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Home , Abia (sawfly), Bdellodes, Brachysomus, Brachysomus echinatus, Clepsis senecionana, Cnephasia chrysantheana

Biologia 68/3: 517—524, 2013 Section Zoology DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0178-2

Relationship of to the Cyclamen fatrense Halda et Soják: pollinators, consumers and occasional visitors

Peter Turis1 &ĽubomírVidlička2,3

1The administration of the Low Tatras National Park, Lazovná 10,SK-97401 Banská Bystrica, ; e-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9,SK-84506 Bratislava, Slovakia and 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Comenius University, Moskovská 2, Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The West-Carpathian endemic Cyclamen fatrense is a forests . Its distribution area lies at the northern margin of distribution area of the Cyclamen . Several studies have focused on the pollinators and consumers of representatives of this genus, but they mention only some more important species. The aim of our study was to determine the species spectrum of animals having a relationship to C. fatrense in its natural environment and to define mutual relationships between this and animals based on comparison of phenologic manifestations of cyclamen and known ecologic data about its visitors. In course of different phenophases of C. fatrense we recorded 127 invertebrate taxa on this plant. Among them 7 taxa were identified as consumers, 29 taxa as potential consumers, 5 taxa as potential pollinators and 91 had an indifferent relationship to the cyclamen. Damaging or direct consummation of by vertebrates has not been observed. Key words: Cyclamen fatrense; pollinators; consumers

Introduction Affre et al. 1995; Affre & Thompson 1997; Schwartz- Tzachor et al. 2006). Species of Cyclamen L. () are distributed Several authors report on animals participating predominantly in the Mediterranean area. From among on spreading and of the cyclamen. Ac- 20 known species (Davis et al. 1999) the northernmost cording to Kerner (1898), the spiral-like rolled stalks occurring species are Mill. and of fruits are, at occasional attaching, spread by some Cyclamen fatrense Halda et Soják. While C. purpuras- vertebrates. In connection with propagation, the cens grows on a wide territory from the Swiss Jura and myrmecochoria is mostly mentioned (Hildebrand 1898; West Alps to Balkan Mts (Meusel et al. 1978), C. fa- Nordhagen 1932; Kovanda 1992). Affre et al. (1995) trense is considered as a subendemic of the small moun- even discovered one species participating on seed tain range Veľká Fatra in West Carpathians in Slovakia transport. (Kliment 1999). Both species have very similar shape In connection with occurrence of animals on C. fa- and differ from each other mainly by form and color of trense only a finding of the weevil argenta- (Halda & Soják 1971). tus (L., 1758) (Coleoptera: ) in an empty Relationships of animals to the Cyclamen species has been published (Turis 2008). are presented on several levels. Most authors mention In the framework of the running ecobiological in- herbivory of molluscs, Diptera and caterpillars, which vestigation of C. fatrense, it is important to know eat leaves, fruits or of cyclamens in natural as wide as possible spectrum of animals visiting this habitats (Hildebrand 1898; Hering 1957; Affre et al. in order to define: (i) occasional visitors with- 1995; Reiprich 2001). L¨udi (1975) mentions damaging out obvious consequences for the plant, (ii) visitors of , leaves, tubers and of cultivated individu- with more significant consequences for the plant (phy- als by aphids, caterpillars, , larvae, nema- tophages damaging vegetative or generative organs), todes, molluscs and rodents. (iii) pollinators. Other animals are reported in connection with the Cyclamen genus as pollinators in relation with their re- Brief description of Cyclamen fatrense production. In wild plants, this role is only rarely played Cyclamen fatrense is a hemicryptophyte or geophyte by bees, bumblebees and . Hildebrand (1898) ob- bound to forests of submountain and mountain zone. served these hymenopterans on flowers of the cultivated Usually a single stem reaching to the layer of leaves cyclamens. More frequently the cyclamens are polli- fallen from the surrounding trees, grows from the . nated by night , thrips or hoverflies (L¨udi 1975; From the terminal part of stem the permanent leaves

