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March 2011 The state of the right: the

www.fondapol.org

Niek Pas www.fondapol.org

The state of the right: the Netherlands

Niek Pas The Fondation pour l’innovation politique is a liberal, progressive and European Think tank

President: Nicolas Bazire Vice-president: Charles Beigbeder

Chief Executive Officer: Dominique Reynié [email protected] SUMMARY

Its diversity is what most characterises the Dutch right: it spans Christian democrats (Christian Democratic Appeal, CDA) and liberals (People’s and , VVD), as well as populist parties, whose strength is quite unprecedented in Europe. Populist parties have increased their support significantly since the early 2000s. They have enjoyed real success, thanks in particular to , whose pro- vocative style boosted their popularity before his assassination in May 2002. The radical and populist right is now embodied by ’s Party for Freedom (PVV). Founded in 2006, the PVV’s orientation is more nationalistic and less liberal than that of the ; it is vehement in its opposition to Islam and immigration. The Netherlands also has many smaller political movements, including agrarian, natio- nalist and far-right parties. All these parties have relays in the media, both in the press and on the internet, and their ideas are formalised and disseminated by a variety of think tanks and journals.

Despite this fragmentation, the Dutch right presents a united ideological front on many issues: with the exception of the Christian democrats, it is generally Eurosceptic and favours strengthening the nation, at a time when the country’s openness to the world is perceived as a threat rather than an opportunity. Broadly speaking, the Dutch right supports strict policies on immigration and the presence of Islam in the Netherlands, reflecting the growing political influence of rightwing themes. In socioe- conomic terms, the right favours scaling back the state. But this conver- gence is not enough to hide the right’s underlying fragmentation, and raises the question of its ability to overcome the tensions that plague the country.

The state of the right: the Netherlands

Niek Pas Assistant Professor of contemporary history at the University of

INTRODUCTION

Since October 2010, the Netherlands has been governed by a centre-right coalition comprising Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA, Christian Democratic Appeal) and the Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD, People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy), representing the liberal right. The minority government counts on the support of Geert Wilders’s populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV, Party for Freedom). The situation is remarkable in two respects. First, it is not dissimilar to the state of affairs that has prevailed in recent years in , where a centre-right coalition governs with the support of the Danish People’s Party. A situation of this nature is truly unprecedented: no Dutch government had lacked a majority since 1945. During that period, minority governments only existed when a coalition was “deserted” by one of its partners, and the resultant body was known as a rompkabinet (“rump” government) or overgangska- binet (transitional government) rather than as a minority government. The second remarkable feature of the current situation is that the VVD’s victory in the June 2010 parliamentary elections was followed by the appointment of its leader, , as prime minister. This was the first time since the end of the Second World War that the Netherlands had found itself with a prime minister who did not hail from the reli-

