canyon itself will be made available retary of Interior. All of the Na- erence to its development, also to to all who wish to enjoy it. There tional Parks with the exception of study areas to the north and south Lafayette and Hawaii, and National outside the are two sites possible for the con- Park to determine struction of a camp. Parks which are of no importance, whether these areas were of National These are have been visited within the two- marked on the map. The one to the Park character, and whether, by the left year period and fourteen Monuments would be more suitable, being addition of these areas to the Park, situated on the main Bryce Canyon have been inspected within the last the whole scenic field might not be trail. The water supply could be ob- four years. It has been impossible to more easily administered and be cover the whole territory within the tained from a spring (by piping) from made available to the visiting publ:c. Peek-a-boo allotted time. The expense of a trip It was realized that this Park, being Canyon. This spring to Hawaii precluded the possibility of should be tested for its water supply. new, should be developed with a view The site to the right is at the junc- an inspection of that Park. A visit toward establishing winter as well as to some of the Monuments required tion of Campbell and Fairyland Can- summer ranges for its wild life, par- yons. Here are two springs with an the use of a pack-train, also an ex- ticularly the deer. With the bounda- pense not warranted by the amount abundant water supply. The lay of ry as it was there was no winter the land, however, is not as good but of money provided. Then too, many range for deer. In the years to come there is plenty of room. A road [Page 30 1 Report on National Parks

could easily be built from either one Proposed Extension of Bryce majestic and of a grander type than, of these points to the village of Canyon South Bryce and the colors are more intense Tropic. The scenic features from and of greater variety. This also ap- either point are admirable. The To Monument Point twenty-six plies to Swamp Canyon which is a adoption of some such plan as pro- miles south of Bryce Canyon the branch of Sbeep Creek Canyon. At posed would seem to be one of the pink cliffs, of the Paunsagaunt Pla- the bottoin of Swamp Canyon there most important matters to be con- teau of which Bryce Canyon is a is considerable moisture and therefore sidered in the development of the part, are exposed, the result of ero- the forest carpet is more abundant Canyon. sion, and are broken up into all sorts and a deeper green. The writer begs to be allowed to of pillars; precipitous walls, monu- The Natural Bridge is 13 miles object to the location of the auto- ments, short canyons, natural bridges from Bryce, one-half way to Monu- mobile camp as proposed. The dis- and rock formations of innumerable ment Point. It is situated in the tance from the rim of the Canyon patterns and great beauty. This midst of a magnificent amphitheatre to the boundary line is so short that region was examined with a view to formed by the region included be- it is imperative that all the area be possible addition to Bryce Canyon. tween Sheep Creek Point and Podunk preserved as a park. If the camp is It has been suggested that this addi- Point. The bridge is of unusual placed here, there is no place left and tion would do much to round out the beauty, of excellent carving and well besides the camp is right on the rim scenic features of Bryce, open the water marked. Surrounding the of the Canyon, crowding in upon the country for the education and en- bridge are many fine monuments and very object for which the tourist joyment of the public, and add to the great walls, and the whole region is visits the park-the Canyon rim. ease of administration. Furthermore, extremely interesting and filled with Furthermore, the particular spot this question has arisen, are the surprises on all sides. chosen is right in the middle of the scenic features of National Park Podunk Point, which, by the way, best wild-flower exhibit in. the park. standard and is the area of greater is two points, projects far into the It will not take long for this to be value as a National Park or as a valley. It is about twenty miles trampled out of sight, in fact that is grazing area in the National Forest? from Bryce. To the south of Podunk almost the condition at present. At present this country both above Point to Monument Valley the rock There is ample room for an auto the rim and below is being used for walls though beautiful are not to be camp nearer the park entrance where grazing sheep. About 1,800 sheep compared to the region to the north, it will not infringe on the chief ex- graze back of the rim and 2,400 below and it is doubtful if this part of the hibit. the rim. In the spring and fall these rim would be of sufficient interest to Another objectionable feature which sheep have to travel up and down emphasize it by addition to the Na- should be discontinued is the camp Sheep Creek Canyon to get into the tional Park. To the north of Podunk fire in front of the Lodge. Nobody valley of the east fork of the Sevier Point, however, there is a large mag- pays any attention to the camp fire River. The forest above the rim con- nificent amphitheatre filled with all and at present it is used principally tains some good timber-Balsam, kinds of erosions quite equal to those as a dumping ground for old boxes Spruce, White and Yellow Pine, and of Bryce Canyon, but on a larger • and refuse which the concession Aspen. Below the rim the timber is scale and surrounded in part by for- wishes to burn up. If this could be not quite as good. The country ested areas. The colors here are more turned into a bird bath, it would be above the rim is the 3ummer feeding intense and of a different character very useful, for many birds gather grounds of the deer and in winter from Bryce. The view both from about this area of the park. The they spend their time below the rim. Rim View and Podunk is extremely addition of a few bird boxes in the Bird life is fairly abundant and wild fine and extends over tremendous trees, transplanting some of the young flowers are growing all over the rim distances with Escalante Mt. on the Aspens in the vicinity, encouraging in the early spring before the sheep left and Navajo Mt. on the right. the natural growth of wild flowers, come. Part of the sheep are owned Many of the various canyons which eliminating the road across the area, by local people, the rest by ranches empty into the Colorado River can in fact turning the area into a little some distance away. It would be dif- be plainly seen. So delightful was natural park, all this could be easily ficult to find other ranges for these the panorama from Podunk Point, accomplished without much expense sheep, the forest supervisor relates, that the greater part of a day was and it would add very much to the because the ranges in the neighbor- spent in analysing the area. The interest and beauty of the Park. hood are all over-stocked at present great expanse of it all was very im- Posts have been placed along the and the number of sheep have had pressive. There is no doubt but that rim to prevent automobiles from en- to be reduced within the last few the rim from Bryce Canyon to Po- croaching. If these posts could be years. dunk Point meets all the require- connected with chains, it would pre- In undertaking a survey of this ments of a National Park. The vent riders from using the rim as a region the following points received scenic features are outstanding in horse trail. The rim of the Canyon particular attention (1) Head of character and unique and the people should be left for pedestrians only. Yellow Creek, (2) Head of Shee•) of the United States should be given At some future time it would be well Creek, (3) Head of Swamp Canyon, the opportunity of seeing and enjoy- to construct suitable observation sta- (4) Rim View, (5) The Natural ing this remarkable country. tions at the points of interest and do Bridge and area beyond, (6) Podunk In order to administer this region away with those in use at present. Point, (7) Monument Point. The properly, it will be necessary to in- They are neither useful nor orna- rim at the head of Yellow Creek is clude a stretch of land one-half mile mental, taking into consideration the called Little Bryce. It is practically back from the rim and one mile from amount of room they occupy. Work of the same character as Bryce Can- the rim below. It is proposed to on the new trails is progressing slowly yon and contains many interesting build a road along but away from but it is being well done and the forms of erosion. the rim extending from Bryce to Po- The head of Sheep dunk Point. Navajo trail is well conceived and The main difficulty to Creek is even more beautiful and be encountered in transferring this executed. The steep grades are prac- more extensive. Large areas looking area from the National Forest Service tically eliminated. like castles and fortresses stand up in to the National Park Service is sheep. Further suggestions regarding the the valley separated from one an- Apparently the owners of these sheep educational work at Bryce Canyon other, and the combinations of pink have to be accommodated with other • may be found in the report forwarded and green make this canyon unusu- grazing areas and these areas are to the National Park Service in 1928. ally beautiful. The scenery is more hard to find in this country. Again,

[ Page 31 ] Report on National Parks twice a year these sheep have to cross winter in the lower levels of the been cut up in all directions by in- at Sheep Creek, the proposed addi- National Forest and the adjacent numerable automobile trails and tion, from one valley to the next. country. A careful investigation of ruined. The fawns as usual were Provision must be made for this. their winter range` has not been made caught in the spring. The deer have The Supervisor of the National Forest as far as the writer has been able to been frightened away from the V. T. and the Superintendent of Bryce ascertain. Park and have lost this choice feed- Canyon Park are practically agreed The first visit to this region was ing ground. This fall an open season as to the transfer. While making this made in 1913. At that time the on deer has been declared during survey the writer was fortunate in be- (leer were in evidence everywhere and October, November and half of De- ing able to bring this matter to the in the evening about six o'clock the cember. Each hunter is allowed to attention of Major Stewart who hap- V. T. Park was literally packed with shoot one buck and one doe. An pened to be at Bryce Canyon. The deer, bucks and does and fawns aeroplane service between the north change was carefully discussed with feeding peacefully together-a most and south rims was established from him at this time. remarkable sight. Five visits have Phoenix to the V. T. Park where the been made including this one. The deer used to gather. At a cost of $300 one before this was in 1926. hunters are taken from Phoenix to Proposed Addition to Bryce Hap At that time on the V. T. meadow in the rim and return and are guaran- tional Park to the North the evening, the writer counted about teed their buck and doe. The Na- and East. 200 deer. This year the count was tional Park Service devotes the sum- 21, made in early September. The mer to taming the deer in the park. To the north and east of Bryce National Park Rangers last year In the fall these deer leave the park Canyon the rim of the Paunsagaunt counted 856 deer within th ! park half tame, go down into the open hills Plateau extends as far as Escalante boundary. This year 632. In a small on the west side of the National For- Mountain. The deer spend the sum- clearing in the park especially selected est and are shot. In order to keep mer months on the plateau. Their 86 deer were counted in 1928, 16 in the deer down cattle are again al- winter range, however, is beneath the 1929. Mr. Will Rust, Proprietor of lowed to graze and browse in the Na- rim of the plateau in this region. the V. T. Ranch, who has watched tional Forest where the browse has Here in the fall of the year, and in the deer for years states that the deer already been declared to be so scarce winter also, many deer are killed. have diminished rapidly and at the that the deer are starving, and when In order to preserve these animals for present rate will soon be exter- the writer inquired of one of the for- National Park purposes it is pro- minated. Since 1913 all the deer seen est rangers what had become of the posed to change the Park boundary and photographed by the writer have deer he was informed that the deer to the north and east to include this been in good condition. Upon in- were in the woods at that time of area. The region is on the public do- quiry of the park chief ranger, there the year eating mushrooms. And main. There are no sheep grazing has been no year in which more than where is it all going to end? here and only 300 goats in one small a normal number of deer have been Several years ago one of the most area. There is no patented land. found dead in the spring. In 1926 the remarkable sights in wild life in this The country is not fit for grazing. number was 7. Several years ago an country was the mule deer herd One or two small parcels belong to examination of conditions by a gov- gathered and feeding in the clover in the State of Utah but they are of no ernment committee reported that the the late afternoon on the V. T. mead- value and could be easily obtained. browse had all been eaten up, the ows on the north rim of the Grand Much of this country is of the same (leer were starving and if something Canyon. Hundreds of visitors came character as Bryce Canyon and is of wits not done immediately the to the north rim to see this display considerable scenic value. This is greater part of the herd would be and none went away disappointed. particularly true of Escalante Moun- found dead in the spring. Efforts It was truly a great sight. tain. The new addition will include were then made to drive the deer Then came the cry that the herd the road to Tropic which the State across the canyon but the deer would had increased tremendously, had will gladly part with to save mainte- not drive. Shooting was permitted eaten all the browse and was starving. nance. The proposed addition may and some 2,000 deer were killed in the It was never realized that deer feed be seen on the appended map. The fall. The next spring arrived and on different things at different times country for the most part is quite the deer were found to be alive and of the year and that they even eat barren, is of no value, but the deer in the usual condition, thin and poor, sage brush and thrive if they have to. are attracted to this region. With for all deer after passing through the Nothing at all was said when the so- the addition north and south and winter emerge thin and poor. It was called starving deer didn't seem to with possible slight widening of the then suggested in order to save the starve. The estimate of the number boundary to the west for administra- "starving" (leer that the fawns be of deer in this herd was 27,000. This tion purposes, Bryce Canyon National caught, placed on farms, fed on cow's estimate was taken in one instance Park will have a scenic area of great milk and sold in the fall for $25 a by counting the deer on the V. T. value and withal a winter and sum- piece. Four farms were started with Meadow and multiplying it by the mer range for its wild life. about 50 fawns on each farm and number of V. T. Meadows the Na- cows were imported to furnish the tional Forest would hold. Nobody North Rim of the Grand Canyon milk and the fawns were fed milk, mentioned the fact that when the cut hay and meal. Result in the deer were on the meadow the sur- A trip to the north rim of • the fall-only 10% were left. That fall rounding forests were practically bare Grand Canyon was made especially shooting continued with the destruc- of deer. No one who has watched to study the condition of the Kaibab tion of about another 2,000 deer. The this herd over a period of years ever deer herd. The results of the in- following year fawns were caught has believed that the herd numbered vestigation were extremely disap- again and in the fall shooting con- anywhere near 27,000. Formerly in pointing.. It is to be remembered tinued. During this time no evidence order to protect the deer and cattle that part of this herd falls under the of starving deer was reported. Last the cougars were destroyed ard now jurisdiction of the National Park year the same practice cdntinued with there are few cougars and soon there Service. Unfortunately this jurisdic- the same result. This year a new road will be no deer-a wonderful demon- tion obtains only in the summer is being constructed through V. T. stration of man's care in protecting time, for there is no winter range for Park. Automobiles have had to pick wild life. The shades of Theodore the deer in the park and they all out their own road. The result has Roosevelt are ill at ease. And when leave the park in the Fall to spend been that this beautiful park has the writer quietly endeavored to ob-