c 2013 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences 518 P. Turis &Ľ.Vidlička grow and, in summer, striking, moderately smelling flowers in various shade of rose color. Flowering lasts approximately from July until late October. Peduncle of fertilized flowers spiral-like rolls on the ground surface and the fruits ripe in next summer. Absence of elaio- some on seed is important for potential relationships with animals. Production of nectar in flowers has not been observed. In Sm., Aiton and Mill. nec- tar is not produced (Affre & Thompson 1997; Schwartz- Tzachor et al. 2006), while Affre et al. (1995) mentioned its absence in the whole Cyclamen genus. Fig. 1. Localization of the research area (grey circle – wider sur- rounding of the Motyčky village). Material and methods Invertebrates on Cyclamen fatrense were collected individ- ually in 2006–2007. Observations and catches were carried When evaluating significance of melliphages for out in the snow-free period (approximately March – Novem- we took in consideration a period of their occurrence in re- ber), usually once a week. The invertebrates were sampled lation to the period of cyclamen flowering. (leg. P. Turis) from the above-ground parts of plants during light period of the day and were preserved in alcohol and Study area distributed to specialists for identification. Relationships of vertebrates (forest rodents, wild boars, Observation and collection of animals were carried out red deer, roe deer etc.) to cyclamens were evaluated on base mainly in the eastern part of the species area in the Veľká of visual observations in 2006–2008. Fatra Mts and the Starohorské vrchy Mts. The studied ter- Nomenclature of invertebrate taxa and their systematic ritory has an area of 1,763 ha and lies at altitudes of 450– arrangement in the Table 1 was used according to Fauna Eu- 1100 m (Turis & Žiačik 2008). The broadleaved and mixed ropaea (de Jong 2010). Trophical characteristics of individ- forests belonging phytocenologically into association Carici ual taxa are based on oral information from the specialists albae-Fagetum Moor 1952 (Kanka et al. 2008) are domi- and on published data (Buchar et al. 1995; Buchar & Kůrka nant. The major part of research was performed in a wider 1998; Doskočil 1977; Jasič 1984, Kočárek et al. 2005; Pfleger surrounding of the Motyčky village (48◦50–53 N, 19◦7–12 1988; Zahradník 1987). E, Central Slovakia, Banská Bystrica district, 680 m a.s.l.; Relations of the recorded animals to C. fatrense given Fig. 1). in Table 1 are characterized according to trophic relation of the caught developmental stages and on direct field observa- Results tions. We consider the zoophages, parasites and saprophages to have an indifferent relation to cyclamens, similarly as phytophages obviously specialized on other plant species During the two-year investigation we recorded 127 taxa (except for cyclamen). Other phytophages are taken as po- of invertebrates (107 species and representatives of fur- tential consumers, while the phytophages directly observed ther 12 genera, 7 families and 1 order, which could to eat leaves or flowers of cyclamens are taken as consumers. not be precisely identified) (Table 1). We recorded

Fig. 2. Survey of orders and number of invertebrate taxa recorded on Cyclamen fatrense in years 2006–2007. Animals on Cyclamen fatrense 519

Table 1. Systematic survey of invertebrates recorded on Cyclamen fatrense in 2006–2007.

