for the Home Garden Dr. Bernadine Strik, Professor of Horticulture Extension Berry Crops Specialist Oregon State University

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/

Aggregate of many drupelets Oregon Natives:

Rubus spectabilis calyx The “salmon berry”

receptacle drupelet

Rubus parviflorus Rubus leucodermis The “thimble berry” Native black

“blackcap”

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 1 Morphology Raspberry types

• Primocane: first year cane, often vegetative  Red raspberries • Floricane: second year cane, always flowering/fruiting;  Summer-bearing (June-July) • Canes are biennial (cane or cane portion dies after fruiting)  Primocane-fruiting (“everbearing”) – (Aug-Oct) • Roots and crown (base of ) are perennial Black raspberries Primocane  Summer-bearing (June) winter Growing season Floricane May fruit at tip in Produces fruiting Purple raspberries Primocane-fruiting types laterals in spring  Summer-bearing (June-July)

Primocanes grow

Floricanes die Fruiting

Planting, summer-bearing red raspberry First year summer-bearing raspberry planting o Fertilize with 0.5 to 1 oz N/plant divided into thirds (2 weeks after planting; 1 month later; 1 month later) o For example: 1 to 2 oz of 16-16-16 per Dormant canes planted on raised bed application per plant

o Plant 2 to 2.5 ft apart in the row

New primocane growth (on a raised bed) Winter after planting

Hedgerow (management/training system) Hill System in winter – see individual remove suckers between plants and in aisles . Individual plants not readily visible; have a “solid” hedge of canes . Maintain hedgerow to 0.5 to 1 ft wide

Hedgerow is too wide

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 2 Summer-bearing red raspberry Floricane Development Primocane & Floricane Development – Spring

Fruiting laterals growing on floricanes

New primocanes emerging from crown & roots Fruiting laterals on floricanes

Harvest….. Post- harvest….. August June-July

Summer-bearing red raspberry, after harvest, floricanes are dying and can be pruned out at this point (especially if disease present). Can also wait until fall

Prune out dead floricanes Dying floricanes Prune out dead or dying floricanes

Dying floricanes Primocanes

Primocane

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 3 Prune out dead or dying floricanes Primocanes remaining after pruning

Tuck between wires

Single dying floricane

Dead fruiting lateral Bundle of dying floricanes removed from 1 plant

• Primocanes remaining after “caning out” Trellis • Do not prune further until fall/winter

Typical trellis system has 1 or 2 top wire(s) and 2 lower wires (in some cases moveable) but there are many variations

Can compost prunings; commercial growers chop them between rows

Summer-bearing red raspberry

Primocanes just prior to training

. Remove weak, broken canes . Remove canes outside row or hill . Bundle canes . Train canes

Prune primocanes from December to March

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 4 Arc Cane system Bundle (topped) system

Top canes to about 6 ft

Canes are slightly topped and then are trained and tied to adjacent plant or tying wire This is done in late winter to minimize risk of cold injury

Summer-bearing red raspberry Primocanes just prior to training Primocanes topped and bundle trained

Established summer-bearing raspberry Summer-bearing raspberry o Fertilize with about 1 to 1.5 oz N/plant in spring Mid-spring growth o Divide into thirds (early April; late May; late June) o For example: 2 to 3 oz of 16-16-16 per application per plant

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 5 Summer-bearing raspberry Publication: Late spring growth

Do NOT tip the primocanes “Raspberry Cultivars for the Pacific Northwest”

Control any emerging primocanes between rows by tillage or growing a http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ grass cover crop

Cultivars (W. Oregon): Cultivars (W. Oregon): Summer-bearers – Root Rot resistance/tolerance Summer-bearers – More susceptible to root rot Cascade Bounty Prelude Meeker Willamette

Squamish

Nourse Farms Pat Moore Tulameen

Cascade Harvest

Cascade Delight Cascade Dawn Chemainus Cascade Gold

Cultivars (E. Oregon): Primocane-fruiting raspberry (“everbearers”) Cold-hardy summer-bearers with good flavor

Prelude Boyne Killarney Canby Cascade Bounty

Killarney

Tip of primocane produces fruit in its first year Photos: courtesy Nourse Farms

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 6 Primocane-fruiting raspberry Primocane-fruiting raspberry . Plant 2ft apart in the row Tip portion of primocane . 8-10ft between rows will fruit in planting year

Fruiting season is approx.

early August to frost

Primocanes start growing in spring at a certain node number (age), they bloom

Primocanes emerge from crowns and root buds

Primocane-fruiting raspberry Primocane-fruiting raspberry

Un-pruned primocane- fruiting raspberry in spring In second year, base of floricane will fruit in early Showing dead tip and summer basal floricane