[Page 32 1 . Report on National Parks

tain a photograph this year of the trails should be built through them as Frixell has already introduced the 21 remaining deer he was told by soon as possible. There are many educational work. He has placed a the forest ranger that he could little drainage pools high up in the tent near Jenny Lake, and has started not photograph because it fright- mountains that have never been prop- a collection of exhibits for the ened the deer away. Why not erly explored. Of the mountains the Museum. Li addition he is giving place at the entrance to the V. Grand Teton, Mt. Owen and Mt. talks on Park subjects at night to T. Park this sign for the infor- Moran are the most spectacular. The the automobile campers and is taking mation of the public "Slaughter and present trail to the glacial basin on visitors to interesting places when- destroy as much as you like but don't the Grand Teton is very beautiful but ever this is possible. photograph for it will frighten the needs grading badly. It is too steep The attendance at the Park is al- animals"? for horses. At the end of this trail ready quite large, and promises to in- The purpose of all this destruction to the right of the point, where it crease rapidly so that a park natural- is said to be the reduction of the descends to reach the glacier, is a ist should be appointed at once to de- herd to meet the requirements of a very remarkable observation point. velop the work. As soon as possible limited food supply. Where is the A suitable rest house should be placed a careful study of the geology of the real proof that the herd is starving? here, for the view in all directions park should be undertaken and made Restore the cougar, leave the fawns is exceptional. A system of trails con- available to the public. This would alone, limit shooting and the herd will necting with one another should be add much toward helping the visitor take care of itself in a better way started as soon as possible so that to appreciate the magnificence of these than by the present vicious methods the visitor may have an opportunity rugged mountains. There is at pres- in use. These animals are in a wild to study and enjoy the great variety ent a road from Moran to Elk by life preserve, under the jurisdiction of of rock formations near the summit Cunningham's Ranch,-^iwhich connects the United States. Can nothing be of the mountains. with the main road through the valley done to stop this miserable treatment It would seem advisable to place at Menor Ferry. From this road a of an inoffensive animal? the concession and buildings in the magnificent 'view of Jackson's Hole neighborhood of Leigh Lake. If it and the Teton Range is afforded. GRAND TETON NATIONAL is situated near any of the other This road should be widened and im- PARK lakes their beauty will be greatly proved and used as a scenic drive- marred and the flower areas de- way. The close proximity of the The Grand Teton National Paik stroyed. This is especially true of Grand Teton National Park to was created July, 1929. It consists String Lake, which is the most pic- Yellowstone Park will result, in all practically of the East face of the turesque of all. In general, it would probability, in a rapid increase in Teton Range of Mountains and in- seem best to establish the concen- the attendance at the Teton National cludes the following mountains in tration center in a place easy to reach, Park. It becomes, therefore, of the order: Buck, Un-named, Wister, but out of sight as much as possible utmost importance that plans for the Michu, Middle Teton, Grand Teton, and away from the lakes. From this conduct of the Park be made at the Owen, Pinnacle, Near M't. Con- center trails could be built radiating earliest possible moment and pro= siderable difficulty will be experienced to the various lakes, and from these vision for the care of the public be in administering this Park, unless the to the various mountains and can- undertaken at once. boundaries are extended. The Park yons. Every effort should be made should include all the flat country to to keep the borders of the lakes in- A SURVEY OF the West of the Snake River as well tact and remove the fire hazard as ISLE ROYALE, LAKE SUPERIOR as Jackson Lake. It is to be hoped far as possible. that this addition will be made at Transportation by row boat or Made for the purpose of determining the earliest possible date. launch on the lake should be limited whether the island meets the re- The story of the Grand Teton Na- to the conveyance of passengers to quirements of National Park stand- tional Park is its great beauty and the opposite side of the lakes where ards-By FRANK R. OASTLER, Octo- its geological history. It is a little the trails start up the mountains. ber, 1929. gem and it should br treated as such. Boating should not be allowed and Accommodations for visitors should the lakes should be kept as primitive Isle Royale is situated in Lake be placed so that they will not inter- as possible in order to encourage the Superior about 40 miles South of fere with the beauty of this great presence of wild life. At present the Port Arthur, Canada. The island is Range of mountains. People should be mountains contain a moderate amount of volcanic origin. It is bisected by allowed to visit the lakes only on foot of wild life, Sheep, Bear, Deer, Elk the parallel 43 degrees N. It is a or by horse-no roads should be built and small mammals. Efforts should possession of the State of Michigan to infringe on the shores of the lakes. be made to produce. a healthy in- and is administered at present as a Trails only should be constructed up crease of these animals by keeping Wild Life Sanctuary. There are five the mountains and into the Canyons. conditions as primitive as possible possible points of departure for the The Park is at present in a primitive throughout the Park. island-Port Arthur and Grand Mare, condition. Very few trails exist. One of the beautiful spots in the Canada, Duluth, Minn., Houghton, Every opportunity is offered, there- 1Park is Phelps Lake. This Lake is Illinois, and any of several points fore, for development to the very only partly on Park property. Some in Michigan. At present there are best advantage. of it is a private holding. The owner, only three points from which the The Range appears to have risen Mr. Stewart, has devoted many years island may be reached. Port Arthur, abruptly from the valley. It contains of his life in developing this area Grand Mare and Duluth. many sharp peaks and the eastern and protecting its natural beauty. Isle Royale runs in a general direc- face drops sharply to the valley floor. It will be to the interest of the Park tion from Northeast to Southwest. All the evidences of glaciation are to cooperate in maintaining Phelps The island is 45 miles in length, nine present and in a peculiar manner. Lake as a Sanctuary, where the visi- miles wide at its southern end, and Streams come tumbling down the .tor may go and enjoy its surrounding three miles wide at the northern. It mountain sides into seven beautiful beauty, but where he may not be al- contains about 210 square miles. The glacial lakes at the foot of the range, lowed to remain over night. It shape of the island is something like and there are many evidences of old should be kept intact. that of a narrow hand, the palm of glacial lakes that have long since The wild flowers on the sides of the hand occupying the southwest and dried up. Moran, Leigh and Glacier the mountain appear to be varied and central portions of the island and the Canyons are of great beauty and abundant throughout the Park. Dr. fingers the northeast. Between the [Page 33 ] Report on National Parks

fingers are numerous long narrow throughout this season. During June a four=hour trip from Port Arthur on harbors. Within-the bays and harbors fogs are of frequent occurrence with the small steamer Islet Prince. There and surrounding the island are about very little wind. July and August are are five trips a week. A mail boat ar- 100 smaller islands. The main island comparatively free from fog and there rives at Isle Royale from Duluth is largely forested. Of the smaller is generally a lively breeze daily es- twice a week, but carries no passen- islands some are forested, others pecially in the afternoon. Storms be- gers., A boat from Grand Mare circles simply rock areas with little or no gin about the middle of September the island to gather fish three times vegetation. Within the island are and are severe. Throughout the sum- a week and a small private boat runs several good-sized lakes and many mer thunder storms occur at infre- from Grand Mare to Washington ponds and bays. The streams are quent intervals. The mean monthly Harbor, for the use of club members few and sluggish for the most part. temperature over a period of ten only. It is expected that the Booth With the rise of the "tide" of Lake years in July was 62.24 degrees F. Fisheries Compahy will provide a Superior often the flow of water in The range for July was 42 degrees- steamer to run from Duluth next the streams is reversed in part tem- 85.8 degrees. The maximum rainfall summer. There is at present little to porarily. The 'South shore of the for July for a ten-year average was encourage people to visit the island. island is for the most part flat with 4.25 inches and the total rainfall for It often happens'.that`sudden storms beach areas. From the South shore the year 21.73 inches, more than half arise on the lake and the present the island rises with a steady incline of which fell during June, July and steamer Islet Prince is not of sufficient so that the North shore is quite rocky August. The snowfall averaged 25.44 size to handle weather conditions with with palisades of some 300 feet ex- inches annually, the deco snows that safety. Better facilities are' greatly tending abruptly to the water's edge. are found in winter being due not so needed. This rough, rugged, rocky North ,much'\to precipitation as to low tem- There are no roads on Isle Royale. shore is one of the scenic features of perature. Moderately heavy clothing The island has several good foot the island and is quite characteristic. is needed during the summer months trails, no horse trails. Means of com- Running from the Northeast to the except in the middle of the day when munication is accomplished largely' by Southwest along the center of the the heat is oppressive in the forests. water, either by row boat or launch. island is a main ridge called the The worst storms occur between Sep- The people rarely use the trails ex- Greenstone Range. The highest tember and December with the maxi- cept those close to the summer re- point is about 550 feet. Minor ridges mum in November. Of these storms sorts. At present the Northern end run parallel to this. Between these the most destructive come from the of the island is practically ^,ithout are corresponding valleys with their Southwest preceded by East or North- communication with the Southern ex- various lakes, ponds and bays. From east winds. The duration of the sea- tremity. There are no fire trails and these lakes run several small sluggish son for recreation and enjoyment no fire protection. If a fire should streams which drain the water into. might be considered from May 15th start, the, result would be disastrous Lake Superior. Inasmuch as the fall to September 15th. for the fire would have to be reported is not very great, these streams have During the winter months the only by boat to the authorities in Michi- little force and are often backed up inhabitants on the island are the game gan and they in turn. would have to by the waters of Lake Superior as warden and his family. From June send men by boat to the fire-all a the "tides" rise and fall many times to",-September the island and ad- matter of about four days. during the day. jacent islands are inhabited by (1) The island is covered largely with fishermen; (2,f owners of summer cot- KEEWEENAW COUNTY . a forest of Balsam, Spruce and White tages, (3) tourists who concentrate at Birch, at the Eastern portion, and Rock Harbor, 1'obin's Harbor, Belle' Office of sugar maple at the Western end. Isle and Washington Harbor, where COUNTY CLERK AND Other varieties of trees are scattered there are modest summer resorts and REGISTER OF DEEDS among these, of which mention will be a club. The total summer population Cjiarles Lampi,'Clerk. made later. Bare areas, some rocky, might be estimated fishermen and others the result of old fires, are their families, 12; tourist and cot- EAGLE- RIVER, MICH.. scattered throughout the island offer- tagers and helpers about 400; light- July 8th, 1929. ing plenty of brush cover and con- house keepers and game wardens and Dear Sir: siderable grass. The forest is of their families and a few campers. The second growth, transitional type, con- fishermen live on the surrounding Below you will find the total acre- sequent upon destruction by fire at islands and make a poor living catch- age of Isle Royale as taken from our some remQte period and at present ing lake trout and White fish. Cot- records, and divided into the differeut only a few White Pines of the original tagers and tourists confine themselves ownerships as follows: forest are standing though many old to shore line activities and few go burned fallen trunks may be seen here inland. The summer resorts hardly .*cres and there. pay. The game warden spends the United States Government.. 4,274 The flora and fauna of the island year on the island and is supposed to State ofM i c h i g a n will be considered at length else- do patrol duty, exterminate the Island Copper Co...... 27,295 where. brush wolves and prevent shooting. Minnesota Forest Products One of the great charms of Isle This is rather a difficult job for one Company ...... 71;77fi Royale is the brilliant sunshine of the man. Isle Royale Land Co...... 4,229 summer days. During the winter Transportation facilities will be Consolidated Water Power months the island is heavily covered considered tinder two heads. (1) & Paper Company...... 3,567 with snow and practically abandoned. Means for reaching the island (2) All private owners com- Lake Superior often freezes a.;ross to Means for getting about the island. bined ...... 18,084 the mainland, affording communica- At the present writing, facilities for tion for wild life, especially Moose. reaching the islands are at a low ebb: 'Total acres ...... 132,620 Otherwise there is no communication Formerly a small steamer carried with the island from December 1st, tourists from Duluth direct. This Very truly yours, to May 1st. The months of June, steamer no longer exists. Now the (Signed) CHARLES LAMPI, July and August are the most enjoy- trip consists in'a voyage from Duluth County Clerk. able of the year. The nights are quite to Port Arthur by way of the North- cold and the days only comfortably ern Navigation Co. (C.N.R.), a so- Isle Royale is largely privately warm. There is considerable humidity journ over night at Port Arthur and owned. Appended is a. list of the o%pn- [ Page 34 ] Re,port on National Parks

ers and the acreage owned. With the appear to function. A few brush CORNACEAE-Dogwood Family exception of the area owned by the wolves are killed each year. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Minn. Forest Products Co., a concern THE ISLAND FOREST-There Cornus circinata L'Her. Round= controlled by William Bachus, the are twenty-one species of trees on the leaved Cornel. owners apparently would be willing island, thirteen of which are decidu- ARACEAE-Arum Family to transfer their holdings to the gov- ous, the remainder conifer. The pre- Calla palustris L. Water Arum: ernment. Some would ask for rental dominant trees on the southern por- Spathyema foetida (L) Raf. Skunk concessions. The Forest Products tion of the island are the Hard Maple Cabbage. Lumber Co. is demanding an exorbi- and White Birch. On the rest of the JUNCACEAE-Rush Family tant,price for its holdings. The Com- island the trees most abundant are Juncus effusus L. pany is required to pay high taxes and the Balsam Fir, White Spruce, White MELANTHACEAE-Bunch-flower Family"' these taxes are making severe inroads Cedar, White Birch, Mountain Ash, Tofieldia palustris Huds. Asphodel. into the value of the property. The Juneberry and Wild Cherry. The list Uviilaria perfoliata L. Perfoliate Company is very anxious to sell to is 'appended : Belhvort. avoid paying taxes, or else it plans to build a pulp mill on the island, cut CONIFERS LILcncEAE-Lily Family the timber and sell it for what it will White Pine Lilium philadelphicum" II: Red, or bring. This latter procedure would Norway Pine Wood Lily. of course ruin the island and should Gray Pine Cox vALLARiACEAE-Li ly-of-the-Valley never be allowed. The resort people Taniarack-two varieties Family and cottagers are alive, to the situ- Balsam Fir Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yel- ation and are endeavoring to get the White Spruce low Clintonia. Black Spruce State of Michigan to buy the prop- Vagnera trifolia (L) Morong: Three- erty and make the island a State Park. White Cedar-arbor vitae- leaved Solomon's Seal. Unfortunately the island, though un- Juniper-two varieties Unifoliiim can a den se' (Desf~.) der the control of the State, is a con- Ground Hemlock Greene: False Lily-of-the-Valley, siderable distance from the State. If Spruce-(Mariana) Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. the island were created a State Park, DECIDUOUS Streptopus amplexicaulis (L) DC. the last to benefit would be the State Aspen-three varieties Clasping-leaved Twisted-stalk. of Michigan. The island would be Birch-four varieties Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) used largely by the citizens of Minne- Willow-three varities Salisb. Showy; White Trillium. sota and Canada. Therefore the Alder-two varieties TiciunceAE-Iris Family State of Michigan hesitates to act. Beech Iris versicolor L. Larger Blue Flag. Last winter, however, the legislature Mountain Ash ORCxiuACEAE-Orchid Family appropriated $15,000 to have a survey Juneberry-two varieties Cypripedium reginac Walt. Showy of the island made during the years Cherry-two varieties Ladies-Slipper. 1929-1930. The situation is acute and Maple-three varieties Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Larger action to protect the island from the Dogwood-two varieties Ladies-Slipper. Forest Products Co. is immediately The combination of conifer and Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small" necessary. The timber on the island White Birch adds much to the scenic Round-leaved Orchild. is hardly fit to cut and it is doubtful beauty of the island and the addition Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr." if the lumber could be transported to of flowering Dogwood, Cherry, Shad- Large Round-leaved Orchid. the mainland without considerable bush and Mountain Ash during the Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Rich-'' loss of money. It would appear, months of June and early July makes ards. Small Northern Bog Or-- therefore, that the action of the For- a tramp through the woods a pleasure chid. est Products Co. had been taken to seldom equalled. Prof. Bruce Fink of Habenaria hyperborea (L) R. Br.' try to force somebody to take the Miami College, Oxford, Ohio, has dis- Tall Leafy Green Orchid. property from them at their price. covered 43 varieties of Lichens on the Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. Many of those living on the island are island. Prof. J. M. Holzinger of Wi- Tall White Bog Orchid. of the opinion that this property could nora Normal School, Winora, Minn., Habenaria psycodes (L) Gray. be purchased through private sub- and Dr. J. Roll, Germany, found 38 Smaller Purple-fringed Orchid. scription, provided the purchase varieties of Mosses, 20 varieties of Pogonia ophioglossoides (L) Ker. price was reasonable. Ferns, 9 varieties of Grasses, 27 vari- Rose Pogonia. ADMINISTRATION-As has al- -eties of Sedges and several varieties of Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. ready been mentioned, the island is Horsetails, Club Mosses and Pond Gyrostachys romanzoffiana (Chain.) being administered by the State, of AN'eeds. One of the many enjoyable MacM. Michigan. There is one game war- features of Isle Royale is the floral Listera cordata (L) B. Br. Heart- den who spends the year on the island. display during the latter part of June leaved Twayblade. From December Ist to May 15th he and the first three weeks of July, and Peramium repens (L) Salisb. Lesser is alone and there is no communica- continued in part throughout August. Rattle-snake Plantain. tion with the island. The warden's Woods, clearings and rocks vie with Peramium pubescens (Willd.) duties are (1) to patrol the island, (2) one another in the display of their MaoM. Downy Rattle-snake prevent fires, (3) prevent shooting, selected plant societies and offer a Plantain. (4) protect property, (5) regulate fish- wonderful opportunity for wild-flower Peramium menziesii (Lindl.) Mo- ing, (6) destroy the brush wolves. enthusiasts and botanists. The flow- rong. Menzies' Rattle-snake The work can not be done by one ers seen in greatest abundance are: Plantain. man properly. The result is that very Wood Lily, Bunchberry, Pyrola, Acroanthes monophylla (L) Kuntze. little is accomplished. There is no Marsh Marigold, Calypso, Pitcher Large Twayblade. fire protection as has been men- plant, Flowering Raspberry, White Leptorchis loeselii (L) MacM. tioned. On the other hand, the tax ;s Cinquefoil, Rose, Cranebill, Violet, Loesel's Twayblade. are said to be so high that the owners Willow Herb, Pipsissewa, Labrador Calypso bulbosa (L) Oakes. Calyp- would rather turn the property over Tea, Swamp Laurel, Senecio, Buch- so. to the State and rent it than pay the bean, Elderberry, Honey Suckle, Corallorhiza corallorhiza (L) Karst. present rate of taxes. In other words, Harebell, Gentian, Golden Rod, Aster. Early Coral-root. except for the collection of taxes the • A fairly complete list of flowering Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Large administration of the island does not plants is appended: 0 Coral-root. [ Page 35 1 Report on National Parks