Recorded on Period of collection Taxon TR RP LFlFrFPEFP Phyllum: Clase: 1. order: Arianta arbustorum (L., 1758) (Helicidae) + + + P PC Arion fuscus (O.F. M¨uller, 1774) (Arionidae) + + + P PC Bielzia coerulans (M. Bielz, 1851) (Limacidae) + + P PC Cochlodina laminata (Montagu, 1803) (Clausiliidae) + + P PC Columella edentula (Draparnaud, 1805) (Vertiginidae) + + + P PC Faustina faustina (Rossm¨assler, 1835) (Helicidae) + + + P PC Deroceras sp. (Limacidae) + + PC Ena montana (Draparnaud, 1801) () + + P PC Euconulus fulvus (O.F. M¨uller, 1774) (Euconulidae) + + P PC obscura (O.F. M¨uller, 1774) (Enidae) + + + P PC incarnatus (O.F. M¨uller, 1774) () + + P PC Monachoides vicinus (Rossm¨assler, 1842) (Hygromiidae) + + + P PC unidentata (Draparnaud, 1805) (Hygromiidae) + + P PC Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud, 1801) (Punctidae) + + P PC Trochulus hispidus (L., 1758) (Hygromiidae) + + + P PC Malacolimax tenellus (O.F. M¨uller, 1774) (Limacidae) + + P PC Phyllum: Arthropoda A. class: Arachnida 1. order: Holoparasitus sp. (Parasitidae) + + ZI Pergamasus mediocris Berlese, 1904 (Parasitidae) + + ZI Veigaia nemorensis (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Veigaiidae) + + ZI 2. order: Anystis sp. (Anystidae) + + + ZI Bdellodes longirostris (Hermann. 1804) () + + ZI Trombidiidae + + + Z I 3. order: Oribatida + + Z I 4. order: Araneae Clubiona lutescens Westring, 1851 (Clubionidae) + + + ZI Diplocephalus picinus (Blackwall, 1841) (Linyphiidae) + + Z I Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757) (Theridiidae) + + Z I Episinus truncatus (Latreille, 1809) (Theridiidae) + + ZI Tenuiphantes tenebricola (Wider, 1834) (Linyphiidae) + + + Z I Mughiphantes mughi (Fickert, 1875) (Linyphiidae) + + Z I Metellina (Meta) segmentata (Clerck, 1757) (Tetragnathidae) + + + + Z I Micryphantinae (Linyphiidae) + + Z I Neriene emphana (Walckenaer, 1841) (Linyphiidae) + + Z I Pityohyphantes phrygianus (C.L. Koch, 1836) (Linyphiidae) + + Z I Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1806 (Thomisidae) + + ZI Theridion impressum L. Koch, 1881 (Theridiidae) + + + ZI Xysticus sp. (Thomisidae) + + ZI Zilla diodia (Walckenaer, 1802) (Araneidae) + + ZI 5. order: Opiliones Phalangiidae + + Z I 6. order: Pseudoscorpiones Neobisium erythrodactylum (L. Koch, 1873) (Neobisiidae) + + Z I B. class: Diplopoda 1. order: Polyxenida Polyxenus lagurus (L., 1758) (Polyxenidae) + + ZI Enantiulus sp. (Julidae) + + ZI C. class: Entognatha 1. order: Collembola Allacma fusca (L., 1758) (Sminthuridae) + + S I Choreutinula inermis (Tullberg, 1871) (Hypogastruridae) + + S I Dicyrtomina ornata Stach, 1919 (Dicyrtomidae) + + + S I Entomobrya lanuginosa Nicolet, 1842 (Entomobryidae) + + SI Entomobrya marginata (Tullberg, 1871) (Entomobryidae) + + SI Entomobrya muscorum (Nicolet, 1841) (Entomobryidae) + + + S I Entomobrya nivalis (L., 1758) (Entomobryidae) + + + + S I Entomobrya quinquelineata B¨orner, 1901 (Entomobryidae) + + SI Heterosminthurus linnaniemii Stach, 1920 (Bourletiellidae) + + SI Lepidocyrtus curvicollis Bourlet, 1839 (Entomobryidae) + + + S I Lepidocyrtus lignorum (F., 1781) (Entomobryidae) + + + S I Orchesella flavescens (Bourlet, 1839) (Entomobryidae) + + SI Pogonognathellus flavescens (Tullberg, 1871) (Entomobryidae) + + SI 520 P. Turis &Ľ.Vidlička

Table 1. (continued)