7 8 fondapol | political innovation found, and ideological, political and manifesto differences between left between differences manifesto and political ideological, and found, be to ground common requires Governing consensus. and stability of democrats andtheliberals. social of support the with power to on hold to managed it coalition, populists and Pim Fortuyn’s political successors. After the failure of this the with coalition a formed first CDA(2002-2010). governments four Balkenende’s Peter Jan in power holding fore, the to religious returned parties the elections, parliamentary the of eve the on assassination Fortuyn (LPF) banner, and the political crisis stemming from its leader’s Labour. simply or litions”coalitie (paarse coa- two “purple led hegemony.Kok 2002,religious Wim Until to end governing asreadilywiththeliberalsLabour. exclusive, not was CDA force. dominant the were groups, Protestant two and party Catholic the between marriage the from emerged that rals. Between 1977 and 1994, the Christian democrats (CDA), the party libe- the of support the with governed parties 1967,religious and 1965 between hiatus brief 1973,a to coalitions.with 1959 such From to end coali- tions” “red-Roman as known were governments resultant The crats. demo- social and Labour comprising Party), Labour (PvdA, Arbeid de Katholieke Volkspartij (KVP, Catholic People’s Party) and the Partij van cracy.1945,following years the In the by dominated were governments the of support liberal movement. the with democrats, social social the the around without or or democrats, with parties, religious around up grown have centre-left.Majorities the or centre-right the from parties four and two speaking, governments have been formed by stable coalitions of between making it something of a constitutional monarchy of the centre. Broadly The samegoesfortheChristiandemocrats. riably played an important role in contemporary Dutch political history. liberals to provide a head of government, the liberal movement the has inva- for rare be may it while But democrats. social the or parties gious For decades, Dutch political life was characterised by a large measure right,populist 2002,new Pim In the Lijst of the rise behind the after temporary a put victory overwhelming parties’ liberal the 1994, In demo- parliamentary Dutch to central are life their and Coalitions centre, the from governed been has Netherlands the decades, For . The 1958 parliamentary elections put an put elections parliamentary 1958 coalities).The (rooms-rode ), comprising liberal parties and parties liberal paars),comprising and the Christian democrats, each of which has a right wing and a left a and wing right a has which of liberals each democrats, Christian the and the democrats, social the namely Netherlands, the in groups political classic main three the of one within coexist sometimes rents cur Such right. the on some left, the on some undercurrents, and rents day, withspecificemphasisonthelastdecade. present the to years post-war the spanning period the covers note This caused such an hasupheaval in the which Dutch right,political landscape radicalin recent times. new the of emergence the for goes same The gical trends, but very little analysis has been made of the right as a whole. academicmonographs, has been devoted toparticular parties orideolo numerousmention journalisticwriting, to and generalnot of deal good A published. been have Netherlands the in right ideological and tical poli the of overview an offering studies serious few Tovery onlydate, alternative policiesorprogrammes. “purple coalition” governments, finds itself unable to formulate credible ment. The moderate left, which has been in crisis since the demise of the govern- centre-right a than rather rightwing a to birth given has lition coa- new scene.such,the political As the on position stronger a it gave and current rightwing populist the of surge a in resulted vote the trend: this confirmed elections parliamentary 2010 June the of outcome The divide.left-right new a be to appears what to way giving is – coalitions form to necessary consensus the achieve to politics Dutch of ability the much-touted the – ration overcome.be to right Today,and coope- and convergence of notion the modern parliamentary democracy in the mid-19 of widely.birth differ the sometimes with that emerged positions These positions political and ideological of set a encompasses actually notion There is no single term to describe the right in the Netherlands, where the Christian democracy, liberalismandpopulism. generally classed on the right include supporters of currents as diverse as Depending on the circumstances and the times, there have been cur been have times,there the and circumstances the on Depending D efi n i n g g t he righ he (Polder model) that emphasises that model) (Polder poldermodel t i n