SANTALACmATl-Sandalwood Family Ribes rubrum L. Red Currant. ARALIAcEAE-Ginseng Family Comandra livida Richards. North- RosAEcAa-Rose Family ern Comandra. Aralia -nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsa- Opulaster opulifolius (L) Muntz. parilla. ARISTOLOCHIAcEAE-Birthwort Family Ninebark. Asarum canadense L. Wild Ginger. Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sar- Rubus parviflorus Nutt. White- saparilla. MYRIcAcEnE-Bayberry Family flowering Raspberry. Myrica glae L. Sweet Gale. UninELLit••ERAE-Carrot, or Umbel Rubus arcticus L. Arctic Raspberry, Family CAaYOrHYLLACEAE-Pink Family or Bramble. Sagina saginoides (L) Britton. Arc- Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Rubus.strigosus Michx. Wild Red Parsnip. tic Pearl-wort. Raspberry. Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulb-bearing Rubus americanus (Pers.) Britton water Hemlock. Long-leaved Stitch-wort. Dwarf Raspberry. Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catch- Fragaria vesca L. Sparingly distrib- fly. uted. CoaNAcTaE-Dogwood Family COT'Tlus XxNIPHAEACEAE-Water-Lily Family Potentilla areut^. Rnrch TMn tuh;+- canadensis . L. Low, or Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp. Cinquefoil. .«^. w.uc+. py^ucnraerry. Water Shield. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough EaICACEAE-Heath Fanqily Nymphaea advena Soland. Large Cinquefoil. Ledum groenlandicuTn Oeder. Lab- Yellow Pond-Lily. Potentilla littoralis Rydberg. Coast rador Tea. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) W. & Cinquefoil Kalmia glauca Ait. Swamp Laurel. W. Sweet-scented White Pond- Andromedia polifolia L.. Wild Rose- Potentilla tridentata Soland. Three- mary. Lily. toothed Cinquefoil. RANUNCULACEAE-CirOWf00t Family Chamaedaphne calyculata Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby (L) Caltha palustris L. Marsh Mari- Cinquefoil. Moench. Dwarf Cassandra. gold, Cowslip. Comarum palustre L. Purple Marsh Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L) Spreng. Coptis trifolia (L) Salisb. Gold- Cinquefoil. Bearberry. thread. VACCINIACFaE-Huckleberry Family Hummocks in wet woods. Waldsteinia fragariodes (MichX.) Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Tratt. VaccmTum uliginosum L. Great Baneberry. Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose. Bilberry. Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild Red GERANIACEaF:Geranium Family Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lalit.,° Columbine. Geranium bicknellii Britton. Bick- Chiogenes hispidula (L) T. &'G. Anemone multifida Poir. Red nell's Cranebill. Creeping Snowberry. Wind-Flower. POLYCALA(7F.AF M;Ik,,,.,r+ 1;'^,.,:1., Uxycoccus oxycoccus (L) MacM. Hepatica hepatica (L) Karst. Polygala paucifolia Willd. Fringed Low Cranberry. Round-lobed Hepatica. Polygala. PRI^IULEOEaE--Primrose Family Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney- EzrIPETTtACEAr7-Crowberry Family Primula mistassinica Michx. Dwarf leaved Crowfoot. Empetrum nigrum L. Crowberry, Canadian Primrose. Lanunculus ovalis Raf. Heath-berry. Lysimachia terrestris (L) B. S. P. Ranunculus macounii Ritton. Ma- ANACaenlACEaE-Sumac Family Bulb-bearing Loosestrife. coun's Buttercup. Rhus hirta (L) Sudw. Staghorn Naumbergia thyrsifolia (L) Duby. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Purple Sumac. Tufted Loosestrife. Rue. HYP^,RICACr^Ar-St. John's-wort Family Trientalis americana Pursh. Amer- PAPAVERACEAE-POppy Family Triadenum vir in; cum (L) . ican Star-flower. Capnoides sempervirens (L) Borck. Marsh St. John'swort. GENTIANACEAE--Gentian Family Pink Corydalis. VIOLACEaE-Violet Family Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Closed, CxucIFERAE--Mustard Family Viola rotundifolia Michx. Round- or bottled Gentian. Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny leaved Violet. Tetragonanthus deflexus. (J. E. Cress. . Viola labradorica Schrank. Ameri- Smith) Kuntze. Spurred Gentian. Sisymbrium altissium L. Tall Sis- can Dog Violet. MENYANTiIACEAE-Buck-bean ymbrium. Viola arenaria DC. Sand Violet. Family Arabis brachycarpa (Y. & G.) Brit- OtiAritACEAE-Evening Primrose Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. ton. Purple Rock Cress. Family APocYNAcEAE-Dogbane Family SARRACENIACEAE-Pitcher Plant Family Chamaenerion angustifolium (L) Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher Scop. Fireweed. Spreading Dogbane. Plant. Epilobium lineare Muhl. Narrow- Convolvulaceae Morning-glory. DROSERACEAEr-undew Family leaved Willow-Herb. Family. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round- Epilobium, adenocaulon Haussk. Convolvulus repens var. pubescens. leaved Drosera. Northern Bog Willow-Herb. Pubescent Bindweed. Drosera intermedia Hayne. •Spatu- Circaea alpina, L. Smaller Enclian- HYnROT'HYLLACEAE-Water-Leaf late-leaved Sundew. ter's Nightshade. FamTly, Drosera linearis Goldie. Slender- PYaoLACEAE-Wintergreen Family Phacelia franklinii (R.Bc.); A Gray. leaved Drosera. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Greenish- Franklin's Phacelia. , SAxIFRAGACEAE--Saxifrage Family flowered Wintergreen. LasIATAE-Mint. Family Saxifraga tricuspidata Retz. Three- Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-leaf Scutellaria laterifolia L. Mad-dog toothed Saxifrage. Pyrola. Skullcap. ;• Saxifraga nivalis L. Jacq. Clustered Pyrola minor L. Lesser Pyrola. Scutellaria galericulata L. Alpine Saxifrage. Marsh Moneses uniflora (L) A. Gray. Skull-cap. ," Mitella nuda. L. Naked, or Low One-flowered Wintergreen. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Mitrewort: Chimaphila umbellata (L) Nutt. Clinoposium vulgare L. Wild Basil. Parnassia palustris L. Northern Pipsissewa. Lycopus americanus Grass of Muhl. Cut- Parnaesus. MoNoTROpaceaF Indian Pipe Family leaved Water Hoar-hound. GROSSULARIACTaE-Gooseberry Family Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Mentha Ribes canadensis ,L. American setosum Lindl. Bristly Hypopitys hypopitys (L) Small. Wild Mint. Gooseberry. HaLOR:^GIDACEar Water Milfoil SCROPHULARIACEAE-Figwart Family Ribes prostratum L )Her. Fetid Family Currant. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. • Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare's tail. Hare Firwort. ' [ Page 36 ] Report on National Parks

Veronica americana Schwein. Amer- MAMMALS-Isle Royale can not Marsh Hawk ican Brooklime. boast of a great variety of mammals. Sharp-shinned Hawk Castilleja acuminata (Pursh) Isolation from the mainland except White-throated Sparrow Spreng. Lance-leaved Painted- during the winter months. forest fires Chipping Sparrow cup. and trapping Dave reduced the species Song Sparrow Melampyrum Lineare Lam. Nar- considerably. Formerly the White Swamp Sparrow row-leaved Cow-wheat. Tail Deer and the Wood Caribou Cliff Swallow LENTIBULABIACEAF Bladderwol't could be seen occasionally but they Barn Swallow Family seem to have disappeared in recent Tree Swallow Utricularia minor L. (?) Lesser years. The principal animal which ap- Bank Swallow Bladderwort. parently is thriving is the Moose, and Cedar Waxwing Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort, yet, although the food supply is Coopers Hawk Bog Violet. abundant, these animals seem to be American Goshawk RuBIACr:AE-Madder Family diminishing in numbers during the last Red-tailed Hawk Galium spurium L. Lesser Cleavers. few years. Four years ago it was es- Red-shouldered Hawk Galium triflorum Mic11x. Sweet- timated that the island contained. Pigeon Hawk. scented Bed-straw. about 1,500 Moose. This year esti- American.. Sparrow, Hawk Galium trifidum L. Small Marsh mates varied from 600 to 800. The American Osprey, Bed-straw. next animal in importance is the Saw-whet Owl CAP IUr oLIAcEAE-Honey-su ckle Brush Wolf and it has been suggested Black-billed Cuckoo Family that these animals are killing the Belted Kingfisher Sambucus pubens Michx. Red- calves of the Moose. The Wolf is no Yellow-bellied Sapsucker berried Elder. more abundant to-day than it has Flicker Sambucus canadensis L. American. been for the past few years so that it Whip-poor-will Elder. is hard to believe that this is the sole Night Hawk Viburnum acerifolium L. Fairly cause. of the diminution in the num- Chimney Swift common in woods. ber of Moose. In-breeding may pos- Ruby-throated Hummingbird Viburnum paucifolium. Pyl. Few- sibly be a causative factor. Inas- Olive-sided Flycatcher flowered cranberry. much as this animal is one of the chief Alder Flycatcher Linnaea borealis L. Twin-flower. attractions for.the visitor to Isle Roy- Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Lonicera dioica L. Glaucous Honey- ale, it would seem to be of the utmost American Crow suckle. importance that the cause of the di- Vesper Sparrow Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American minishing number of Moose be inves- Savannah Sparrow: Fly Honey-suckle. tigated by proper scientific authority, Slate-colored Junco Lonicera involucrata (Richards) and in addition that active measures Red-eyed Vireo Banks. Involucred Honey-suckle. be taken to control the Brush Wolf. Nashville Warbler Diervilla diervilla L. Bush Honey- The winter months are very severe on Black-throated Blue Warbler suckle. the Moose and it is possible that Myrtle Warbler CAMPANULACeAF Bell-Flower Family some have migrated to the mainland' Magnolia Warbler Campanula rotundifolia L. Blue where conditions are better. Up to Bay-breasted Warbler Hare=bell. Common rock crevice 1901 there were no Moose on Isle Roy- Black-throated Green Warbler plant. .ale. They first appeared following. a Oven•.bird Campanula aparinoides Pursh. severe winter, when Lake Superior Grinnell's Water-thrush Marsh Bell flower. was frozen and gave them an oppor- Mourning Warbler Lobelia kalmii L. Brook, or Kalm's tunity to reach the island. The list Canadian Warbler Lobelia. of animals on Isle Royale is ap- American Redstart ClilcoalAcnnE--Chicory Family pended : Moose, Brush Wolf, Can- Winter Wren Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. ada Lynx, Varying Hare, Eastern Brown Creeper Large-flowered Blue Lettuce. Marten, Red Squirrel, Beaver, Mink, Red-breasted Nuthatch Hieracium umbellatum L. Nar- Weasel, White-footed Mouse, Red- Chickadee row-leaved Hawkweek. backed Mouse, Muskrat, Bat. Golden-crowne-I Kinglet Nabalus albus (L) Hook. White I3IRD LIFE-Bird life on Isle Roy- Wilson's Thrush Rattle-snake Root. ale is quite abundant and varied. Olive-backed Thrush Mabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC. During my sojourn from June 26th to Hermit Thrush Glaucous White Lettuce. July 17th, 86 varieties of birds were CoMrosITAE--Composite Family American Robin noted. Of course the most abundant Blue Bird Eupatorium pupureum L. Joe-rye bird almost constantly in evidence is Weed, or Purple Boneset. the Herring Gull, but during the lat- MIGRANTS Solidago virgaurea L. var. (?) ter part of June and the first three European Golden-rod. weeks of July, the island is filled with Baldpate Solidago neglecta T. & G. Swamp the songs of many of our Eastern Golden-rod. Green-winged Teal birds adding greatly to the enjoyment American Scaup Duck Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Siskowit of the visit. 63 summer residents have cabin trail bog. Canada Goose been noted, 31 migrants, 3 winter res- Wilson's Snipe Aster macrophylus L. Large-leaved idents, and 14 permanent residents. Aster. Yellow Legs Appended is the list: Greater Yellow Legs Aster ptarmacoides (Nees) T. & G. Upland White Aster. Solitary Sandpiper SummER RESIDENTS Killdeer Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. Hairy- stemmed Aster. Broad-winged Hawk Pied-billed Grebe Kingbird Anaphalis margaritacea (L) B. & Loon H. Phoebe Large Pearly Everlasting. American Herring Gull Least Flycatcher Artemisia canadensis Michx. Can- American Merganser Thick-billed Redwinged Blackbird ada Wormwood. Hooded Merganser Senecio balsamitae Rusty Blackbird Muhl. Balsam American Bittern White-crowned Sparrow • Groundsel. Spotted Sandpiper Lincoln Sparrow [Page 37 ] Report on National Parks-

Migrant Shrike though small in variety, are in great RECREATIONAL AND SCENIC Philadelphia Vireo numbers and furnish plenty of music FACTORS-Isle Royale is a veritable Blue-headed Vireo in t;lie Spring, especially the Common paradise for the man of the Out-of- Black and White Warbler Toad. The only snake found on the doors. There he may camp, away Tennessee Warbler island is the red-bellied garter snake. from the madding throng, in the Cape May Warbler Insects abound. Mosquitos and Black midst of a beautiful forest surrounded Black-poll Warbler Flies in June and July cause much by picturesque lakes and streams, and Palm Warbler annoyance to human beings and ani- from the shore of his island; he may Connecticut Warbler nials as well. Other Flies attack the gaze at length in all directions on Wilson Warbler Moose and drive them to the lakes beautiful Lake Superior with its American Pipit and mud wallows for protection. The many pretty little rock or forested Catbird iclancl abounds in the number and islands in close proximity. The cli- Ruby-crowned Kinglet varieties of Butterflies, being the nlate is ideal. All forms of outdoor Gray-cheeked Thrush junction point of Eastern and West- amusements are at hand-boating, ern species. . fishing, photographing Moose, Natural WINTER RESIDEFITS GEOLOGY-The different rqck history, following the trail, canoeing, formations or flat ridges run parallel etc., and withal on an island of rocky Horned Lark to each other along the long axis of shore or sandy beach covered with an Pine Grosbeak the island. These rocks are truncated abundance of wild flowers and inhab- Northern Shrike beds of ancient lava flows of fissure ited by many moose on land and an foi•tnation with interrupted sedimen- abundance of bird life in the trees. PERMANENT RESIDENTS tary rocks. The outside of these beds, The brilliance of its morning light, the, being softer ( and the sedimentary delight of its white birch forest, th6 Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse rocks also), has worn away and val- glory of its setting sun are features Bald Eagle leys have been formed between the not easily forgotten. To the natur- Gre'at'horned Owl remaining ridges. These lava beds alist, with its geological story as a American Hawk Owl are of pre-cambrian age. Elevations foundation, and the associated evolu- Hairy Woodpecker' and depressions of the land have fol- tion of its flora and fauna, the island Downy WoodjieCker towed with deposition of sedimentary affords ample opportunity for pleas- Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker slrata and subsequent erosion until a urable study. Northern Pileated Woodpeckei final marked elevation of the land, oc- In discussing the possibility of cre- Blue Jay curring at the close of the Tertiary ating Isle Royale and its surround- anada Jay with the beginning of the lee Age, ing islands a National Park, certain Northern Raven has remained. The Wisconsin Ice factors must be taken into considera- Purple Finch Sheet coming, from the Northeast tion, (1) Does it meet the required White-winged Crossbill filled the valleys exerting greater National Park Standard's? (2) Can Pine Siskin pressure towards the South, thereby„ transportation facilities be created to wearing away the South side of the properly care for the visitor?' (3) FISH AND AMPHIBIA-Of the island and preserving the North. With Can.suitable accommodations be es- cold blood vertebrates of Isle Royale, the recession of the glacial ice and; tablished on the island for the tour- the fishes are the most important to the formation of Lake Algonquin, the ist without interfering with National consider. The list of fishes is rather island became submerged with the Park features? (4) Can the island be interesting inasmuch as species are possible exception of Greenstone purchased by the State of Michigan found in the streams and lakes which Ridge. As the water continued to, or some body of men and transferred could not have reached the island recede new beach lines were formed to the U. S. government? (5) Is the fro141 the mainland. A list of fishes and other portions of the island, island so situated that it can be prop- appended is: Sucker, Minnow, White emerged from the lake until present erly administered? (6) Is the island Fish, Lake Herring, Blue-fish, Mak- conditions existed. Associated with, large enough to accommodate the ever i.naw Trout, Pike, Pickerel, T'rout, the glacial erosion was a certain, increasing number of visitors without Perch, Yellow Perch. White fish and. amount of faulting and dipping of thp, destroying the cardinal features of the r Makinaw Trout are still abundant, but rocks producing a northeast palisad- exhibit? (7)• Can the island be main- - rapidly diminishing in size and num- ing as it is seen today, parallel ridges, tained'as a National Park and not be bers. The larger lakes were formerly intervening valleys with lakes and relegated to the level of a play filled with these fishes, but they were bays-imperfect stream drainage with- ground?, ruthlessly caught with nets and have out any main stream and a conse, In. answer to the first query, it not been seen in the lakes recently. quent succession of swamps and bogs. would appear that the island certainly A problem of considerable' interest is This must mean that the moisture is meets the requirements of the Na- the origin of the other fishes found carried away largely by evaporation, tional Park Standards for these rea- in lake and stream. Of - late years, thus accounting in part for the pecu- sons-(a) the isolation and situation due to indiscriminate fi^hing, ' the liar and abundant humidity on Isle of the island and its tributaries are White Fish and Trout have materially Royale. unique and it is a real wilderness area, diminished in numbers and size in the These Geological changes, in pro- (b) its scenic features are of an un- harbors and the immediate waters ducing the present geophysical ar- usual type of beauty, (c) its geologi- around the island. In order to pre- rangement of the island, have resulted • cal-story is of peculiar interest in as- serve these valuable fishes, and also in creating the conditions which cause sociation with the glaciation of the to afford legitimate sport for the ang- the island to be of such exceptional- region and subsequent lake forma- ler, commercial fishing about the interest today, and make it of Na- tion, (d) the excellent demonstration island should be restricted and at tional Park calibre, for the Inanifes- of the evolutionary changes of its least should be allowed only every ta.tion of its succession of beach lines, plant societies from beach line to the 2d year in order to encourage the the evolution of its floral societies, the top of Greenstone Ridge, (e) A very fish to increase and develop. Brook bog invasion of its lakes with ultimate good example of transitional zone for- Trout are not abundant and are only bog forests, and the palisading of its est, (f) the remarkable demonstration found in a few streams. A list of the North Shore are unique and of un- of the evolution of bog invasion of Amphibia follows: Common Toad, usual interest and conspicuous lake areas with ultimate formation of Pickering's Hyla, Mink Frog, Green beauty, educational as well as inspir- bog forests, (g) the palisade forma- Frog, Wood Frog. These species ational. tions and rocky shores of the island [Page 38 1 Report on National Parks