Recorded on Period of collection Taxon TR RP LFlFrFPEFP Pogonognathellus longicornis (M¨uller, 1776) (Entomobryidae) + + + S I Sminthurus viridis L., 1758 (Sminthuridae) + + P PC Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga, 1842) (Onychiuridae) + + SI D. class: Insecta 1. order: Plecoptera Nemoura monticola Rauser, 1965 (Nemouridae) + + S, P ? I 2. order: Orthoptera Isophya sp. (Tettigoniidae) + + Z I 3. order: Psocoptera Caecilius despaxi Badonnel, 1936 (Caeciliusidae) + + M PC, PP 4. order: Thysanoptera Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom, 1895) () + + + + P PC, PP Taeniothrips picipes (Zetterstedt, 1828) (Thripidae) + + P PC, PP 5. order: Heteroptera Acalypta brunnea (Germar, 1837) (Tingidae) + + PI 6. order: Auchenorrhyncha Edwardsiana sp. (Cicadellidae) + + P PC Empoasca solani (Curtis, 1846) (Cicadellidae) + + P PC Erythria montandoni (Puton, 1880) (Cicadellidae) + + P PC Issus cf. coleoptratus (F., 1781) (Issidae) + + P PC 7. order: Sternorrhyncha Phyllaphis fagi (L., 1767) (Aphididae) + + + P I Aleyrodidae + + P I 8. order: Neuroptera Hemerobius pini Stephens, 1836 (Hemerobiidae) + + Z I 9. order: Coleoptera Anthophagus angusticollis (Mannerheim, 1830) (Staphylinidae) + + ZI Athous subfuscus (O.F. M¨uller, 1767) (Elateridae) + + P I echinatus (Bonsdorff, 1785) (Curculionidae) + + P I Clytus arietis (L., 1758) (Cerambycidae) + + P I Malthodes maurus (Laporte et Castelnau, 1840) (Cantharidae) + + Po I Meligethes denticulatus (Heer, 1841) (Nitidulidae) + + M C, PP Meotica apicalis G. Benick, 1954 (Staphylinidae) + + Z I Phyllobius argentatus (L., 1758) (Curculionidae) + + PI Phyllobius maculicornis Germar, 1824 (Curculionidae) + + P I Stereonychus fraxini (De Geer, 1775) (Curculionidae) + + PI Chrysomelidae + + P PC 10. order: a. suborder: Apocrita Chalcididae + + Par I Aspilota sp. (Braconidae) + + + Par I Ephedrus plagiator (Nees, 1811) (Braconidae) + + Par I Synacra holconota Kieffer, 1910 (Diapriidae) + + Par I Manica rubida (Latreille, 1802) (Formicidae) + + + ZI Myrmica gallieni Bondroit, 1920 (Formicidae) + + + + P, Z I b. suborder: Symphyta Abia sp. (subgenus Zaraea) () + + PI 11. order: Apamea sp. (Noctuidae) + + PI senecionana (H¨ubner, 1819) () + + + + P C sp. (Tortricidae) + + P PC linearia (H¨ubner, 1799) (Geometridae) + + P I Eupithecia subfuscata (Haworth, 1809) (Geometridae) + + PC Eupithecia vulgata (Haworth, 1809) (Geometridae) + + PC Idaea aversata (L., 1758) (Geometridae) + + PC (L., 1761) () + + M PC, PP Operophtera brumata (L., 1758) (Geometridae) + + P I Pandemis cerasana (H¨ubner, 1796) (Tortricidae) + + P I secundaria (Denis & Schifferm¨uller, 1775) (Geometridae) + + P I Philedonides rhombicana (Herrich-Sch¨affer, 1851) (Tortricidae) + + P PC (L., 1758) () + + P PC musculana (H¨ubner, 1799) (Tortricidae) + + + P PC Xestia xanthographa (Denis & Schifferm¨uller, 1775) (Noctuidae) + + P C osterodensis Reiss, 1921 () + + PI Plutellidae + + PI 12. order: Diptera Atrichopogon infuscus Goethgebuer, 1929 (Ceratopogonidae) + + P, Z ? I Bibio clavipes Meigen, 1818 (Bibionidae) + + PS I Bradysia amoena (Winnertz, 1867) (Sciaridae) + + PS I Animals on Cyclamen fatrense 521

Table 1. (continued)