t he Ne he t herla th century. Dutch parties n ds - - - -

9 The state of the right: the Netherlands 10 fondapol | political innovation the population in the mid-20 of the 40% in population to the up for accounted Catholics that mind in bearing parties, rals on the left. The right was represented by Protestant and/or Catholic libe- the and democrats social the put This parties. non-religious and “right” word the changed. of meaning political the when is War. This World Second the after place took that change big the clarify must we turies, analysis of the right for the entire period covering the 19 the covering period entire the for right the of analysis essentialist an undertaking Without years. the over shifted fact in has the of “right”scope term,the unchanging and precise a being from Far on theparliamentaryandpoliticalsidelines. generally are they exist,but currents xenophobic and nationalist,racist gely absent from Dutch political life. Conservative, sovereigntist, (ultra-) or Bonapartist tradition. The “providential” figure is for that reason lar monarchist rightwing a have not politically.does and Netherlands The (D66, Democrats66). 66 Democraten of liberals leftwing the and (VVD) liberals rightwing wing. A distinction is generally drawn within the liberal current between ties (right)and socialdemocrats(left). the increasing prevalence of governments comprising both religious par explains This place. its taking progressives and conservatives between VVD.fading,split be a to with thought was the divide left-right classic The and Party) Labour (PvdA, Arbeid de van Partij electorate: classic their beyond support attracting at aimed parties political new to rise gave currents liberal and democratic social The antagonisms. ideo- logical former reconcile to was idea The redrawn. be would map tical ideologically, politicallyandculturally. until 1939 to enter government. has always been marginal, wait to had period, interwar the during electorate the of 20% roughly the Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij (SDAP), which accounted for of democrats social The parties. religious the by dominated was ment anti-revolutionary and Protestant current. With few exceptions, govern- the represented 1879, in party, founded political first Netherlands’ the put first (ARP), Partij Kuyper, was Anti-Revolutionaire Abraham whose by forward divide classic The coalition”. “rightwing so-called the majority, governing the to central been had parties religious the tury, Until 1940, the left-right divide followed the split between religious between split the followed divide left-right the 1940, Until and religious politics dominate the right, both ideologically During the short post-war period, hope emerged that the Dutch poli- th century. Since the end of the 19 the of end the century.Since th and 20 and th th cen- cen- - - ralism. as known also is current politics.This of heart the at individual the place they socialists, the unlike But policies. liberal and democratic social of synthesis a are ideas Their intervention. public support they such, as economy; the in role vital a plays state the which in system a advocate and freedoms of citizens. In contrast with classic liberalism, they tend to and aregenerallyreticentaboutreformingparliamentary democracy. They advocate respect for tradition, monarchy and national sovereignty, order,and law of areas intervenes,principle,the only in in defence.and and economics) laissez-faire (classic matters economic to approach off trends emerged:conservativeliberalismandsocialliberalism. The liberal parties Trots and opNederland(ToN, Freedom) ProudoftheNetherlands). for (PVV, Party Vrijheid de voor Partij the (LPF), List Fortuyn Pim the by represented right, radical new the forces, populist new of emergence the seen has millennium new the least, means no by but Last breakthrough. its made party, far-right small a Democrats), party) won a handful of seats. agrarian In the 1980s, (an Centrum-Democraten (CD, Centre Boerenpartij the 1960s, the in In Beweging (NSB). Nederland Nationaal-Socialistische the of fascists the with 1930s, the in case the was This parties. rightwing of appearance the involved have Some upheavals. several experienced has system political Dutch changes,the profound experienced have not may l’œil.it trompe While was system parliamentary Dutch the of stability famed However, the In the mid-19 Liberalism is a major ideological and political current in the Netherlands. half of the 19 second Netherlands the in currents socialist the and religious of in today.advent the With exists it as democracy liberal modern in ushered Johan Rudolf Thorbecke was the artisan of the 1848 constitution, which vrijzinnig liberalisme, which translates as progressive or leftwing libe- oil ieas at h sae o rmt ad urne te rights the guarantee and promote to state the want liberals Social Liberal conservatives support a system where the state takes a hands- th th The The century, liberals were forced to structure themselves. Two century, it dominated the political scene. As such, liberal m ai n

cu rre nt s a s n d d t heir his heir t or y 11 The state of the right: the Netherlands 12 fondapol | political innovation First World War. the after vote to right the women giving 1901,of in artisan League) the before 1892), the of emergence the Vrijzinnig in (VDB,Bond Democratische Democratic split Union Liberal the (after League Radical the in Liberale Partij (LP, Liberal Party) in the 1922. Leftwing and liberals 1894,joined forces in followed Liberals) Free (VL, Liberalen Vrije Union); structure themselvesatthistime. to began liberals the hand, other the on Catholics and Protestants and hand, one the on socialists the from competition with Faced ”. fair a for state “active an advocated They population. the of segments all to ideal liberal the extend to sought and rights, voting of extension maintained, be to the and laws order social of introduction the backed liberals social social the while for called and economy market the