with lichen colorations a unique fea- mile of barren hill and gravel-bar the meantime, it will require a super- ture of the island, (h) plant life in valley must be passed with wild ani- intendent with a steady nerve and a abundance with about 500 varieties, mals scattered about everywhere. The diplomatic manner to "carry on" suc- (i) bird life in abundance, (j) the story of its rocks is of tremendous cessfully. The meager appropriations presence of moose in such numbers interest, the mineral deposits offer for the park by the government make that they may be easily seen, studied great possibilities, the beauty of the it impossible to hope for development and enjoyed, (k) fish in abundance. land carpeted with an endless variety at present. It will be hard to per- I. Recreational features exceptional. of wild flowers is a great joy, but, suade the ordinary member of Con- II. Transportation facilities can eas- after all, the great groups of Dall gress that there is any future for this ily be established if the demand be Sheep scattered over the hillsides, the park and therefore it will be difficult sufficient, from Duluth, Port Arthur, passing of countless numbers of Cari- to obtain funds. Only by publicity Houghton (drawing on Chicago and bou silently over the gravel-bars and and more publicity will this, the environs) and a choice of places in the sudden appearance from nowhere grandest of all our parks, become Michigan. This would necessitate the of the great Alaskan Grizzly along the known and appreciated. But the building of suitable docks. III. Suit- fringe of forest, make the greatest im- work must be carried on. A proper able accommodations can be devel- pression on the average visitor. When, set of administration buildings must oped if properly distributed through- after a journey of many miles, Mt. be constructed to give the entrance out the island without interfering McKinley is at last reached, its great to the park the proper dignity- of a with scenic features, allowing the size, rising as it does 18,000 feet from National Park. An entrance to the tourist to travel from hotel to hotel. the valley floor, surpasses all other park must be built after the manner IV. The question of the purchase of impressions of beauty and grandeur. of other park entrances. The road to the island seems to be the most diffi- By its eide mountains after mountains Mt. McKinley must be continued to cult of solution. The Lmnber'Com- rear their great heads in noble array, the head of Cache Creek, where an- pany must be bought out by the high in the air, gowned in magnificent other Lodge must be built. Horse State of Michigan or private interests glaciers of blue and white, only to be trails must be developed up the im- and the island then given to the gov- dwarfed into mediocrity by this giant portant valleys such as Igloo, Toclat, ernment. "Conversations" on the mass of rock and ice. McKinley Park East Fork of the McKinley, Clear subject should commence at once be- will always be a park where the lure Water, Cache, Muddy and Birch fore it is too late. V. The island can to return will be never-ending. It is Creeks, and one from McKinley Bar be easily administered. There should a spot where the man of the out-of- to the ranger station on the McKin- be no roads on the island, only trails. doors will for years to come continue ley branch of the Kanfischna. As At present there are trails extending to promise himself just one more trip soon as possible a trail should be from lake to lake from the southwest into its great silences, just one more built from the head of Cache Creek to the northeast end of the island and sight of its sunsets-never ending. ., up the valley and over McGonigle also trails running from north to McKinley National Park is merely Pass to the Muldrow Glacier on the south across the island connected by a park in name today. To be sure side of McKinley. From the head of lakes where canoes may be used. The there is a Superintendent with some this trail, the best close view of the result is a good connection east and assistants, a log cabin park headquar- mountain may be obtained. The west along the main ridge and two ters, a tent concession and the begin- ascent of the mountain is made from north and 'south across. the ridge. VI. ning of a road winding its way over this point. Here the Muldrow Glacier The island is large enough to accom- hill and dale toward its terminal goal, is flat for some distance and easy to modate a fair number of tourists, but . Mt. McKinley. The road has pro- travel on foot or by dog sled. It will accommodations will be limited. gressed for some 50 odd miles, and is offer a great thrill to tourists. The Steamer transportation facilities will nearing a point on Copper Moun- trail up the east fork of the McKin- limit this, however. VII. The mainte- tain near McKinley Bar, where the ley fork should continue over Rich= nance of the island as a National Park first Lodge is to be built. This is ardson Pass, giving to the visitor an can be accomplished if the attendance still a long distance from Mt. McKin- excellent opportunity to see the can be limited to those who will visit ley. For many months to come, Mc- mountain and the country from the the Park for their interest in the out- Kinley Park will be a'trail park for south. These are just the beginnings. standing features of the Park, and not horse and pack outfit, where those And with the development of the simply for recreational purposes. accustomed to some of the discom- park should go hand in hand the edu- I believe that Isle Royale should forts of camp life will revel in its cational work. A temporary ranger be created a National Park for it is glories and forget for a bit the bond- naturalist appointed for June, July of National Park character and a age of civilization. The park is of and August should be sent to the National Park in this section of our vast acreage-too large at present for park to organize the division, plan country will meet with general appro- the small ranger force to properly for the museum, give lectures and bation. patrol. The temptation, especially start a collection. There is a wonder- among the natives, to trespass and ful opportunity for anyone with a McKINLEY NATIONAL PARK shoot is very great, for there is a feel- general knowledge of the natural HEN Mr. Charles Sheldon con- ing among the citizens of Alaska, gen- sciences to spend many summers in Wceived the idea of creating Mc- erally, that all game is theirs and the park collecting, with great profit Kinley National Park, he must have theirs to shoot, and the idea of a to himself and the park. Professor intended this park to become a game National Park where the game be- Dixon, of the University of California, sanctuary, for after a visit of six longs to the people of the United will bear testimony to this fact. There weeks in the park two general im- States, and is there to be, preserved will be plenty to do every minute. As pressions predominate-one the Grand for future generations, is entirely new the park develops, the educational Alaskan Range with Mt. McKinley and unpleasant. At present, there- formula of other parks should be fol- at its summit and the other the won- fore, the most important task ais the lowed. It may be interesting to note• derful opportunity to come in contact development of the National Park that the Superintendent of the park with an abundance of wild life, Sheep, idea and the preservation of the wild is already giving lectures at night to Caribou, Bear, offered by no other of life. When later the tourists go to the visitors. our National Parks. Of all the Na- Alaska in large numbers for the pur- MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK tional Parks, Mt. McKinley Park pose of visiting McKinley Park, and represents the true wilderness area the citizens of Alaska reap the harvest M ESA VERDE National Park is as this is generally interpreted. Before resulting therefrom, then the National reached with considerable diffi- Mt. • McKinley is reached, many a Park idea will take root and grow. In culty. Transportation by railroad [ Page 89 1 Report on National Parks from Denver is over a miserable piece instructive and entertaining and the the public to reach them except by- of narrow gauge road, with poor con- visitors are conducted through the pack-train, and here, of course, the nections. The trip from Gallup on the various ruins daily and given the story attendance is small, but others are Santa Fe is not so bad when the road of the people who lived in this land easy of access and the crowds pour in. is not washed out. Comfortable ac- years ago, as far as it is known. Visual during the middle of the day on their commodations will have to be fur- education is badly needed to aid in way to and from other centers of, . nished to the public, otherwise no one the interpretation of the outside ex- interest. will care to undertake a second trip hibits. The administration buildings There seems to be no general way to this most interesting spot. are so in harmony with the surround- of handling this problem. Each Monu- The food at the concession is very ings that one is almost inclined to ment will require particular attention bad. It is understood that the D. & believe that they were always there. and a special formula. All Monuments. R. G. has taken over the concession The ruins of Mesa Verde are so pre- of importance should be carefully in the Park and expects to improve dominant that one almost forgets the studied by scientists proficient in the matters. flowers, birds, and mammals. These, specialty which the Monument illus- Mesa Verde is unique among the however, are very interesting and de- trates and a written report on the find- ings sent to the National Park Service. collection of National Parks. It tells serve mention. The flora has been the story of prehistoric man of 2,000 carefully analyzed and there are many From these reports pamphlets should years ago, and it tells it in a way so good exhibits ready for display but, be written in popular language ex- various phenomena. impressive and so subtle that the alas, the museum is too small and plaining the memory remains inscribed in the mind there is nowhere to show them. Could These pamphlets should be available at the National Park Headquarters at of the visitor for all time. The whole this not be done in the community story of the prehistoric man of the house? Also, simple measures for at- Washington and they should also be southwest of our country is so en- tracting birds and small mammals placed in the hands of the custodians of the Monuments for distribution. trancing and fascinating, that, after could easily be arranged adding much For those Monuments easy of access,. the first visit, the desire is ever to to the pleasure of the visit. return and return again. It is too bad In future excavation it is to be where the attendance is large, suitable that all the interesting prehistoric hoped that all material found will be facilities for the care of the public The custodian areas of the southwest can not be allowed to remain in situ except where should be arranged. linked together under one head so there are several duplicates. Already in charge should be a man conversant that the people who visit this part of too many jars and artifacts of great with the subject of his Monument and he should have an assistant. our country may be able to obtain a interest have been taken away for comprehensive knowledge of what was sale or museum purposes in other Camp grounds should be developed Most of going on 1,500 to 2,000 years ago. parts of the country. The future of and parking space as well. Monuments Mesa Verde is but a part of the story, Mesa Verde lies in a full display of the people visit these a very important part however. The its secrets to a small attendance, an during the middle hours of the day. story itself, too, is still in the making attendance of those who come to the A concession should be established and much hard work has yet to be park with a desire to learn the story where suitable food may be provided. During these hours the custodian and done before the truth is really known. of the past, who are willing to devote Probably the most important mat- time and attention to every detail pre- his assistant should be on hand to ex- ter for consideration at Mesa Verde sented so that they may carry away plain matters of interest and the pam- is the great need of funds for excava- with them a picture in chronological phlets mentioned above should be tion and repair. Although many order of the culture of the poor crea- given to the visitors. A small museum should be built and local exhibits ruins have been exposed and many tures who were striving for the light These should artifacts disclosed, nevertheless there in the great evolutionary progress of shoiild be assembled. are very many more that have never civilization in this part of the world. be used to aid in explaining the been uncovered, ruins that probably This is not a recreational park, ex- Monument. If the crowds are very conceal many little blocks that are cept in the sense that knowledge is large, it may be necessary to increase necessary to complete the mosaic of recreation. the staff by adding temporary ranger With naturalists for the summer. Where the ancient culture of the Mesa. THE NATIONAL MONUMENTS the present meager funds supplied by the custodian is not a trained man the government, very little can be The time has come when the Na- the lecture should be written out and' given to him for his information. done, and so the great value of this tional Park Service will have to de- wonderful Park can be only partly vote more attention to the National Some Monuments such as Cliff Dwell- utilized. Instead of building roads and Monuments under its jurisdiction. A ings are subject to considerable dam- more roads, this money could be util- steadily increasing number of tourists age when the attendance is large. It ized with much greater profit in ex- visit the Monuments; in fact, the will be necessary to limit the attend- cavation. Mesa Verde at present is number in attendance is larger than ance in such cases, for preservation is in the condition of a large museum the attendance in some of the Parks. more important than enjoyment. where all the exhibits are in the pack- The public has now become accus- In those cases where the Monu- ing cases with no hammer to break tomed to expect special attention ments are inaccessible an effort open the cases. when visiting the Parks and wonders should be made to build . roads to Much, however, has been done why it receives practically no atten- these areas. If this is not practicable through private assistance to develop tion on its visits to the Monu- or where it will take a long time be- the Park and the educational work is ments. The Superintendent of Monu- fore funds are available, a suitable proceeding very satisfactorily. The ments is receiving constant complaints shrine should be constructed at the new museum, though small, contains so he says. site of the Monument detailing the many objects of interest, placed in Many of the Monuments are of interesting features, informing the such a manner as to interpret the out- great scenic, historical or geological public that the Monument is under, of-door exhibits. Work in restoring value and much might be done to ex- government protection with definite broken pottery and artifacts is pro- plain these features. Other Monu- penalties for trespass, and requesting ceeding slowly but steadily. The ments are of no value and should be that each visitor constitute himself a educational force is young but enthusi- removed from the service. Last year guardian of the Monument during his astic, and under the leadership of the the attendance at lectures at the Na- visit. Mention should be made that Superintendent, himself an archeolo- tional Monuments was 56,600. Many descriptive pamphlets may be ob- gist, is accomplishing a great deal. of these Monuments are so situated tained from the Washington office or The lectures around the camp fire are that it is not at present possible for the Custodian.

