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Part I. Grain Mold, Head Smut, and Ergot

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Part I. Grain Mold, Head Smut, and Ergot ® The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2012 Global Science Books Sorghum Pathology and Biotechnology - A Fungal Disease Perspective: Part I. Grain Mold, Head Smut, and Ergot Christopher R. Little1 • Ramasamy Perumal2 • Tesfaye Tesso3 • Louis K. Prom4 • Gary N. Odvody5 • Clint W. Magill6* 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA 2 Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas, 67601, USA 3 Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA 4 Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, Texas 77845, USA 5 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas AgriLife Sciences, Corpus Christi, Texas 78406, USA 6 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT Three common sorghum diseases, grain mold, head smut and ergot, each of which is directly related to seed production and quality are covered in this review. Each is described with respect to the causal organism or organisms, infection process, global distribution, pathogen variability and effects on grain production. In addition, screening methods for identifying resistant cultivars and the genetic basis for host resistance including molecular tags for resistance genes are described where possible. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Claviceps africana, Claviceps sorghi, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium thapsinum, Sporisorium reilianum CONTENTS GRAIN MOLD ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Pathogen biology..................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 DNA-based diversity measures ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Disease symptoms and losses .................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Host resistance......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Molecular markers for grain mold resistance .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Future directions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 HEAD SMUT .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Pathogen biology (Sporisorium relianum)............................................................................................................................................... 19 Disease symptoms and losses .................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Pathogen races......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Disease screening techniques .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Host resistance......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 DNA-based diversity and molecular tags ................................................................................................................................................ 22 Future directions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 ERGOT ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Pathogen biology (Claviceps africana) ................................................................................................................................................... 23 Disease symptoms and losses .................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Pathogen races......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 DNA-based diversity measures ............................................................................................................................................................... 24 Disease screening techniques .................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Host resistance......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Future research ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GRAIN MOLD et al. 1987; Ikeda et al. 2006). Deleterious fungal communi- ties, in particular, differ depending upon grass host species, Introduction environment, geographical location, and level of resistance to grain mold, weathering, post-harvest seed deterioration A diverse community of microorganisms is associated with and associated disease complexes, such as head blight. the caryopses of all weed and crop plants in the Poaceae Grain mold of sorghum (Fig. 1) is caused by a complex (formerly "Gramineae") that have been investigated (Pitty of fungal pathogens, which infect the developing caryopsis Received: 25 August, 2011. Accepted: 15 November, 2011. Invited Review The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology 6 (Special Issue 1), 10-30 ©2012 Global Science Books Fig. 1 Example of grain mold resistant (top) and susceptible (bottom) sorghum varieties. Note obvious weathering and surface colonization of the susceptible panicle. as early as anthesis, proceed through grain development, and also result in post-harvest deterioration including the production of potentially harmful mycotoxins (Leslie et al. 2005; Sharma et al. 2010c). Infection is promoted by prolonged periods of humid (> 85 to 90% relative humidity) and/or rainy weather and temperatures of 25 to 35°C throughout grain development, both before and after physiological maturity (Garud et al. 2000; Navi et al. 2005; Thakur et al. 2006). In sorghum, the "grain mold complex" is composed of over 40 genera of fungi that are capable of infecting and colonizing sorghum grain at all levels of maturity and in storage (Williams and Rao 1981; Singh and Bandyopad- hyay 2000; Thakur et al. 2003; Erpelding and Prom 2006; dos Reis et al. 2010). Although not all species are of equal Fig. 2 Examples of fungi associated with sorghum grain mold, grain importance, common saprophytic and facultatively patho- weathering, and storage molds of sorghum caryopses. (A) Alternaria genic genera include Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, alternata (conidia), (B) Aspergillus flavus (conidia, conidiophore), (C) Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Drechslera, Bipolaris sp. (conidia), (D) Chaetomium globosum (perithecium with Epicoccum, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Olpi- curled setae), (E)
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