parties, CDA (religious)andthePvdA(social democratic). centre classic history,biggest parliamentary two the beat party liberal a post-war in time first the For state. welfare the back scaling and nomy manifesto was focused Rutte’son immigration, elections.law and order, parliamentary 2010 restoring the eco- June the in victory to them led 2007. in Rita Verdonkfollowed another 2004; in Geert Wilders followed group such party. One the left MPs rightwing occasions, two on 2001: after the VVD. But the battle between the two currents inintensified the years within support their increased liberals conservative 80s,the and 1970s the In short). for (D66 66 Democraten party, liberal progressive new a of emergence the prevent to unable was but wings, right Democracy). and left its and Freedom for Between 1950 and 1970, the VVD Party managed to strike a balance between People’s (VVD, en Vrijheid Democratie voor Volkspartij the party, new another in forces liberals joined Other Party). Labour (PvdA, Arbeid de van Partij the party, democratic social based broadly a form to (CDU) Democratische-Unie Social Democratic Workers’ Party) and the small Christelijk progressive (SDAP, Partij Arbeiders Democratische Sociaal the with merged VDB the War.World First, Second the of aftermath the in intensified rents cur liberal two the between differences D66.The and VVD appeared: n h scn hl o te 20 the of half second the In Liberal (LU, Unie Liberale formed faction conservative the 1885, In In the second half of the 19 eety te V hs noe a eia udr ak ut, who Rutte, Mark under revival a enjoyed has VVD the Recently, th century, liberal conservatives supported th century, two new liberal parties parties liberal new two century, - 20 (kenniseconomie), environmentalandsocialissues. alternative. It also seeks to promote a better understanding of economic reasonable a as itself presents party The districts. of system moderate a of introduction the and mayors, city and minister prime the of tion referendums,the of abolition the of use the advocating objective, second the on focused The long D66.has party of principles founding the among are particular in system June 2010elections, winningtenseats. the in support their increased liberals social Wilders,the Geert by died embo- current populist the to opposition as role their in and Pechtold, leader,Alexander new their under However, seats. when three elections, only took parliamentary it 2006 the in D66 out wiped virtually of criticism and , rightwing of rise the But PvdA. the and VVD the with (1994-2002) coalitions” liberals),(social left two of part was it when peaked support its “purple liberal 1982.the in of its 6 party just A to 1981 in seats 17 from 1994; fell score in 24 and parliament 1967 the in seats 7 had history.It its throughout widely varied has support its brother,and liberal older its from itself distanced VVD.the D66 of Gruijters, Hans and Mierlo van Democraten 66 was founded in 1966 (hence its name) by journalist Hans social-liberal forcein2004. a as party Left),her (Green positioning GroenLinks began of leader the Halsema, Femke that noteworthy also is It seats. any win to failed but elections, parliamentary 2010 and 2006 the in candidates fielded party (LibDem) was founded Partij by Sammy van Tuyll Democratische van Serooskerken. Liberaal The new 2006, In left. the and ToN) and (PVV the activity of think tanks and the emergence of new parties on the right in reflected also is trend This times. recent in Netherlands the in ming the EuropeanLiberalDemocratandReformParty(ELDR). and parties) political radical and liberal of federation international (an the in International parties Liberal the of member a VVD, pro-European is the it Like Netherlands. strongly most the among is D66 crats. th Its programme makes D66 the prolongation of the VDB of the early the of the VDB of prolongation the D66 makes programme Its political the and general in society of democratisation radical The The VVD and D66 show the extent to which liberalism has been boo- century. Some of its members prefer to be known as liberal demo- liberal as known be to prefer members its century.of Some (),EersteKamer elec- direct the 13 The state of the right: the Netherlands 14 fondapol | political innovation racterised by “depillarisation”racterised survival strategy for the Christian current after the 1960s, a period cha- a of part was movements Catholic and party.Protestant of merger The Protestant reformed CHU,a the People’sand (Catholic Party) KVP the 1879), Party, (ARP, Anti-Revolutionary Partij Anti-Revolutionaire the Protestant party). including CHU (Christian Historical Union) and SGP (a fundamentalist parties,Protestant of handful a of up made is right”),which little (“the Christian Democratic Appeal), as well as by the so-called (CDA,Appèl Democratisch Christen by embodied Today,politics. is it Like liberalism, the religious current plays a preponderant role in Dutch The religious parties 1 hy ok ak h ris f oe, ny o oe evl i te June the in heavily lose to only power, of reins the back took They minister.prime became Balkenende Peter Jan 2002,when in resurfaced lity andsolidarityarealsoamongitsvalues. and the fruits of creation belong to everyone equally. Justice, responsibi- the servant of God. The state must defend nature and society as a whole, being man fundamental, are Bible the and values democratic Christian that states CDAprogramme, its In Protestants. as well as Catholics of (south and east of the country) and moderate Protestant voters. For decades, CDA enjoyed stable electoral support among rural, Catholic Balkenende.Peter Jan and Lubbers RuudAgt,van Dries includingters, parliamentarya ningmajority. such, Asprovided severalitminisprime the left as well as to the right, and its support was often critical in obtai betweenthe VVD,PvdAand1994D66in and2002. CDA canswing to coali tiongovernments, all withtheexception twoof in “purplecoalitions” place formed a it gave right and left between position central Its 150). of (out seats 54 as many as won it1980s, the In life.political of tary elections. in thescoresobtainedbyCHU, the ARP andtheKVPinparliamen- secularisation of Dutch society. This was reflected in the gradual decline dance with their own rules but allcomply with afew basic rules End of , a system that structures society on separate pillars, which organise themselves in accor CDA was formed in 1980 from the merger of three parties, namely parties, three of merger the from 1980 in formed was CDA h Crsin eort sfee a rsig eet n 94 but 1994, in defeat crushing a suffered Democrats Christian The centrist,and democratic Christian both Considered CDA up made is CDA managed to stabilise its electoral support and remain at the heart 1