[Page 40'1 • Report on National Parks

Each National Park should give peaks, in order from north to south, easy day's ride with plenty of time publicity to all Monuments in its all within the Arapaho National For- for exploration from the ranch to the neighborhood and offer any assistance est: Nokhu Crags, Mt. Richthofen, glacial basin. About a dozen Black possible to encourage people to visit Lead Mt., Mt. Cirrus, Mt. Howard, Tail Deer were seen. The trail to Lake these Monuments. This can be ac- Mt. Cuniulus, Mt. Nimbus, Mt. Agnes leads up the valley to its head, complished in the museums, along the Baker, Mt. Bowen, Cascade Mt. Be- then through a beautiful forested trail and by visual educational meth- tween these mountains are a number ods. Great care should be taken to area past a lumber camp owned by of deep gulches with fair-sized moun- the prevent the public from injuring these Home Supply Co., which owns tain streams. The water from all the ditch. Monuments for many can not be du- The forest all around this these streams on the east side of the camp is in a disgraceful condition due plicated. The writer has visited the range is caught in a large irrigation to improper logging. No apparent following Monuments: Betatakin, ditch built on the side of the range, Agtec, Casa Grande, Pueblo Bonito, effect has been made to restrict the which carries water for irrigation pur- cutting of timber according to forest White Canyon Bridges, Rainbow Arch, poses to Fort Collins and Greeley. The Devil's Garden and Window Castles, service regulations, and no effort has ditch is owned by a private company, been made to clean up the slash. It Inscription Rock, Pipe Springs, Nav- The Home Supply Co. All moun- ajo Mountain, Petrified Forest, Fri- is really too bad that this condition tains are over 12,500 feet in height. of affairs should be permitted. jolas Canyon, Glacier Bay, Mount Be- Mt. Richthofen the highest, reaching yond this area the trail continues Olympus. 12,953 feet. The Colorado River through a very beautiful open--park, Valley, situated between the Never Lulu THE NEVER SUMMER RANGE Meadow, filled with wild flow- Summer Range and the main range ers, then through another timbered OF MOUNTAINS of the Rockies, is very interesting. area finally entering a large, glacial The upper end of the valley is for- basin just below timber line. Then Survey made to determine the ad- ested with many luxuriant park areas, follows a climb up the side of this visability of adding the range to the and many beaver dams. The Colo- basin to the summit where Lulu Pass Rocky Mountain Park. rado River runs irregularly through is reached. The Indian name was From the top of Falls Pass, Rocky the center of the valley and has its Thunder Pass, but it was changed by origin here. Mt. National Park, looking westward, The lower part of the the Lulu Mining Co. - This pass is there may be seen an irregular range valley is occupied by several small the most picturesque of any seen in of snow covered mountains. ranches. This The tipper end by a larger the range. There are many sharp range is called the Never Summer one, The Phantom Ranch. The west peaks which surround very extensive Range. It runs parallel to the main side of the valley is heavily forested Alpine Parks with two small lakes. ridge of the Rocky Mountains and is but the east side contains several The parks would be covered with separated from it by an intervening large areas where the mountains are flowers, but at present sheep are graz- valley, the Kawumechee, the source denuded as the result of an old for- ing in this region and consequently est fire. of the Colorado River. The west side The mountains of the east the ground is bare. The other side of of the Rocky Mountains and the side contain an old volcano-Speci- the pass is heavily wooded with Never Summer Range are of an en- men Ridge-of considerable interest, many maenificent trees, the trail fol- tirely different type from the east. all within the Rocky Mountain Park. lowing Michigan Creek to another There is a greater rainfall here and Mr. Scott, who owns the Phantom ditch, Michigan Ditch, which collects consequently the forested areas and Ranch at the head of the valley, is the waters from the west side of the flower gardens are much more lux- conducting a "Dude" ranch. He is range all the way to Lake Agnes. Fol- uriant. Snow remains in many places deeply interested in protecting the lowing this ditch, Lake Agnes is on the Never Summer Range through- flora and fauna of the valley with the reached after a short scramble over out the Summer. result that the flower display in this the rocks and up a narrow pass. The In order to obtain a comprehensive region is unusually fine. and the idea of this Lake is a small drainage basin sur- range the Phantom beaver work as good as can be seen rounded almost completely by rock anywhere. Ranch at the head of the Colorado There are a great many ledges extending to the tops of the River Valley was used as a base camp beaver in this region and a goodly mountains. and trips radiating from the camp It is an interesting lake number of Black Tail Deer. Bird life but of no great importance. This were taken as follows: (1) From the is abundant. The lower part of the trail is a long day's journey on horse- valley Phantom Ranch to the head of the widens considerably. There back. The country beyond the pass, valley, then up to the glacial Cirque, are several small ranches here, but the west side of the range, is of Na- which includes Mt. Richthofen. (2) they are not profitable. Efforts are tional Forest character filled with From Phantom Ranch to the head of made to attract tourists with some grazing sheep. The trail could easily the valley over Lulu Pass. along the success. On these ranches also are irrigation be terminated at the head of the pass, ditch to Lake Agnes. (3) many beautiful beaver ponds. as far as scenic interest is concerned. From Phantom Ranch to the head of The trail from Phantom Ranch to The trail to Hitchin's Gulch is the the valley along the irrigation ditch Mt. Richthofen is a very good one. same as that to Mt. Richthofen, up to Mt. Howard and up Hitchin's It follows the valley to its head, then Gulch. (4) to the Home Supply Ditch. It then From Phantom Ranch ascends through a delightful fo^est of follows the ditch until the Gulch is south to Howe's ranch up Bowen's conifers, opening at tree line into a reached. Here the stream from the Gulch to Bowen Pass and then to large glacial cirque partly snow cov- Gulch enters the ditch. The trail fol- Bowen Lake. (5) From the Ranch ered. To the left is a very interesting lows this stream for about a mile up tip the old Indian trail, over Milner pass, Phantom Pass, looking into the the Gulch where it ends at a miner's Pass by the Poudre Lakes, up to valley of'Lead Mt. and to the right cabin, Hitchin's cabin. Mt. Howard specimen Ridge. (6) Down the Kaw- is Mt. Richthofen. Several water- lies to the left of the Gulch. umeschee valley to Grand Lake. (7) Beyond, falls of considerable size may be seen rock areas block any further advance Continuation of this trip to Monarch tumbling down the mountain to join but from above there may be seen Lake and the west side of Buchanan into one stream which flows eventu- two interesting lakes at the head of Pass and Arapahoe Pass. It was im- ally into the ditch already mentioned. the valley. The valley is heavily possible to get-over these passes for The open spaces are filled with wild- forested and well worth a visit. The floods had washed away the bridges flower gardens, and the banks of the return trail is straight down the and the streams could not be crossed. streams as well. The rock areas are mountain to the ranch, very steep, The Never Summer Range of much eroded, with spires and pinnacles rough and not safe for horses. The Mountains includes the following appearing in many places. It is an southernmost pass of the range is

[Page 41 1 Report on National Parks

called Bowen's Pass. To reach it, the in the alpine meadows on the top of The Colorado River valley at the automobile road along the valley the ridge. upper end between the Park and the will take you to the ranch at The trip to Grand Lake is made by Never Summer Range, consisting the head of Bowen's Gulch, across automobile over a fine road that runs largely of small forested areas and the Colorado River. There horses along the western park boundary. parks and many beautiful beaver may be secured for the trail trip. The About two miles from the lake a road clams, is very delightful. Here is an trail proceeds over an old log road up branches from the main road and excellent opportunity to study the Bowen's Gulch. The valley is heav- continues to the Lodge on the side life of the beaver. ily wooded and contains some of the of the hill overlooking the la(ce. The The east side of the Never Summer best timber on the Range. The trail Lodge is on park property and under Range and the intervening Colorado is very interesting with an abundance the jurisdiction of the park. It is too River valley would make a valuable of flowers. About two-thirds of the far away from the lake to be of any addition to the Rocky Mountain Na- way up, it divides; one branch going value and is badly situated. It is tional Park for it would add a wild- to the pass and the other (the left) simply a terminus for the busses that erness area which it sadly needs. Then continuing to Bowen Lake. The trail come from Estes Park and an excuse too, it would offer an outlet to the to the pass is throueh s^)me very high rather than a necessity. Grand Lake park on the west side, where a suit- stands of Spruce, eventually openinF is privately owned and outside of the able concession might be established into a large glacial park with stunted Natiqnal Park. A small village and at the end of the Fall River Pass. stands of Spruce scattered here and many 'private camps are established on There are several difficulties to be there. This basin is filled with flower the shore of the lake. It is really. a' overcome before this region could be gardens and very exceptional areas of summer resort. The trail over Flat annexed. (1) It belongs to the Na- blue Columbine may be found here. Top Pass ends at Grand Lake. It tional' Forest Service and is used The climb to the summit affords a would have been very fortunate if largely for grazing sheep. (2) There good view, of the Gulch but the pass Grand Lake had come into the posses- is a privately owned- ditch furnish- is not interesting and the west face sion of the government, but' this was ing water to Fort Collins and Gree- of the ranFe is of no scenic value. not possible on account of the private ley, practically running the whole The journey., to Bowen's Lake is holdings. The trip to Grand Lake is length of the range. Unless some through, an, 'interesting forest. The an interesting one. It is largely with- special arrangement could be made Lake is at timber line, but is not of in 'the park and passes through, much the Home Supply Co. would object much importance. Good trout fishine privately owned property. The road to this addition to the National Park. ,. may be enjoyed, however, and many to Grand Lake continues along the All the streams empty into this ditch. journey to this lake during the sum- west, side of the Rocky Mt. Range (3) The Colorado River valley con- mer to fish. The Bowen Pass trail is ovbr rolling country. At Sleepy Hol- tains several private holdings. Some in wretched condition and should be low School there is a branch to the of these would be turned over to the renovated for an increasina number left which continues to Monarch, a government for concession rights, but of people are using it every year. The summer resort of considerable size. some would have to be purchased. country is used for grazing sheep. From this point the road runs to Several bands were in evidence on the Monarch Lake. From the lake, which MOUNT RAINIER lower levels of the mountains. This is really a dam used for boating and trip, including the automobile ride, fishing, trails lead over Buchanan Mount Rainier has become an ex- makes a very long day. It would be Pass and Arapahoe Pass. The moun- tremely popular National Park. Be;, better to camp at Bowen's Lake over tains on the west side of the Rockies ing in close proximity, to Tacoma arid night. are heavily forested and contain many Seattle and not far from, Portland, The trail to Specimen Ridge follows streams and several-small lakes. The San Francisco and Vancouver, the at- the old Indian trail up the mountain scenery is rather ordinary. It is im- tendance has increased• very greatly to Milner Pass. It is very steep for possible to get over either pass on within the last few years. The ad- horses. It passes through a forested account of the heavy rains which have ministration centers, Longmire and area, by a small pond called Irene washed away the bridges and made Paradise Park, are becoming so over- Lake. At Milner Pass the trail skirts the streams impassable. crowded during the Summer months the Poudre Lakes into the Poudre CONCLUSIONS-The Never Sum- with automobiles that further devel- Valley. The mountains on either side mer Range of mountains differs in opments in other parts of the. Park, of this valley are heavily wooded and niany ways from the east side of the in order to decentralize the attend- many beautiful views are in evidence. main range of the Rocky Mountains, ance, have become imperative. Plans Proceeding along the floor of the which comprises the Rocky Moun- are being worked out to create a new valley for a short distance the trail tain National Park. All plant life is center at Yakima Park, close to the turns sharply to the left through a green, growing and fresh and there is northeast boundary and just beyond dense forest on the side of Specimen a greater abundance of water every- White River Junction. A second de-. Ridge and continuing to tree line where. The wild-flower areas are velo ment will probably be at Spray finally enters a large alpine meadow much more beautiful, the forests of Par The new road to the West will at the top of the ridge. Along the Spruce and Balsam are quite dense open other areas for the accommoda- mountain there is open country for and the trees are of good size. The tion of visitors. several miles. In order to study In the wooded area countiy in general is wild, has many conditions at Rainier the following several mule deer were seen and in foot trails and contains a moderate the meadow land, on top of the ridge, regions were visited: Yakima Park, amount of wild life, large and small. Summerland, Paradise Park, Long- a band of sheep. Most of the sheep The scenery is quite interesting and mire's and the new West Road. in the Rocky Mt. Park use this re- snow banks on the passes ad-1 much gion for their summer range. The to the beauty of the Range. The The story of Rainier National Park trail is too steep for horses. Many lakes are small, few in number, and is the story of an extinct volcano, excellent views of the Never Summer of no great importance. The streams 14,407 feet high, 100 miles in circum- Range may be obtained from Speci- and waterfalls are well filled and add ference, 11/2 miles in diameter at the men Ridge and the crater of the ex- much to the scenic value of the top. The mountain has 22 distinct tinct volcano on the ridge may be ex- Range. These remarks have refer- glaciers hanging from its sides, and plored from here. The trail lies al- ence simply to the east side of the nature's efforts to tear down this mag- most wholly within the National Park. range. The west side is of no special nificent rock mass by the various It is a one-day trip with horses. interest and is purely of National processes of erosion may be seen There is an abundant flower display Forest character. everywhere. The mountain abounds [ Page 42 ] Report on National Parks

in many magnificent parks, streams, People come from the auto camp and nouncement of the offerings of the lakes, waterfalls and cascades, and from the hotel to these lectures. Dur- concession be given prominence, the during the last week of July and the ing the day visitors are taken on trail concession lecture to be discontinued first two weeks of August presents a walks. There are two trails, very -or each week three lectures be given wild-flower display unequalled in the beautiful and full of material to by the concession, and three by the United States. Wild life is diversified interest the people. The museum educational division. I have talked but not abundant. There are some is in its infancy, but there is a begin- this matter over with Mr. Seavar and fish in the streams, but fishing is not ning. Much larger accommodations have found him quite agreeable to good. are needed and more time necessary any change and willing to assist in The geology, the floral display and to enable the naturalist staff to col- any way. His animosity has been the great beauty of the mountain, lect and prepare specimens. The men against the former naturalist and not are the leading features of the story in charge of the work are excellent, against the educational division, so of Rainier. In the development of energetic and enthusiastic. The most he relates. (3) (a) The community this Park, great care should be taken necessary addition at Longmire is a house be properly heated and fur- to preserve the beautiful park areas. suitable heating apparatus for the nished at once; (b) the main hall be Roads should be constructed only to community house. Visual education divided into two divisions, one-half enable the tourist to reach the points by means of proper lantern slides is used as a museum and library and of concentration. The scenic spots also badly needed. There are some one-half as an auditorium for lec- should be reached for the most part slides in use, but they are awful. tures and dancing; (c) a caretaker to by horse and foot trails. All artificial The beauty of Longmire is not keep the hall clean and in order; (d) amusements should be eliminated properly appreciated and should be a proper library and museum exhibit from the Park, and every effort made given publicity. People in their great to be collected at once and displayed to concentrate the attention of the desire to reach Paradise pass by the in suitable cases with charts and ever- visitor on the story of the Park and interesting flora and fauna of the greens; (e) some one placed in charge the features to be seen, enjoyed and lower levels of the mountain and of the museum and library. (4) Suit- understood. Progress in the develop- therefore understand very little of able flower exhibits kept in the hotel ment of Longmire and Paradise dur- zoning changes occurring at the dif- and also the community house. ing the past few years has been amaz- ferent levels, one of the very impor- (5) Silent trails properly labelled, the ing. Natural exhibits have been tant demonstrations of the mountain. lettering on the signs painted black carefully preserved, and the new road and the signs elevated. (6) Suitable is a delight. The new administration trails for trail talks. (7) Time off to Paradise Park and community buildings are fine ex- allow naturalist staff to collect and amples of what is badly needed in study. (8) Proper advertising of many of our Parks. The educational Educational work is practically at trail and lecture work at hotel, camp work, however, has not kept pace with a standstill here. Silent trails have and auto park by announcements, other improvements. Trail talks have been laid out and partly labelled. printing on the menu and by bul- been given and there has been a The labels are of aluminum and hard letin. (9) Restoration of the bear small museum exhibit, but that is to read. They are placed a foot from dump without planks or incinerator about all. The hotel condession and the ground and people will not bend in evidence. (10) Printing of "itin- the former park naturalist have over to read them. The trails are not erary notes" detailing features seen been at continual disagreement and easily followed and could be better from the entrance to the park to the much bad feeling has resulted, to the located. The concession and the edu- summit of the mountain. (11) The detriment of both. With the incep- cational division are at loggerheads. establishment of an Information Bu- tion of the present naturalist, things Lectures by the concession are being reau at the community house. (12) are beginning to improve. The con- held at the community house of the Methods to be developed to encour- struction of two community houses, concession every evening. Still and age wild life for educational pur- one at Longmire and one at Paradise, moving pictures are shown, some poses and the addition to the park should help materially in developing good but mostly bad, detailing the of a suitable area as a winter range the educational work. These buildings features of the mountain in order to for deer. (13) The community house though finished, contain no heating advertise their guide work and horse should be attractive and comfor- apparatus and, therefore, especially at trips. The naturalist is allowed fifteen table and every effort made to Paradise Park, where it is cold, nearly minutes to tell the story of the park have the public understand that it is every evening, the houses can not be in the middle of this lecture. Un- the headquarters of the educational used for evening talks. Funds should fortunately the government commun- division and the Bureau of Informa- be provided at once to heat the ity hall is some distance from the tion. (14) A suitable sign should be buildings properly, so that they may hotel and camps, and, in addition, placed at a point where all automo- be available. In order to understand has no heating apparatus, so that biles pass, directing the people to the the park naturalist is unable to at- conditions throughout the park it community house, and the ranger tract an audience in competition with would seem best to discuss the vari- service should be instructed to direct ous concentration centers separately. the lecture of the concession. The lecture of the concession is announced people to the house for general in- at the hotel, but not that of the formation. While at Paradise, I had Longmire Springs naturalist. There is practically no several conversations with Mr. Seavar effort made to give proper publicity regarding the educational work and Park Headquarters is established to the work of the educational divi- he seemed to appreciate the impor- here. A comparatively small portion sion, either in lectures or trail work, tance of the work and agreed to co- of the visitors sojourn here for any so that the result has been very un- operate with us in every way. At length of time. Most of the people satisfactory. I would recommend the present he is preparing a set of prints continue up the mountain to Paradise following changes in order to do away that I have requested, to be used in Park. At Longmire there is an excel- with this complex. (1) An under- visual educational work. lent community house built at a mod- standing with the concession for the The only lake of any particular im- est expenditure of $6,000 with ample benefit of both the educational divi- portance at Paradise is Reflection accommodations for a good sized sion and the concession. (2) Lec- Lake. On my visit to Rainier this audience. At present lectures are tures to be held by the educational year I was much disappointed in • being given three nights during the division every night at the Commu- finding a very poor cabin built on the week to an average audience of 40. nity Hall, at which lecture the an- most beautiful spot on the lake shore