Recorded on Period of collection Taxon TR RP LFlFrFPEFP

Bradysia pauperata (Winnertz, 1867) (Sciaridae) + + PS I Bradysia trivittata Staeger, 1840 (Sciaridae) + + + + PS I Dryodromia testacea Rondani, 1856 (Empididae) + + Z I Fannia ornata (Meigen, 1826) (Fanniidae) + + SI Jaapiella medicaginis (R¨ubsaamen, 1912) (Cecidomyiidae) + + PI Lyciella rorida (Fallén, 1820) (Lauxaniidae) + + S I Megaselia minor (Zetterstedt, 1848) (Phoridae) + + S?I Megaselia rivalis (Wood, 1909) (Phoridae) + + S?I Megaselia ustulata (Schmitz, 1920) (Phoridae) + + S?I leachii Curtis, 1824 () + + PS I Platycheirus (s.str.) scutatus (Meigen, 1822) (Syrphidae) + + A I Platypalpus major (Zetterstedt, 1842) (Hybotidae) + + Z I Porricondyla nigripennis (Meigen, 1830) (Cecidomyiidae) + + PI Rhabdophaga repentis (Skuhravá, 1986) (Cecidomyiidae) + + + + P I Sciara militaris Nowicki, 1868 (Sciaridae) + + PS I Smittia sp. (Chironomidae) + + S I Trichina elongata Haliday, 1833 (Hybotidae) + + Z I Trichopsomyia carbonaria (Meigen, 1822) (Syrphidae) + + A I E. class: Malacostraca 1. order: Isopoda Protracheoniscus politus (Koch, 1841) (Trachelipodidae) + + PS I

Abbreviations: L – leaves, Fl – flowers, Fr – fruits, FP – flowering period, EFP – extra flowering period, TR – trophic relations, RP – relation to the plant, P – phytophage, Z – zoophage, S – saprophage, M – melliphage, Po – polyphage, Par – parasitoid, PS – phytosaprophage, A – aphidophage, PC – potential consumer, C – consumer, I – indifferent, PP – potential pollinator, ? – indeterminate classification.

Fig. 3. Number of invertebrate taxa recorded on Cyclamen fatrense in 2006, 2007 and number of taxa common for both studied years. mainly consumption of tubers, leaves and flowers. The Consumption of leaves and flowers of C. fatrense richest in species were Diptera (21 taxa), Lepidoptera by invertebrates was observed only to a limited extent. (17 taxa), Collembola and Pulmonata (16 taxa each) We consider only 7 among all 127 taxa as consumers. (Fig. 2). In both years of investigation approximately The leaves were eaten by caterpillars of Xestia xan- equal number of taxa were recorded (Fig. 3). A con- thographa and slugs of the genus Deroceras Rafinesque, siderably higher number of taxa were found on leaves 1820, after which excrement pieces remained on the than on flowers and fruits (Fig. 4). This is obviously blade. corollas were consumed by caterpillars connected with different lasting of individual parts of of Eupithecia subfuscata, Eupithecia vulgata and Idaea the plant and their spatial distribution. During flower- aversata. Flower were eaten by caterpillars of ing and extra flowering period almost equal number of Clepsis senecionana. We consider the melliphagous bee- taxa were recorded (Fig. 5). tle Meligethes denticulatus found in the flower as a con- 522 P. Turis &Ľ.Vidlička

Fig. 4. Number of invertebrate taxa recorded on leaves, flowers and fruits of Cyclamen fatrense in 2006–2007.