and the more pronounced more the and (ontzuiling) Die klein rechts - - - - the lastgovernmentofJanPeterBalkenendewasafirst. issues.in environmental participation and Its social on left the to closer to euthanasia and gay marriage, support for authority and values) but is (opposition ethics rightwing with associated traditionally are that tions posi- advocates UC candidates. as run not may they join, may women orthodox Protestantvillages. its of density the by characterised is and northeast to southwest from country the crosses that area an Belt, Bible the in located is electorate parliament. Their in seats eight and five between hold to tend CU and (RPF,Formatie Politieke Reformatorische the and 1975). Together,SGP Verbond(GPV,Politiek Gereformeerd 1948) the between merger 2004 the of born was latter The (CU). ChristenUnie and 1918, in founded SGP,groups: parliamentary small two by embodied current, Protestant (orthodox) the also is Party,there Democratic Christian the Alongside Christian values. reawakening” “ethical an for 1970s the in minister,called prime and minister justice conservative jolts. For instance, a CDA member, , a former few a felt has history,it its During government. of parties experienced elections.2010 PvdA,the Alongside CDAmost the of one considered is hc ge fo lcl atos n eegd t h ntoa lvl in level national the at emerged and factions local from grew party,which This Netherlands). (Liveable current Nederland Leefbaar new the of leader 2002, as in fore the to came first liberal,Fortuyn populist and dandy a publicist, and LPF.sociologist Fortuyn’s A Pim was level Nawijn, 2006). Lijst 2006), (Hilbrand Nederland Pastors, voor Partij and Stuger, (Marco 2006) (Olaf Fortuyn Vijf NL Eén parties: ephemeral more and the marginal party of former minister , and several smaller (2002-2008) and Geert Wilders’s PVV (2006). There is also ToN (2007), right”radical The most striking feature has been the appearance of the so-called “new The populist parties SGP is the most orthodox of these two small Protestant parties. While The first of these parties to achieve a breakthrough at the national the at breakthrough a achieve to parties these of first The millennium. the of turn the since thriving been has right Dutch The . Its main components are the LPF the are radicaal)components rechts main (nieuw .Its n te eouig f uc scey on society Dutch of refocusing the and reveil) (ethisch 15 The state of the right: the Netherlands 16 fondapol | political innovation gramme effectively rules out classifying it with the far right. Politically right. far the with it pro- classifying out its rules effectively in gramme – right far the of characteristics fundamental the of one – discrimination racial of absence views.total racist The expound representatives not do its and preference, national support not does it such, Muslims.Dutch As of rights civil or citizenship Dutch the withdraw to headscarves Muslim of wearers for tax of a of introduction the or mosques building on ban a including measures ideas strong advocates the PVV The and 1990s. the Janmaat in (CD) Hans Centrum-Democraten with it aligns which , lysis, thereisanabundanceofterms. avoids all attempts to position his party. In the absence of scientific ana- himself Wildersneo-conservative. or populist nationalist, fascist, right, third-largest political force. It is difficult to characterise this current: far- Netherlands’ the became PVV the elections, parliamentary 2010 June the In 2006. early in PVV the founding scene, political the onto burst The populist movement took on another dimension when Geert Wilders leftist intelligentsia. the and media the by dominated be to considered he that sphere public past (the 1950s rather than 1968). He saw himself as the adversary of a recent the for respect with nostalgia of sense a to prone was and tion, immigra- and Islamisation to opposed violently was he name, their In rights.ethical libertarian of advocate an time,was same Fortuyn the At nationalism.his to integration European and communalism of rejection and populism his to central elite political the for liberalism,disdain his to central was state welfare the of nationalism.Criticism and populism change. His political beliefs were summed up in three words: liberalism, breaks with the past: his programme was based on the notion of gradual coalition withthe VVD andJanPeterBalkenende’s CDA. a entered and 150) of (out seats 26 won nevertheless party activist.His 2002 May the environmental an of by assassinated was elections,Fortuyn parliamentary eve the on But polls. the in higher moved weeks, LPF following the the In elections. local 2002 March 6 the in victory to LPF the led style provocative and language striking party.His own his found to movement the left Fortuyn 2002, early in dispute a After cipation, condemned bureaucracy and aimed to challenge asylum policy. 