[ Pagc 43 ] Report on National Parks

with a poorly constructed dock, mountain. The floral display here, as tional Park is one of the most diffi- broken down, and a concessionaire well as at Yakima, is very delightful. cult in the Park Service. Conditions renting boats to be used on the lake. A trail camp should certainly be are such that it would almost seem The lake is one of the beauty spots in placed here, where people leaving to have been better.had the park not this region, is quite small and boating Yakima in the morning could reach been created. The close proximity is quite out of harmony with the Summerland in the afternoon, spend of Estes Park is very unfortunate. surroundings. To make matters the night there, returning next day, Estes Park at present is merely a worse a number of malemute dogs for Summerland is without doubt one summer resort and a cheap one at were being housed in the neighbor- of the most beautiful parks on the that. One of the two approaches to hood, who by their noise had suc- mountain. Rocky Mountain Park, Thompson's ceeded in frightening away the deer The educational work is in charge Canyon, has been practically ruined and bear that formerly spent much of a temporary ranger naturalist who by cheap camps, hot dog establish- time around the lake and afforded accompanies parties to Summerland ments, and cheap catch penny places much pleasure to the visitors. Flo,wer and Yakima and gives trail talks dur- and dance halls. The utter absence beds, some of the best, in the vicin- ing the week and lectures Saturday of dignity in this approach to the ity, had been destroyed, so that the and Sunday nights. At present very Park is evident everywhere. lake has lost much of its former few visit the park during the week The Rocky Mountain Park itself attraction. This concession should but on Saturday and Sunday the has no particular entrance and'is but cease and the lake be restored to its automobile attendance is quite large. it continuation of Estes Park. The former condition. The concession is not patronized, for apparent entrance (Estes Park) and it is in a disreputable condition. The exit (Grand Lake) to the National' Northeast Entrance to Rainier naturalist is a good man, -very ener- Park are neither of them within the getic and has accomplished a great National Park. Nearly all the im- Park, Yakima Park and deal with no assistance. He has built portant valleys of the Park are in the Summerland his own cabin, constructed a nature possession of private individuals and' trail, built a small museum, has a the Park itself consists principally of The road leading to the Northeast continual flower exhibit and is con- t,he mountain tops. The valleys in the entrance to Rainier Park is now well stantly helping people to help them- Park are filled with cheap hotels or paved and extends through a magnifi- selves. As this new site becomes of boarding houses, all on private prop- cent forest, similar in many respects greater importance, it will require the erty and not under Park control' ext - to the grandeur of the Olympic same attention as at Paradise. At cept to a limited extent. The govern- Mountains. The public will soon be- present one naturalist is sufficient. ment can not control the concession, come conversant with this road and In order to conduct the educational rights to the Park for there are none. it will be recognized as one of the work at Paradise properly two more Park authority is difficult to define most beautiful in the West. Beyond temporary ranger naturalists are or defend. the entrance of the Park and up to needed, and an automobile is quite The region included in Estes Park the Park Concession at White River, necessary in order that the park nat- and Rocky Mountain Park is rich in the park road is in poor condition. uralist can travel from station to sta- beauty and of great geological inter- A new road is being built to take tion and keep in touch with all the est. The results of former glacial the place of this one. A new road work. The present park naturalist is action are in evidence everywhere is also being constructed to Yakima it good man, quite enthusiastic, but and offer the best exhibition of former Park. The concession at White River easily discouraged. There is a great glaciation presented anywhere in the is being very poorly conducted and deal of work to be done at Rainier, Park Service. Cirques, drainage ba- should be improved at once or done but compensation for work done will sins, moraines, glacial boulders, mag- away with. The principal points of be more than satisfactory. nificent erosions are in evidence every- interest in this part of the park are The new West road now under con- where. The mountains and hills are Yakima Park and Summerland. From struction and completed as far as very rugged and their summits and both these parks magnificent views the Puyallup Glacier, bids fair to many of the little drainage lakes are of the mountain can be obtained become quite as striking as the road of exquisite beauty. There is not with the Stevens and Winthrop to Paradise. It will open up many much wild life in the Park, a few glaciers and Little Tahoma Moun- new sections for future use which deer and elk, some sheep, a few bear, tain. From the valley the trip to have never been seen at close range many beaver and the usual small Yakima Park takes two and one-half by many before, and some day it is mammals. The floral display is un- hours, and three and one-half hours to to be hoped that it will extend to usually fine and bird life is abundant. Summerland. It is planned to create Spray Park, where the next concen- The east and west sides of the range a concentration point at Yakima tration point will probably be under- are connected by a road over Falls Park, where ample room, is afforded taken. Taking all things into con- Pass. Other roads have been built and possibilities for development, sideration, it road along the East side to Fern Lake, Bear Lake and Long's trails, etc., are excellent. Water, fuel of the Park would seem to be of Peak. Roads extend along the east and electricity appear to be the main more importance and of greater neces- and west boundaries of the Park. problems. When this area is de- sity than one along the West bound- Trails have been developed to most veloped it should relieve the con- ary, both from an educational as well of the small lakes along the main gestion at Paradise and should be- as an economic point of view. It is ridge of the mountains, both on the come quite as popular. suggested that this matter be given east and west sides so that the region The trail to Summerland is through serious consideration. is available to a great extent by horse. a most interesting piece of forest and In conclusion, I might add that all The area called the Wild Basin along a magnificent valley lined with the natural features of the Park re- abounds in small drainage lakes but rugged mountains, heavily forested, quire scientific investigation so that these are being largely used as palisades, waterfalls and streams. It information as nearly correct as pos- reservoir sites and furnish water for is called the Fairyland Trail and it sible may be presented to the public. nearby towns. The transportation is not badly named. Summerland system is run from Estes Park and Park is more beautiful than Yakima, ROCKY MOUNTAIN has the entire region under its con- though much smaller and without NATIONAL PARK trol, another case of the tail wagging water supply. The views are better the dog. At present the Rocky than at Yakima and it has a better HE solution of the educational Mountain National. Park does not connection with the trail around the Tproblem of Rocky Mountain Na- maintain the dignity of a National [Page 44 1 • Report on National Parks Park and is merely a play ground for of the Superintendent so that it will able in the National Park Service- the people of Denver and the sur- be understood that the Rocky Moun- and adds very much to the interest rounding country. It is difficult to tain Park is a National Park with all of these Parks. understand for what purpose the park that that implies and not merely a The educational work at Zion Na- was created in its present state, but summer resort. (4) Do away with the tional Park has progressed very if it was intended to preserve the western terminus of the Park at rapidly through the keen interest natural scenic beauty and to em- Grand Lake and establish a concen= taken by the Superintendent, Mr. phasize the results of ancient glacia- tration center at the end of Falls Pass Scoyen, and the diligent efforts of' tion for the information and pleasure at the head of the Colorado River Mr. Woodbury and his assistant. The of the people it is a fair guess to valley where it will be accessible for flora and fauna of the Park have been state that the number who attend the all wishing to use the Never Summer very carefully tabulated and much: park acquire practically no knowledge Range and the Park proper. (5) Get has been accomplished in accumulat- of the story that the park has to rid of the private holdings at once. ing historical material. The writer offer. (6) Eliminate the hotels and cheap was so impressed with the enthu- Under the existing conditions it is resorts and establish concentration siastic cooperation of all in charge, extremely difficult for the Superin- centers as is done in other National especially Mr. Woodbury, that he• tendent, no matter how ambitious he Parks, or give concessions to the best asked Mr. Woodbury to write a brief may be, to administer the Park to on condition that they turn over their statement of the progress made since, the best advantage. The only evi- land to the government. (7) Apply the inception of the work. This is dence of educational work is the pres- the same rules and regulations to appended. ence of a woman who acts tempo- these concessions that are in use in Many of the suggestions made in rarily as a naturalist. Her efforts to other parks. (8) Limit the construc- the report of 1928 have been adopted, instruct by evening talks at the va- tion of roads. Build a road across the the lecture system is much improved, met rious private concessions have range over a low pass so that it will the museum has progressed nicely with varied success. At some places remain open for a longer period. The and the trail instruction along the she is wanted, at others she is re- Falls Pass road is open for traffic for new trail to the Narrows has become quested to stay away, and altogether a prominent feature of the day's conditions are in a mess. Nothing too short a season. (9) Coordinate the trail system so that it will ter- pleasure. While at Zion the writer else has been accomplished. Some of had the pleasure of meeting the Park the concessions have hired a man minate at the points of concentration. Photographer, Mr. Grant, and also (Hutchins by name) who imitates (10) Develop certain wilderness areas the Superintendent of Monuments, bird calls, is a good lecturer and en- to remain as such. (11) Where private Mr. Pinckney. The work of photo- tertainer but not a naturalist. He holdings can not be acquired, elimi- gives a talk when he can get a crowd nate them from the Park proper. (12) graphing the important features of' together, maybe every week or two. Restrict transportation to one trans- the Parks is proceeding very satisfac- If the Rocky Mountain Park is to portation system and control this. torily. The negatives are excellent. maintain the standards set for all The same applies to the use of horses It will take several years of intensive, • National Parks a radical change must in the Park. (13) Develop auto camp work, however, before a satisfactory- be made. At present the east side sites within the Park. (14) Encour- collection can be obtained, for many of the range is the portion mostly age campers to use the Park' and es- pictures can be secured only when, in use. Here the people gather in tablish suitable locations for camping, the opportunity offers, which is not the various private hotels and board- often. The salary of the Park. ing houses. The road over Falls and give publicity to these areas. (15) Have a census taken of the wild life Photographer is being paid at present Passcconnects the east and west sides This should not and flower gardens in the Park and from private funds. of the range. The scenery is very His services have both controlled for future in- be allowed to continue. enjoyable and the road is well con- are extremely necessary and the sal- structed. The only place featured on crease in order that visitors may enjoy ary should be provided from the bud- the west side is Grand Lake, out- them. (16) Establish the Educational Lantern slides will be made from side the Park. At present there are Division at once in order that the rea- get. Mr. Grant is, practically no wilderness areas in the son for the creation of the Park may these negatives at cost. very anxious to receive any sugges- Park except at the north end. To be understood. (17) Keep accurate tions in the conduct of his work and round out the Park and add some record of all entering the Park and any particular outline of the worlL of, primitive country it is recommended give proper publicity to the Park. any park will be gratefully received, that the Never Summer Range of (18) Increase the permanent ranger mountains and the Colorado River and acknowledged. force, selecting older men in order to valley at its upper end be added to train the temporary summer rangers. In order to get the very best out of. the Park. The mountains to the National Park it will soon be (19) Have a scientific survey made of Zion south, the Arapahoe Peaks, are in- necessary to add portions of the ad= the Park in order to determine the teresting but the country is largely jacent country to the Park. There natural assets of the Park and the controlled by nearby towns and pri- was not sufficient time to investigate best situations for telling the story vate holdings, and is not available for these areas. Next year, however, the of the Park. Park purposes. Aside from the addi- Develop trails to these writer hopes to go over the ground areas. This tion of the Never Summer Range to will include a careful carefully. For instance, a rather re- study of the Geology, Mammalogy, the Park, the following suggestions markable fossil forest has been dis- are offered as a possible solution of Ornithology, Botany and Dendrology covered, additional unexplored pre- some of the difficulties in the de- of the Park. (20) Emphasize the historic ruins have been located and; story of tl.e Park-glaciation. velopment of this Park: (1) Isolate another canyon comparable in the Park from Estes Park as far as beauty to Zion itself has been found. possible. Avoid the use of Thomp- ZION NATIONAL PARK Now that the Zion-Carmel Highway son's Canyon in entering the Park. I is completed, it is to be hoped that Use the North St. Vrain road and For the purpose of inspecting the the Union Pacific R. R. will begin to have the Park entrance at the head develop a concession outsida of the Park educational work, a trip was made of this road. (2) Establish entrance to the Park and do away Headquarters near the entrance with from Bryce Canyon to Zion National with the present bwildYags^-leaving; • a Museum and Information Bureau Park over the new Zion-Carmel road. close by. (3) Establish the authority This road is one of the most remark- the Canyon intact. [Page 45 1 Report on National Parks

(CopY) I got the waitresses to organize the Twice daily,the guided nature trip first Zion quartette, and I have seen U. S. Department of the Interior has been conducted along the Nar- the time when they were encored as rows trail. This is properly one of' National Park Service many as four times. Zion National Park Those were the most popular trails of the region: agonizing talks at first from my Along its course may be found the Utah standpoint because I was groping key to the erosion of Zion Canyon' through experiment to find the essen- September 19, 1929. and it is believed that the forces are tial things in which the visitors were at work today the same as they interested. always have been. Dear Dr. Oastler: Such This is a rare was the beginning. Each uombipation, for here is a chance to In accordance with your request, summer since then, sandwiched in be- tween see a rare and beautiful work of I am transmitting this statement of my winter school work, • the Nature and be able to understand the educational developments of Zion educational work in the Park has the forces that made it. There is also National Park. slowly forged ahead. In 1926 I de- opportunity to see the various types veloped the On June 19, 1925, I was turned Narrows guided trip. of vegetation all scrambled together, loose in Zion as a temporary ranger This was quite a struggle. I was due to the way the walls modify the with instructions to see what I could tired of the haphazard way of or- climate of the canyon. This is the find in the way of natural features ganizing parties of the year before place to get the personal contact of the Park to interest the visitors. and wanted something vital and es- with the visitors. sential. I had known Zion for many years, The bus drivers had been The museum contains collections having visited it first as a lad in 1905 in the habit of taking their people up of plants, insects, reptiles, amphibia, , on horseback, coming down the old the trail and it was a good source rocks, fossils, Indian relics and of tips. East Rim trail alone and in the At first, I started to go along pioneer relics, giving a key to thd dark. The moon arose before I with the parties, studying the things much larger natural museum-Zion along the way and listening to the reached the bottom and I spent the Canyon. In connection with the night trying to sleep in my saddle questions asked and trying to find museum, we maintain an information blankets, but mostly reveling in the the essential things in which they office to supply visitors with answers moonlit chasmic grandeur-the begin- were interested. Finally I took to to their questions and to handle the ning of my love for Zion. I visited pointing out things along the way government publications about the' the Canyon many times after that, that the bus drivers missed and later Parks, both free and for sale. and having been reared in the Dixie took charge of the parties myself. Some of the drivers appreciated my While the Narrows trail is the only region nearby, I was already familiar one over which we give personal with many of the general things of help but others resented my intrusion because it interfered with tips. guide service, yet silent trails are interest in the Park. By being developed. Signs have already I immediately set to work to make the end of the season, I had it so been prepared for two such trails, • collections of the flora and fauna in firmly established that it has become. a permanent thing. Weeping Rock and Emerald Pool, and order to get definite scientific data will be installed next spring. These about it as well as to provide speci- The museum was established in signs are designed to take the place n mens for a future museum. I was room, but it has a personal gu grown i that we ha ide. denied the privilege of collecting ve had to double of Lantern slides have been furnished specimens of the birds and mammals the space for it this year. I was by the Union Pacific for the lec- so I had to turn my attention in other alone in this work until the museum tures at the Lodge, but the sets are directions. I worked at first espe- was established, and then Ranger far from complete and much remains cially with insects, flowers and rep- .Russell was assigned to help take care of it. to be done to make the illustrations tiles. Soon enough material had ac- This season, a Ranger Natural- adequate. ist, J. Mr. Grant, N. P. S. Pho- cumulated to attract the attention of W. Thornton, was appointed to tographer, has recently taken some visitors and my tent became the help take care of the increasing work. 225 negatives here in the Park which But with three men at work we are mecca of many who ivere interested still will furnish a basis for a more com- in such things, despite the fact that unable to handle all the work plete set of slides for the lecture& most of the local Park force regarded crying for attention. We need at Nature least two more naturalists. Notes have been started, the work with derision and called me the second issue now being in ess. the bug-man. Today we have an organized sys- It is expected to issue a third number tem of presenting the material to the As time went on, I came to know in October. The first number was quite intimately the dominant plants public. Lectures are given, guided trips conducted, greeted with a lot of favorable com- and animals, and then I began to information dis- ment from those returning slips for take walks to point out the interest- pensed, museum specimens displayed, subscription. and research encouraged. ing things about them whenever I Plans are Research work has not been neg- could get a crowd- to follow me. As trails.laid for the development of silent lected, as may be seen from the fol- things were then organized, the horse- lowing bibliography of subjects deal- back trips to the rims took most of Five different lectures have been ing with Zion: the active people and the bus trips organized dealing with the carving of the canyon, the geology of the Chamberlain, R. V., and A. M. in the afternoon took practically all Woodbury, Notes on the Spiders of of the stage passengers .to the Nar- region, plant life (showing how the canyon walls scramble the vegeta- Washington Co., Utah, Proc. Biol. rows, so that my only chance was to Soc. Wash., Vol. 42, March 30, 1929. draw from those that could not go on tion), interesting animal life, and the history and settlement of the region Leo, Willis T., The Geology of other trips. These were mostly not Zion. (Indians, early explorers, and Mor- Unpublished mss. athletically inclined and most of the m trails available required that sort of on settlers). During the season, Tanner, V. M.., The Coleoptera of four ectures have been dail Zion National Park, Annals Ent. Soc. ability, so I had a hard time at first when ]c to find something really worth while. ditions warranted1VThe one Amer., Vol. XXI, No. 2, June, 1928. Then a little later I began giving dealing with the carving of the canyon Woodbury, A. M., Reptiles of Zion evening talks around the camp fire has been given twice daily at the end National Park, Copeia, No. 166. 1928. • or in the lobby at the Lodge, but of the road in the Temple of Sinawava. later on the porch at the Lodge. In Lectures alternately dealing with the The Snails of Zion National Park, other subjects are given each evening order to give variety to the program, The Nautilus (in press). at the Lodge and the Public Camp. Unpublished mss.: [Page 46 1 Report on National Parks