Part of primocane that fruited (tip) dies

Primocane-fruiting raspberry in spring – “double cropping”

Primocane-fruiting raspberry, January, Monmouth

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 7 Primocane-fruiting Raspberries For a fall (primocane) crop only

Leave about a 3-4” stubble

No cane in winter so recommended for very cold sites Primocane-fruiting Raspberries

For a fall (primocane) crop only Before pruning Primocanes grow in spring

Primocane-fruiting Raspberries For a fall (primocane) crop only – early Spring

. New primocanes grow in spring . Maintain row to 1 to 1.5ft wide

After pruning

Cultivars (all regions for primocane crop only) Note: in cold regions, double-cropping will require you plant a cold-hardy cultivar; Raspberries in containers see cultivar publication Amity Heritage

Caroline Fall Gold

Anne BrazelberriesTM Fall Creek Farm & Vintage Nursery Raspberry Shortcake

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 8 Nursery plants Planting Spread roots flat

Cover with soil Raintree Nursery April 15

Trim long roots

New primocanes grow from basal cane stub & roots Primocane-fruiting raspberry - growth

3.5 months after planting

June 7 Primocanes emerge from crowns and root buds

Primocane-fruiting raspberry Black Raspberries

Jewel (only cultivar recommended for good production & flavor)

Trial and photos: B. Strik Early August Late August

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 9 Purple Raspberries Black raspberry Brandywine Hybrids of red and black raspberry Planting year . Plant 3 ft in the row on raised beds or flat ground . Install trellis in planting year (T post at about 4 ft high) . Train canes onto wires for harvest the following year

Royalty

Black raspberry Black raspberry Winter

Black raspberry Early spring Black raspberry floricane in spring

Primocanes only emerge from crown

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 10 Black raspberry Black raspberry field Spring – prior to first harvest . Primocanes have strong apical dominance . Tip (remove about 6 inches) during the growing season to get branching

Floricanes

Primocane tipped (pruned during growing season)

Tip rooting (when branches touch soil in late fall)

Dying floricanes Arcing primocane branches (Aug.)

Black raspberry Remove dead floricanes Shown here in summer Black raspberry dead floricanes in winter before pruning

Single dying floricane

Dead fruiting lateral

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 11 Black raspberry Black raspberry Dormant before pruning Dormant after pruning

Shorten branches on primocanes to about 2 ft

Dormant primocanes after pruning

Poor Fruit Set – Black raspberry Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus RBDV . Blackcaps are sensitive to . Pollen borne poor fruit set (crumbly fruit) . ‘Meeker’ is very susceptible . Poor pollination in rain . No control for infected plants . Blackcaps are sensitive as bloom is early and flowers are held in a flat position

“Crumbly” fruit on susceptible cultivars; sometimes symptoms on susceptible primocane-fruiting cultivars

Viruses and crumbly fruit – Black raspberry Phytophthora Root Rot Floricane symptoms at harvest red raspberry

Primocane collapse in blackcaps

Fruit from virus-infested plant

Fruit from healthy plant (same cultivar)

. Plant resistant cultivars . Plant in well-drained soil on raised beds

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 12 Verticillium Botrytis . Blackcaps are sensitive Botrytis on fruit and cane botrytis . Plants wilt and die in late summer

Photo: Pete Bristow

. Plant only certified plant material . Avoid sites that had other sensitive hosts (Solanaceous) . Remove and destroy infected plants. Do not . Disease is promoted by a warm, moist replant in these areas environment. Maintain an open canopy Note symptomatic . Avoid overhead irrigation and late watering rings

Yellow Rust Herbicide Damage

Phytotoxicity from Round-Up R

. Cultivate in late fall to bury/remove fallen . Remove and burn infected floricanes Leaves are chlorotic right after harvest and strap-like . Do not tie up new canes until all leaves have fallen

Red raspberry

Heat/u.v. Damage Crown Borer

Red raspberries, in particular, are sensitive to damage from intense u.v. light Symptoms are white drupelets on the sun side of fruit . Two-year life cycle . Adult lays eggs on leaves . Larvae burrow into crown and into new primocanes . Canes collapse . Shading reduces problem . Only home control is . Symptoms don’t occur in all years rouging out infected plants

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 13 Spotted Wing Drosophila Spotted Wing Drosophila Actual size Drosophila suzukii 2-3 mm

Female with serrated ovipositor Male with spotted wings

From OSU Extension Publication, EM8991 Courtesy, WSU

Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 14