Fig. 5. Number of invertebrate taxa recorded during flowering period, extra flowering period and during both periods together on Cyclamen fatrense in 2006–2007. sumer of pollen grains. Further 29 taxa we classified Further development of caterpillars of the moths as potential consumers. This group consists of phy- Clepsis senecionana, Philedonides rhombicana, Pseu- tophagous species, which have not been observed to doips prasinana and was also con- feed on a part of cyclamen, as well as the melliphagous nected with cyclamen. Their pupation in the tube-like psocid Caecilius despaxi and Micropterix calthella rolled leaf blades cause damages of assimilation organs caught out of the cyclamen flowering period. of cyclamens, but only in a negligible measure. Five recorded taxa are classified as potential pol- The cultivated seedlings and juvenile individuals linators (the investigation was not focused on experi- of C. fatrense were strongly eaten by slugs Arion ru- mental verification of pollination). First of all they are fus (O.F. M¨uller, 1774). This synanthropic slug has not represented by the thrips Frankliniella intonsa and Tae- been found in cyclamen populations in the natural habi- niothrips picipes frequently and abundantly occurring tats. on the flowers, as well as the sap beetle Meligethes den- Trophical relations of vertebrates to C. fatrense are ticulatus. Two recorded melliphagous species, the pso- occasional. Eating of leaf blades or tubers by larger her- cid Caecilius despaxi and moth Micropterix calthella, bivores (red deer, roe deer, hares, wild boars etc.) has also might participate on cyclamen pollination in the not been observed at all. Consumption of leaf blades case of occurrence in the flowering period of this on some individuals, observed in a single case, proba- plant. bly originated from forest rodents. In the soil we found Animals on Cyclamen fatrense 523 access galleries leading up to the tuber, which were glaciations, tectonic movements – Schwartz-Tzachor et browsed by the rodents. al. 2006). In beach forests with C. fatrense, the bees and bumblebees forage only during springtime, when Discussion majority of herbs (Ajuga genevensis, Dentaria bulbi- fera, D. enneaphyllos, Fragaria vesca, ver- Studies of other authors dealing with relationships of nus, Mercurialis perennis, Soldanella carpatica, Vale- animals to different species of cyclamens in natural riana tripteris, Viola reichenbachiana etc.) are bloom- habitats do not present rich species spectra of the taxa ing (Hegi 1924, 1927; Beattie 1972; Blažyt˙e-Čereškien˙e recorded. Affre et al. (1995) consider slugs as signif- et al. 2012). In summertime these pollinators find food icant consumers of flowers and fruits of the endemic on meadowland, where quantity of flowers is blooming species Willk. In C. fatrense,the at that time. During gradual blooming of the cyclamen slugs ate stronger only leaves, namely in the period im- (from July to September), beach forest does not attract mediately after snow melting. It is probably caused by these because of deficiency of food. The cycla- shortage in offer of over-wintered green leaves in forests men allure of potential pollinators by pollen productiv- habitats at that time, when leaves of few broadleaved ity. Therefore the transport of pollen grains is provided herbs (e.g., Asarum europaeum, C. fatrense, Viola rei- mostly by melliphages. Probably for the same reason we chenbachiana, locally Soldanella carpatica) are avail- did not record the presence of adult butterflies feeding able. In the growing season, predominantly moth cater- usually on nectar. pillars participate on consumption and damaging of Eating of cyclamen tuber by wild boars (Sus scrofa the above-ground plant parts of cyclamens. Hering L., 1758) has been mentioned already in the older (1957) and Reiprich (2001) also consider caterpillars of period. Some authors (e.g., Hildebrand 1898; Polívka Cnephasia chrysantheana (Duponchel, 1843), Cnepha- 1901) probably based this statement on using of tubers sia incertana (Treitschke, 1835), Cnephasia stephen- of Link., which was called by an- siana (Doubleday, 1849) and Cnephasia terebrana Am- cient Greek physicians as „bread for pigs“ (L¨udi 1975). sel, 1935 as consumers of cyclamen leaves. Translation of this name is also reflected in the popu- We do not consider the presence of thrips on cy- lar names of cyclamens in Germans (“Saubrot”), En- clamen as occasional and suppose them to suck the glish (“Sowbread”), Czech (“sviňský chléb”) or Slovak pollen grains. The pollen grains can attach on bodies (“svinský chlieb”). However, we did not at all record of these less mobile animals when they are mowing in digging out and consumption of the tubers of C. fa- open flowers and searching for food (Annand 1926). It