The Amphibians of Zion National Horseback Trips in Zion National Much yet needs to be done in the Park. Park. way of scientific study to give us History of Zion. While we have made a good deal adequate information about many The Plant Life of Zion National of progress in developing an educa- things. We should therefore encour- Park. tional program, there is yet much to age and cooperate with scientists The Animal Life of Zion National be done. Primarily our greatest need wherever we can to get them in- Park. at present is probably an enlargement terested in our problems. The Geology of Zion Region. of the personnel to adequately handle The Narrows Nature Trip Talk. the ever increasing number of visitors. Very sincerely yours, Educational Program for Zion Na- Our museum is crowded and we need tional Park. more room, more cases and better (Signed) A. M. Woonauxr, What to Do in Zion. facilities for handling the specimens. Park Naturalist.

[ Page 47 ] Report on Visits by Dr. Clark Wissler to National Parks and Monuments of Historical and Archaeological Interests, 1929

URING July and August the hibits in closed rooms of the ruin the inscriptions. No guide is needed; D writer visited as many monu- through which he conducted visitors. as the visitor reads, the historical tions made travel difficult, preventing His talks, as heard (probably not background of our Southwest begins ments as practicable. Weather condi- what he usually told visitors) were to take form in his mind. The writer the examination of several important dignified and reasonably accurate. was accompanied by a person who sites. However, the following were What his talks failed to do was to knew next to nothing of the history studied on the spot: Mesa Verde give the visitor anything in the way of the region and was not historically Park, Aztec, El Morro (Inscription of perspective, or of the total situa- minded, and though at first not inter- Rock), Gran Quivira, and Bandelier. tion respecting the ruin itself; in ested, soon perceived the significance In addition, Puye, administered by large part, they were egoistic in that, of these inscriptions. the Indian Department, was studied. "I dug this up here, that there, etc." AEop the rock are ruins of Pueblo Attempts were made to reach the The visitors were allowed to handle villages; these are not self-demon- Chaco Canyon, Carlsbad, Navajo artifacts, a questionable practice from strating as are the inscriptions below, Monument, and Yucca House, but, in the standpoint of conservation. but something might be done by each case, it was necessary to turn This Monument comprises a group labeling. Yet, the chief import of back because of floods. of ruins but one of which has been this Monument will always be his- Special visits were made to the cleared. No attempt was observed to torical. It is the best place to com- areas of two proposed monuments call attention to the important fea- bine scenic features with a concep- or parks: Canyon del Muerto and tures of these additional ruins, nor tion of the general history of explo- Bandelier. It was also possible to to the ruins in plain view on the sur- ration in the Southwest. With a confer with many persons interested rounding flood plane of the river, the resident custodian, more labels and in several aspects of the park problem. emphasis being upon the artifacts and accessory exhibits, this Monument Among these were : J. L. Nus- their "digging up," as shown in the can be made one of the more appeal- baum, Frank Pinkley, E. L. Hewitt, rooms of the main ruin. ing in the series. Fred Harvey, Earl H. Morris, A. V. However, these are special points One must repeat that road condi- Kidder, Kenneth M. Chapman, and in educational method. The impres- tions are, at present, hopeless during Mr. Kitridge. sion is that the Monument is an July and August, the rainy months. Full notes were made from day appealing exhibit and that enough Until true highways are constructed, to day upon which the accompanying is easily accessible to intrigue the visitors will be few. comments are based. For the most alert visitor into asking questions. A Gran Quivira. Every visitor to this part, these are the impressions of a roadhouse and curio store have been Monument, especially if he drives his visitor and should not be taken too opened on private grounds adjoining, own car, will come 'away with. a road seriously. in which we were told that a private experience that overshadows every collection of artifacts formerly taken other aspect of the site. This season, Contents from the ruin would be placed on at least, the roads' were all but im- display. passable in dry weather. Monuments and Parks Visited... One important need for this Monu- The most striking feature is the Aztec ...... ment is the acquisition of additional view of the surrounding valley. The El Morro ...... land for parking and camping, and ruins are extensive, but covered with Gran Quivira ...... for a museum, since this group of brush and grasses and, while we do Bandelier ...... ruins and its archaeological associa- not advocate clearing them at present, Puye ...... tions, offers, in my opinion, one of the aspect is of something wild and Mesa Verde ...... the best places for a Park Museum. neglected. Something may be said New Parks or Monuments ...... It is superior to the Chaco in this in favor of maintaining this atmos- Del Muerto ...... respect. phere at some of our Monuments. Bandelier ...... El Morro, or Inscription Rock. The information given by the cus- The Fred Harvey Tours...... The Custodian of this unique Monu- todian is fair. He is ambitious to Suggestions ...... ment lives some ten miles away and learn more and more of archaeolog- Key Monuments ...... can give little time to the site. The ical technique. Fortunately, so far, Educational Romancing ..... visitor finds no one in charge, no one he has given most of his attention Visitor's Handicap ...... living in sight. This adds to the to the preservation of the church Restoration ...... charm of the place since the sur- ruins. Of specific criticism, and this Research ...... :..... roundings cannot be far different applies to Aztec as well, mention may from what they were when the first be made of the lack of labeling; with- Monuments and Parks Visited inscription was made. Vandalism is out the custodian, the visitor is help- rare, probably because road conditions less. No harm would be done by The following impressions are and the lack of lodging accommoda- allowing the visitor to wander freely directed chiefly to the educational tions on the route discourage visitors. about the grounds, but there are no functions and potentialities of the Nevertheless damage has been. done aids to orient him, as at El Morro. sites as enumerated. and will probably increase as accessi- In my opinion, the present custodians Aztec. The outward appearance bility improves. of the two monuments under review indicated a well-kept ruin, in reason- So far, only the historical aspect are not competent to devise efficient able repair, clear of vegetation, etc. of the site has been exploited, through labels of this kind; it is too much to The custodian had improvised ex- labels and translations accompanying expect of them.

[Page 48 1 Report on National Parks

The educational possibilities of The comment here will deal exclu- and supplementary exhibits would Gran Quivira are great. It is like sively with the educational service, as present the prehistory of man in the Pecos in that it was for a time under observed. A week was spent here. Southwest amidst scenic grandeur. Spanish control; it is superior to The usual procedure in a Park is fol- The opportunity to do this is greater Pecos in that the buildings were of lowed here-evening talks and con- here than in Mesa Verde; anyway stone and so are more in evidence ducted parties during the day. The here, and here alone, of all sites can and lend themselves to restoration. superintendent in this case knows his the visitor be shown a real chrono- Around these walls could be focussed subject and so controls the guide logical section. What the Grand the history of Spanish missions and service as far as he can. The Rangers Canyon is to geology, Del Muerto is the adaptations of Pueblo life to are coached and checked in the infor- to prehistory. This might well be the Spanish culture. To carry out such mation they give out. key-note to the educational program a program calls for intensive exca- The writer's impression is that the when a Park is established here. vation and repair, keen archaeological information given is reasonably accu- Bandelier. The advisability of a analysis, and finally, the correlation rate; it must be sketchy at best. The Park here is not clear. The situa- of data historical. The difficultf will talks given to parties when in the tion is too complex. The area pro- be to avoid desultory tinkering by several cliff ruins were to the point posed is rich in ruins. As a group, custodians, both at excavation and and well organized. The quality of however, they lack the unity of either repair, and the consequent messing the personnel was high and the job Mesa Verde or Del Muerto. This is up of these data. Any efficient educa- was taken seriously. These men are not meant to deny its educational tional program will depend upon gradually developing a technique for possibilities; any large ruin will re= archaeological research on the ground the handling of a party at a ruin; the pay development and instruction to and the working out of this site, situation is rather different from other the public. In each locality some- alone, might require ten years and kinds of instruction. Every ranger thing specific can be uncovered. What cost $200,000. Ten years' desultory has the tendency to over-estimate is meant here is that the problems of digging by a custodian would not un- the background the tourists bring to this Park would fall within the classes cover much, but it, might obscure for- the scene and, on the other hand, to so far enumerated. ever the story the ruin could tell. underestimate the intelligence of the Bandelier. The setting is beautiful. average visitor. The Fred Harvey Tours The roads are good and pass through The museum at the Park now has a wonderful scenery. One leaves this curator and promises to supplement These are conducted parties from site with the impression that the the work of the rangers. At the re- Santa Fe as a base. Tourists can scenery dwarfs the archaeological ex- quest of the Superintendent, the join them at stated points, but usu- hibit. On the other hand, the ruins writer reviewed the museum, dis- ally they are an integral part of the are well cleared, are in a fair state cussed plans for development, con- railway journey, paid for at the out- of repair, but will need attention in ferred with the rangers on their set. Regular trips are scheduled from the near future. The visitor is left methods, the substance of their talks, Santa Fe to most of the Monuments, to his own devices, unless he hires etc. The spirit of the group is com- but because of road conditions are S horses and guides, or unless he is mendable; it is under good leader- restricted to a few. Evening lectures brought out by a tourists outfit from ship. are maintained at the hotel in Santa Santa Fe. The Park itself is still rich in scien- Fe and instructors accompany the The educational theme of this site tific possibilities. The Superintend- parties. A number of anthropolo- would be exclusively archaeological; ent is competent to carry on explor- gists have been named as advisers to realize upon this calls for museum- ation and expects to do so. The to the management, but the writer like treatment, judicious labeling, and top of the mesa contains the less could not learn that this committee eventually, a resident archaeologist. spectacular remains of other cultures; actually functioned. On the other For the natural history parks "nat- probably all of those found in the hand, the instruction given, in so far uralists" are employed; but for his- region occur there. It is thus possi- as it was heard by the writer, was as torical and archaeological sites any- ble to work out sites representing the good as that offered in Mesa Verde one is regarded competent to give successive cultures of the Southwest. Park and superior to what is given out information; this is a fundamen- This is feasible and will progress by the present custodians of Monu- tal weakness in the present scheme. under the present Superintendent. ments. Puye. Like the preceding this is This is the only private agency a beautiful setting, but the interest New Parks or Monuments encountered that pretended to give of the visitor is spontaneously given educational service. Naturally, every to archaeology. The educational Two projects were examined and driver of a hired car gives what inci- possibilities are fair. A large amount the opinions of others respecting them dental information he can. Outside of reconstruction and clearing out were sought. of the area visited, conditions. may has been achieved and the results of Del Muerto. This series of canyons be different. excavations published. There is also is worthy of a park status for its scen- a good museum exhibit from this site ery alone. A trip up the bed of the Suggestions in Santa Fe. canyon will always be a treasured ex- This site is under the jurisdiction perience. Yet, unless climatic change No attempt is made to formulate of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. sets in the journey must often be by conclusions or recommendations; Indians are on the ground to collect horse and at other times it is wholly further study is needed for these, but an entrance fee, but are incompetent impossible. A permanent road in the a number of suggestions are offered. or unwilling to give information. canyon is impracticable, but a drive to Key Monuments. From an exami- There is nothing much in the way of the rim and possibly entrance at the nation of a map, it appears that these labeling. headwaters of the drainage may be monuments are to be the determi- On the other hand, a private com- possible by automobile in all weather. nants in a system of highways. Tour- pany has a hotel in the grounds and Some of the richest archaeological ists will then plan trips to reach as provides a guide to explain the ruin to sites in the Southwest are found in many as practical while passing those brought in by the hotel. this canyon. At least two large sites through the country. From an edu- Mesa Verde. This is a National were occupied continuously from cational standpoint the wise plan Park and not a Monument. Hence, early Basket Maker to the Pueblo might be to proceed with the im- it is not surprising to find a fair-sized period. The 'excavation of sections mediate development of a few advan- personnel and an able superintendent. of these, slight restorations of walls tageously situated monuments, par- [ Pape 49 1 Report on National Parks

ticularly such as stand as indices to a good time. He wishes to be amused village. This becomes a key exhibit different phases of history. In the and not forced to think. The cus- region visited, these seem to be Mesa for "the crossing of the Allegheny todian and the ranger must concede Mountains." Verde, Aztec, El Morro, Gran Qui- this point and offer something in the This principle of exhi- vira, and the proposed Del Muerto way of entertainment. bition is, in the opinion of the writer, the fundamental factor in objective Monument. The emphasis in these Visitor's Handicap. As a rule, the aids to instruction at historical sites. would be as follows: tourist entering Mesa Verde Park for Mesa Verde-Cliff Houses. the first time has no conception of In archaeological preserves, resto- El Morro-The history of explora- rations may be less reliable, but they prehistoric life in the Southwest. are possible. tion. Everything looks strange and unex- Moreover, living Pueblo Gran Quivira-The history of Span- pected. Indians are visited by the tourists He has only the background and these can be cited as in part ish missions and control. of ordinary human, experience; this Aztec-The climax in prehistoric illustrative of cliff dwellers, for in- is a difficult thing. for the custodian stance. Pueblo cultures. and ranger to comprehend. Probably Further, artifacts will go far Del Muerto-The chronological always, dependence must be placed in this direction; here lies the justi- sequence of cultures. on objective lielps rather than on fication for a musepm at each ,im- portant site. The ideal' place for such Educational Romancing. In ex- personal instruction to meet this plaining the significance of any object situation. restoration is Del Muerto; here cloth, of antiquity, the temptation is to Restoration. sandals, etc., are well preserved, even, The most effective for the earliest periods of occupation. throw a glamor around it, to make method of conveying information as doubtful statements about age, modes A properly exhibited collection would to the mode of life in the past is by tell the story very well. of existence, etc. In two instances restoration.. In the handling of Mon- The presentation of rooms as un- the writer gave information to those uments a policy is advisable. giving instruction only to hear it What covered, with artifacts in place, etc., this policy shall be is debatable. In is also important. given out next day in a more thrilling some cases no restoration of any kind It is not enough form and farther removed from the to tell the visitor how the people facts. The audience always pulls the may seem best, whereas elsewhere lived; he is entitled to know how you complete restoration speaker in this di'rection. These will be de- arrive at such condlu's'ione respecting stqtements are made merely to cite manded. If the issue is evaded, there people long dead. the will be a drift into one course or the methbdological- problem; the Research. It seems axiouiatic that aiuflienoe other as the universal pattern of pro- must be studied and the any program or detailed policy of character of " the ranger personnel. cedure. archaeological education must rest taken into account in formulating an In purely historical preserves, as in upon intimate knowledge of the sites administrative policy. battlefields, a large amount of resto- An effort to involved. Each of the "key" monu- standardize instruction is not advo- ration in the way of equipment, dress, ments listed under another head calls cated;: rather by restorations and etc., must be provided to carry the for large programs of excavation and labels should the objects themselves setting of the event memorialized. study. It seems pertinent to con- tell the story, or at least offer the Perhaps one of the most satisfactory corrective. sider a scheme covering ten or more historicai restorations is in a State years during which concerted inves- Another important consideration is' Park" at Harrodsburg, Kentucky, tigations can be carried on under the that the, visitor is on a vacation to where •Fart Iiarrod has been rebuilt egcape from work and wishes to have auspices of a single agency. and fitted 'out, as a pioneer fortified Nov. 8, 1929.