1999,parti- political and life political of democratisation the supported The PVV is considered a rightwing movement because of its ethnic its of because movement rightwing a considered is PVV The radical and tangible for man a not was career,Fortuyn his During , but it refuses it (kopvoddentaks)but , became his mentor.his became Bolkestein’seconomic espoused neo-liberal Wilders tially focused on social and economic issues. VVD leader Frits Bolkestein rance benefits, primarily the WAO, the workers’ disability regime. insu social of misuse the and structuresbureaucratic large for disdain agencyhealthforinsurance organisations), mid-1980s,thein fuelled his central Verzekeringsraad (the Sociale the and organisations) insurance health foragency Ziekenfondsraadcentral the(the in worked he which important for him, sometimes to the point of obsession. The period during such, As the experiences. Israeli-Palestinian conflict formative and the broader critical Middle East are most very Wilders’s among count 1983 list-populist period. today’snationa- by followed period, neo-conservative second a period, conservative-liberal initial an phases: distinct three seen and has thinking political his of development The movement. rightwing recently only has democracy become afeatureofitsprogramme. direct of concept the that in populism classic from differs also PVV The “citizens”. of concept liberal more the of favour in eschews he which “people”,of concept homogeneous the middle and working classes, without stooping to use the collectivist with and sides and multiculturalism, and elites, cultural and political (SP).the populism criticises Wildersleftwing and Nederland) (Leefbaar Flemish Belang),(the populism Vlaams right liberal nationalist populist gion, which brings his party closer to the nationalist and populist current. reli and expression of freedomrestricting advocates alsoWilders since liberalism, of reading consistent very a not is It dimensions. – Europe from free be mustNetherlands the – sovereigntistand – state the from (Vrijheid) Socialism.Freedom National and fascism of nationalismcollective and itsnationalism isliberal, andhas nothing incommon with theextremist nationalism,of form a representmay PVV values.thesocial While and political of forefront the at state, a as establishednation, the place not does he nationalists, the Unlike “patriot”. a as himself cast to prefers two years, andtotheUnitedStates. than more for lived he where , to close culturally,is and Wilders In 1990, Wilders entered politics, as a member of the VVD. He ini- VVD.He the of member a as politics, entered 1990,Wilders In doubtTherenothatyearsspenttheIsraelis hein between 1980and motley a of head the at strategist political a all above is Wilders the – movements populist with ideas some shares also PVV The The PVV is considered to be a nationalist party, but Geert Wilders Geert party,but nationalist a be to considered is PVV The is seen byseen is Wildersindividual negativetheitsfree –inbe must - - 17 The state of the right: the Netherlands 18 fondapol | political innovation more than either the LPF or the VVD, is adamant that Muslim immi- Muslim that adamant is VVD,the or LPF the either than more to compares he (which Koran the ban to proposal his Fortuyn,witness or guarantees mediaattention. methods, such as the release of a video clip entitled innovative his But tsunami!”). Islamist the “Stop as such expressions (in aggressive sometimes is style expressive jihad”2004.His “liberal in a in for call to AyaanAli with Hirsi rhetoric forces joining period, 2002-2005 the his radicalised clearly he And culture. and society Dutch for Islam of danger the denying of them accused has virulent.He more became elite Dutch liberal the of liberalism.criticism constitutional