trense. has doubtless a great significance for reproduction of We did not record the consumption of cyclamen the cyclamens. Ability of thrips to move on relatively by other large vertebrates. Damage of the tubers by large distances by means of anemochory (Rhainds & rodents was an exception. The cyclamens are probably Shipp 2003; Fedor et al. 2008) makes possible transfer protected against consumption by most animals by pro- of pollen grains between several individuals in cycla- duction of different types of poisonous glycosides. These men’s populations and helps to pollinate them. The sap toxins have been detected also in the tubers (Reznicek beetle Meligethes denticulatus also can have such eco- et al. 1989). logical significance for C. fatrense, but its occurrence The survey of animals recorded on C. fatrense frequency on cyclamens is negligible in comparison with includes only the species observed by light period of the thrips. Schwartz-Tzachor et al. (2006) also consid- day. Occurrence of some specialized night species is not ers thrips to be the commonest pollinators of the Cy- probable. Affre et al. (1995) have studied insects associ- clamen persicum populations in (thripophily). In ated with Cyclamen balearicum over the whole day but contrast to it, the have not been mentioned as did not record any night species. pollinators of the Cyclamen genus. Schwartz-Tzachor et al. (2006) consider the lit- Conclusions tle moth Micropterix elegans Stainton, 1867 as the specific pollinator of C. persicum. In C. fatrense, The animals recorded on C. fatrense in the eastern part we recorded the congeneric melliphagous species Mi- of its distribution area attack only a small part of in- cropterix calthella, but we classify it among the poten- dividuals in its populations and do not cause exten- tial consumers and pollinators, because of its occur- sive damages with lethal consequences. The recorded rence out of the flowering period. consumers do not represent a serious danger. Lose of In spite of the relatively large, strikingly colored assimilation organs caused by eating of leaf stalks by and smelling flowers of C. fatrense we did not observe animals occurs only sporadically, but the plants dam- any bees or bumblebees visiting its flowers. This is aged in this way can survive the whole growing season more or less in accordance with results of other au- in due to the tubers longevity. Damaging of thors studying pollinators of different cyclamen species seedlings or tubers of very small juvenile plants could (Affre et al. 1995; Affre & Thompson 1997; Schwartz- have a negative impact. Tzachor et al. 2006). The presupposed lost of attrac- Only few animal species recorded on C. fatrense tiveness of cyclamen flowers for these pollinators is usu- have a non-occasional relationship to this plant species. ally explained by historical causes (climatic changes, Among 127 taxa, the consumers represented 5.5%, po- 524 P. Turis &Ľ.Vidlička tential consumers 22.8% and potential pollinators only Hering E.M. 1957. Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Eu- 3.9%. Other animals (zoophages, saprophages and spe- ropa eingeschliesslich des Mittelmeerbeckens und der Ka- cialized phytophages) have an indifferent relation to narischen Inseln. Band 1-2: Bestimmungsschl¨ussel. W. Junk, Gravenhage, 1185 pp. this plant. Hildebrand F. 1898. Die Gattung Cyclamen L. Eine systematische und biologische Monographie. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 190 pp. Jasič J. (ed.) 1984. Entomologický náučný slovník. Príroda, Acknowledgements Bratislava, 675 pp. Kanka R., Turis P. & Chilová V. 2008. Phytosociological char- We thank the following specialists for identification of ani- acteristic of the plant communities with the occurrence of mals: P. Bitušík (Diptera: Chironomidae), J. Čarnogurský endemic species Cyclamen fatrense.Hacquetia7(1):21–31. (Collembola), T. Čejka (Mollusca), P. Fedor (Thysanopte- DOI: 10.2478/v10028-008-0002-7 ra), P. Gajdoš (a part of Araneae, Opiliones), M. Hole- Kerner A. 1898. Pflanzenleben. Zweiter Band. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig und Wien, 778 pp. cová (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), J. Holman (Sternorrhyn- Kliment J. 1999. Komentovaný prehľad vyšších rastlín flóry cha), O. Holuša (Psocoptera), J. Chrystophoryová (a part of Slovenska, uvádzaných v literatúre ako endemické taxóny: k Pseudoscorpiones), V. Janský (Auchenorrhyncha), S. 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Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa mit Beson- Received July 24, 2012 derer Ber¨ucksichtigung von Deutschland, Osterreich¨ und der Accepted January 20, 2013 Schweiz zum Gebrauche in den Schulen und zum Selbstun- terricht. Dicotyledones. Bd. 5, T. 4, pp. 2253–2631.