[ Pape 60 1 Minutes of Meetings of Committee on Educational Problems in National Parks

Mammoth Hot Springs, was stressed. A report from Dr. larged. Auditorium should be under Yellowstone National Park. Bumpus showed that progress was government ownership. being made on the problem of 3. Some vantage points from which July 1, 1928. libraries. The meeting ended with an main features can be seen must be The Committee on Educational incomplete discussion of type of ad- selected and used as lookout stations. Problems of National Parks met in- ministration as applied to the pro- More trails needed to best places in formally at 3:00 P. M. in Dr. Mer- posed educational program. Ad- valley. riam's room in the Mammoth Hotel. journed to meet at 9:30 July 5, 1928. 4. School of Field Natural History Those present were Dr. H. C. Bum- H. C. BRYANT logical training course for men en- pus, Dr. H. C. Bryant, Dr. John C. Temporary Secretary gaged in educational program. Merriam, and Dr. Frank R. Oastler. 5. Hikers camps are of great service Dr. H. C. Bryant was, by common Approved July 3, 1928 in giving opportunity to visitors to consent, appointed temporary sec- more greatly appreciate their park. retary. There followed a general dis- Mammoth Hot Springs, Dr. Vernon Kellogg being present cussion of the functions of the com- July 5, 1928. the only absent member of the com- mittee and the order of procedure. The Committee met as usual and mittee was Dr. H. C. Bumpus. It was agreed that some statement began discussion of further itinerary. Adjourned to meet August 2. should be worked out defining the It was decided to study educational H. C. BRYANT purpose of national parks and the work in Yellowstone then to proceed Temporary Secretary justification of an educational pro- to Bryce, Zion and Grand Canyon Approved Dec. 6, 1928 gram before undertaking discussion National Parks, leaving Dr. Bumpus of the type of program to be inaug- to further study work in Yellowstone. urated. At 5:30 the meeting ad- Mr. Ansel Hall, Chief Park Natur- Ahwahnee Hotel, Yosemite, journed to meet again at 9:30 on alist was called upon to present prob- July 2nd. lems concerned with educational work August 2, 1928. H. C. BRYANT in Yellowstone. He explained the The Educational Committee, with Temporary Secretary needs as (1) organization of current all present except H. C. Bumpus, operation, (2) a program budget, (3) held informal discussion on matters Mammoth Hot Springs, correlation of working plan. A siz- relating to Yosemite. It was decided July 2, 1928. able written report was presented for that Tuolumme Meadows presented a study. The requirements of the ed- difficult problem and that probably Without the formality of a chair- ucational division were also discussed. for the present a nature guide would man the Educational Committee Park Naturalist Yaeger was present. stimulate interest in high country opened discussion on the purpose of After arranging an itinerary for the trips by giving mountaineering in- an educational program. Eight ob- following two days, the meeting ad- formation. Another difficult situation jectives which national parks are best journed. is presented by lecturing escorts. It suited to handle were suggested and was decided that this problem needed H. C. BRYANT fisted. Then followed discussion of further study to determine how it Temporary Secretary the methods to be employed. It was might be correlated with the regular agreed that a nature guide program Ahwahnee Hotel, Yosemite. government educational work. No designed to lead people to gain per- decision was reached on the status of sonal experience with natural phe- Yosemite, Calif. the Indian Village but it was the nomena should have first place with July 30, 1928. opinion that improvements on the other methods supplemental. The After emphasis on the importance situation are necessary. The matter meeting adjourned at 11:30 A. M. of the educational program in na- of zoos was discussed and disapproval and reconvened at 2:30 when discus- tional parks and its place in adult was registered on the keeping of any sion continued to center on method. education, discussion turned to prob- exotic species. The question of prop- Adjourned at 4:30 P. M. lems in Yosemite National Park, par- erly housing of species not available H. C. BRYANT ticularly those presented at Glacier to the public in the open was given Temporary Secretary Poirit and at the Mariposa Grove of approval. Approved July 3, 1928 Big Trees. It was agreed that Glacier Approved recommendations for Point needs more development com- Yosemite included: Increased educational staff. Mammoth Hot Springs, mensurate with its importance as a 1. place to tell Yosemite's story. Mem- 2. Enlarged work at Glacier Point July 3, 1928. bers of the committee present felt including additional space at Look- The minutes of preceding meet- that developments at Mariposa out to include museum and open air ings. were approved. After a review Grove should be outside of main auditorium. A new location giving a of accomplishments the committee grove of big trees. Developments view of the valley to be considered. tmdertook discussion of museums and should be made accordingly. Affirm- 3. Secure Dr. F. E. Matthes to help nature trails. It was the consensus of ative action was taken on following in locating Lookout and to continue opinion that all useful publications points. further geological work in the Sierra. should be on sale at educational 1. Educational program should Other experts needed, particularly headquarters in each park. After a lead visitors to intelligent contact those adapted to the study of fish noon recess there followed discussion with the great features of each park. fauna. Best qualified men should be of research. The need for correlation 2. Yosemite Museum should be en- invited to help solve problems.

[ Page 51 1 Report on National Parks • 4. Men for educational staff should grain and the effect that immediate was read by the Chairman, after have: (a) ability, (b) higher salary, action might have on the major pro- which it was agreed that the project ( c) reasonable time for preparation. gram. There followed a discussion of visual education in national parks 5. Educational program needs de- on a particular project, that of Mt. should not be submitted as a separate velopment of means of leading peo- Lassen National Park presented by report but that it merited support ple to worthwhile things to be seen. Dr. Merriam, also presentation of the and that outside means for aiding the Present program is not complete or problem of research in the parks. project should be obtained without well rounded. After attention to the position which formal recognition by the Committee. 6. Educational work in national minor subjects will hold in the main Dr. Merriam presented a preliminary parks should bring to individual open body of the report, the meeting ad- statement on the biological problem, vision, real happiness, and the awak- journed to meet again on December 7 after which discussion centered upon ening of an interest in life that may at 11 o'clock. the educational experiment at Yava- be developed further at home. H. C. BRYANT pai Point in Grand Canyon National Plans were made for a meeting in Temporary Secretary Park. After agreement that recrea- Washington during the winter. Approved December 7, 1928 tion should be mentioned as included Meeting adjourned at 11:10 p. in. in the purpose of national parks the H. C. BRYANT Washington, D. C. committee adjourned for lunch. Temporary Secretary December 7, 1928. H. C. BRYANT Approved Dec. 6, 1928 Temporary. Secretary The Committee on Educational Approved Nov. 26, 1929 Washington, D. C. Problems in National Parks was December 6, 1928. called to order for its second day By common consent Dr. J. C. Mer- session at 11:05 A. M., December 7, December 8, 1928. 1928. All riam was made Chairman of the members were present ex- At 3 o'clock the Committee was cept Dr. Oastler. Committee on Educational Problems The minutes for presented' to Secretary of Interior December 6 were read and approved. in National Parks. A meeting of the West by Mr. Cammerer. On being Discussion centered on a• report on Committee, all members present, held called to order the general plan of the Mount Lassen Volcanic Park. in the office of the Assistant Secre- The report to be issued was indicated as report tary of the Interior, Washington, D. was'considered as a type of follows: C., was called to order by the Chair- project in a now park and was dis- I. General statement of, policies. cussed in detail: After suggestion of man_ a,t.,10:15 A.M. on December 6, II. Research in National Parks. minor changes it was accepted as part 1928. The minutes of previous meet- III. General plan of operation and of the statement of principles soon ings _ were 7 read and approved. Dr. maintenance. to be prepared. Merriam suggested a program for Adjournment for IV. Specific plan of operation in the three-day,meeting to be held. A lunch. was then taken. the parks. list of seven 'specific points relating H. C. BRYANT A. Nature Guide Service. to the general problem submitted by Temporary Secretary B. Museums. • Dr. Merriam were fully discussed and Approved' Nov. 26, 1929 C. Visual instruction. were then approved in principle. D. Publications. Looking toward proper administra- December 7, 1928. V. Lassen Volcanic Park as a type tion of educational work in national The Committee, called to order at project. parks the following was agreed upon: 2:00 P. M., began informal discus- Before adjournment at 4:30 P.M., 1. In view of the fact that the sion on organization of educational Mr. Cammerer presented additional purpose of national parks is to be work. At the suggestion of Dr. H. C. information relative to maintenance found in their inspirational and edu- Bumpus, commendation was given and finance. It was understood that cational values there should be an the Park Service on their publication the Committee would meet some- advisory body of five to seven of the of the Rules and Regulations and of where in the West early next summer. ablest 'men conversant with national Nature Notes and issuance of addi- H. C. BRYANT parks, appointed by the Secretary of tional larger and shorter statements Temporary Secretary the Interior, on nomination by the about outstanding features urged. It Approved Nov. 26, 1929 Director of National Parks, to serve was felt that improvement of Nature without salary, whose duty it shall be Notes might be obtained by better to advise the Director of National printing and more adequate super- 522 Fifth Avenue, New York City Parks on matters pertinent to educa- vision. Suggested additions to the April 19, 1929. tional policy and developments in report to be issued included: State- national parks. ments on Museums, nature guide At a meeting of the Advisory Board 2. There should be a Division of service, visual instruction and pub- of National Park Service special re- Education coordinate with other di- lications. Messrs. Cammerer and quest was made of the Committee on visions of the National Park Service Demaray of the Park, Service then Educational Problems in National directed by a man with the best of presented facts and figures relative Parks to carry out certain studies scientific and educational qualifica- to administration and finance. The which are of urgent importance to tions who shall administer the educa- meeting adjourned at 4:45 to meet the National Park. Service in the im- tional program in the parks. December 8 at 11 o'clock. mediate future. Following the meeting of the Ad- After informal discussion of a proj- H. C. BRYANT ect of visual education in the parks visory Board of National Park Serv- Temporary Secretary ice at which this request was made, and of the need for immediate action Approved Nov. 26, 1929. in the matter, the meeting adjourned there being present six of the seven for lunch. members of the Committee on Edu- H. C. BRYANT Washington, D. C. cational Problems in National Parks Temporary Secretary and the seventh member being in December 8, 1928. California Approved December 7, 1928 and not available, the The Committee on Educational Chairman of the Committee called it Problems in National Parks was called meeting to discuss the request from December 6, 1928. to order by Chairman J. C. Merriam The afternoon the Advisory Board. meeting of the at 11 o'clock. All members were pres- In accordance with a request of the Committee began with further dis- ent with the exception of Dr. Frank Advisory Board, inquiry was made cussion of a visual education pro- Oastler. A letter from Dr. Oastler regarding the possibility of having [Paye 52 I ' a

Report on National Parks • members of the Committee on Edu- portraying the history and pre-history brought out additional points needing cational Problems study especially of the Southwest. There followed dis- consideration. such parks as Grand Teton, Mount cussion, at the end of which he was Adjourned to meet at 10 A.M. on Lassen, Sequoia, Rocky Mountain asked to present a concise statement November 27. Park, and Everglades, together with at the afternoon session. Adjourn- H. C. BRYANT the new, areas and proposed exten- ment for lunch. Temporary Secretary sions to which consideration must be H. C. BRYANT given in the near future. Temporary Secretary Washington, D. C., Request was also made of the edu- November 27, 1929. cational committee that it give special Washingtpn, D. C., The Committee on Educational consideration to certain of the greater November 26, 1929. Problems in National Parks met for questions which will inevitably be a second day session in the same room expressed through use of the National When called to order for its after- noon session, request was made for in the Interior Building. When the Parks. Question was raised as to re- meeting was called to order all mem- lation between the so-called historical expense accounts to be submitted promptly. Dr. Atwood presented a bers were present. Dr. Atwood pre- parks representing relatively recent sented a report on the educational history and the archaeological parks, report on special responsibilities and opportunities for education and re- and research opportunities in the field such as Mesa Verde. Special request of the earth sciences. This was ac- was made of Dr. Wissler that he ex- search in the field of the earth sciences. Discussion of the outstanding fea- cepted. Dr. Bryant then presented a amine this problem from all angles brief summary of opportunities in the and make special report. tures followed a series of questions presented. Dr. Atwood followed with life sciences and asked for more, time In accordance with the request of to improve it. The report was ae- the Advisory Board, the Committee a forceful statement on the emphasis that should be placed on great con- ceptedin principle. on Educational Problems requested Dr. Merriam then presented the the Chairman of the Committee to cepts rather than isolated facts. Dr. Wissler's concise statement was pre- critical situation relative to the pro- arrange a program for studies during tection of the fauna and ffora of the the coming year and to make such sented as follows: In view of the importance and' South Rim of Grand Canyon. It was estimate of a budget as would make moved, seconded and carried that the it possible to cover expenses of the the great opportunity for apprecia- tion of the nature and meaning of program to hold up all cutting and members who might engage in studies grazing on a defined area near Grand during the coming summer and at history as represented in our na- tional parks and monuments, it is Point necessary to preserve intact the the same time leave a moderate mar- plant and animal life be approved. gin available in existing funds for recommended that the National Monuments containing, primarily, By common consent a statement on use in printing the report of the Com- the appreciation of nature and on mittee some time during the coming, archaeological and historical mate- rials should be selected to serve as spiritual values was left to Dr. Mer- year. riam and'a statement on the need for (Signed) JOHN C. MERRIAM indices of periods in the historical sequence of human life in America. intensive study before laying out a Chairman program and the need for time and Approved Nov. 26, 1929 At each such monument the par- ticular event represented should be space for contemplation was awarded Dr. Kellogg. It was then agreed that Washington, D. C., viewed in its immediate historical' perspective, thus not only develop- replacement in archaeological work ^ November 26, 1929. ing a specific narrative but present- should always have scientific justifi- cation. The Committee on Educational ing the event in its historical back- Problems in National Parks was called ground. After discussion of a suggestion by to order by Chairman J. C. Merriam Further, a selection can be made Dr. Oastler it was agreed that a gen- in the office of the Assistant Secretary of a number of existing monuments eral recommendation asking for ap- of the Interior at 10:15 A.M., all mem- which in their totality may, as propriations to cover archaeologicaT bers present. The minutes of the points of regard, define the general and other needed research should be meetings held in December, 1928, were outline of man's career on this made. It was agreed that a continu- read and approved. The Secretary continent. ous program should be developed on was asked to bring in official names The realization of such a program the basis of an approved program. for the Committee and for the ad- will entail the serious investigation Individual reports on various parks were then made: Sequoia-Bryant; visory board. Dr. Merriam then out- of the sites involved, a determina- lined a method of procedure for the tion of the phases of history to be Rocky Mountain=Kellogg; Glacier meeting, which was adopted. There presented in each case, their presen- and Grand Teton-Atwood; Yellow= stone-Bumpus. It was shown that followed a presentation of the limita- tation as historical data, and finally activities in tions of educational work in National the coordination of the units in this Yellowstone have experi- mentally developed certain new ideas Parks in view of official attitude as series to the end that the whole to the function of the government in will at least sketch the history of of reaching the public. The reports this regard. A discussion of a better man in relation to his changing were accepted in principle. term than education did not bring out political, social and natural environ- After making decision to mimeo- more desirable nomenclature, but ment. graph individual reports and present stress was placed on the desirability This was accepted and ordered in- them to the National Park Service, of suitable interpretation. Dr. Wissler cluded in the minutes. Presentation the meeting: was adjourned. then presented a statement on the was then made of a biological state- H. C. BRYANT part monuments might play in vividly ment by H. C. Bryant and discussion Temporary Secretary

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