His the VVD’sfrom traditional away shift a mark Islamists) (Dutch groups from . delinquents petty and imams terrorists,extremist Islamist attacked also issue with his rhetoric on law and order, and individual freedom. Wilders Bolkestein,of with partisan split a lectual the idea of democratising the Middle East, sparking a political and intel- policy.US backed colleague Ayaanand backed party WithHirsi Ali,he thinking. After 2001, he became a staunch defender of the War on Terror his dominate now values and themes neo-conservative that suggest tors fac- several liberalism, neo-conservative and conservative between torn horse flogging his Islam, made of has influence he growing which the Wildersattacks also Lastly, verysevere. also is communitarianism, Dutch and ossified, as opinion, andheapingparticularscornontheleftwingmedia. Burke Edmund the public and class political the over hegemony its ,citing of of Spruyt Jan critical particularly became Bart He Stichting). Burke (Edmund Foundation by inspired was it where Netherlands, the and States United the in current political fashionable are nowcentraltopoliticallife. Heshiftedtowardsneo-, a that themes new two extremism, Islamic and terrorism of rejection his West. the to Islam of danger the against warned he 911, before WAO);well to respect with (especially reform security social championed He tism. views, his realism in foreign policy and his social and cultural conserva- Mein Kampf ) or to introduce a tax on the Muslim headscarf. Wilders, On immigration and Islam, Wilders goes further than either Bolkestein His calls for strict and specific measures with respect to certain social the of criticism His highlight to sought Wilders2006, and 2002 Subsequently,between hl idr sil em t be to seems still Wilders While (Feindmarkierung). efr sae wih e describes he which state, welfare poldermodel realpolitik.this combined He Fitna, or “Discord”, of principle or for expediency – and have veered sharply to the left. They issues. Wilders and the PVV have dropped the neo-liberal line – either out the introductionofreferendums asapoliticaltool. Islamisation. In and 2010, the PVV started globalisation advocating direct democracy and by threatened are and elite the by abandoned been have who citizens Dutch ordinary – people the for speak to claims Afghanistan.He in presence military Dutch the to end an demands now the 2005 referendum. Turning his back on his early 2000s stance, Wilders Netherlands and national identity, and he campaigned against Europe in as Poles, Romanians and Bulgarians. Wilders focuses his rhetoric on the such members, EU recent from immigrants as well as Antilles),(Dutch origins Caribbean of people of presence the about complain however Hungarian a PVV. to the in does common He quite are married marriages interethnic – woman is Wilders origins. some at only aimed are convictions anti-immigration His themes. racist overtly spouts he that mean not does this although – Muslims of rejection total a become has ago years few a advocated he assimilation “hard”The full-blooded Islamophobia. to converted has Wilders Axis, Euro-Arab the Eurabia: book her in Ye’or,Bat developed historian she British ideas the namely diversity. of cultural theories and the globalisation by nomic Influenced eco- opposes and judiciary) and police (state, authority of return society,the of reform the advocates He people. virtuous the against elite corrupt the sets politics of international conception Wilders’s Furthermore, to bodies. sovereignty of surrender any of refusal the and tion immigra- of refusal outright an values, national of defence rigorous a by primarily characterised stance nationalist-populist more a of favour in dropped were issues neo-conservative Some 2006. in PVV the ting crea- left, far too deemed he which VVD,the left he 2004, August In immigration). of rejection broader reality,a (in society of Islamisation growing the of rejection his and identity Dutch the preserve to desire fight againsttheso-calledIslamisationof West. foremost a neo-liberal, Wilders sees economic policy as secondary to the and always pushed for dialogue. Unlike Pim Fortuyn, who was first and was more conciliatory on the question of the assimilation of immigrants, that Islamicand Western valueswereincompatible, asearly1990, he stands apart from Bolkestein: while Wilders’s mentor was the first to say grants in the Netherlands should assimilate fully. On the latter point, he The recent shift has been most conspicuous on economic and social and economic on conspicuousmost been has shift recent The the on focused are activities Today,political and Wilders’sthinking 19 The state of the right: the Netherlands 20 fondapol | political innovation a strong defence and the end to the immigration of Surinamese natio- Surinamese of immigration the to end the and defence strong a NATO, advocating and States United the of policies anti-Communist support for Chile’s President Allende). By contrast, DS’70 supported the its as (such policy foreign and economic on turn Labour’sleft opposed It faction. PvdA a by 1970 in founded party,was labour centre-right a democrats), social the (DS’70, Socialisten-70 Democratisch thinking. able tofindapermanentplaceinthepoliticallandscape. the neo-conservative current has continued to exist, without having been an for call his reawakening”“ethical 1970s.early the in years,recent In van Dries currents: anti-liberal (CDAin Agt for known best is member) and Partij) Anti-Revolutionaire the of Kuyper,founder (Abraham tury quite theopposite. is reality the fact, In influence. lack they that mean however not does absence relative This right. the on support electoral or clout political right,Dutch no or little with currents ideological of multitude a is there Other trends and rightwing parties an extremist, racistandxenophobicprotestparty. himself from currents that would happily make PVV nothing more than distanced voluntarily has Wilders themes, these On homosexuals. and and women of euthanasia empowerment the supports rights, also PVV selection.The embryo abortion of favour in out come has It issues. leader), the PVV paradoxically holds libertarian views on certain ethical party (Hatikva Eldad Arieh and Home), Our Is (Israel YisraelBeiteinu of founder Lieberman, Avigdor like figures far-right with friendly including as – regards he nations two the – Israel and States United the in links personal have may Wildersneo-cons. While or nationalists list and oppose attempts to ease labour law or increase the retirement age. wage, minimum the includingaspects, its all in security social support rents that have defended Calvinist Christian principles since the 19 and urban Dutch society. commercial It does, however, bourgeois, have a strong position in the cur in support strong commanded never has The conservative current The conservative movement is also reflected in social democratic social in reflected also is movement conservative The Apart from the three major political movements that characterise the popu- as PVV classify the to Wildersand simplistic over be would It There is no true conservative party in the Netherlands. Conservatism th cen- - The nationalist current declined rapidlyandwasdissolvedin1983. but coalition, governing the entered and elections parliamentary 1971 nals. DS’70 enjoyed strong but fleeting success: it took eight seats in the ornatj and alaetr rpeetto i 16, n conti - and 1963, in representation parliamentary gained Boerenpartij the 1958, in Founded Boerenpartij. anti-establishment the movement, culture.However, agrarian rightwing a of emergence the saw 1960s the agri- for minister the provided traditionally has CDA,which by sented party.agrarian no is Historically, repre- been has sector agricultural the life, there financial country’sand the economic in importance great has The agrarian current in the1980s. the agrarian party in the 1960s and the far right (Centrum-Democraten) exceptions: two with marginalised, politically itself found right phobic and wasultimatelybannedin1945. Nazis occupying the with anti- collaborated and subsequently It racist party. a Semitic into itself transformed NSB the 1940, in invasion The NSB’s decline followed its radicalisation. On the eve of the German party.new the thwart to forces joined having Protestant) and (Catholic the 1937 parliamentary elections, the established parties and the Church lated Jews. Its success at the 1935 regional elections was not repeated at assimi - years, early the in including, tendencies, cultural and political all cover supporters Its electorate. its of majority the up made classes up a great success, winning nearly 8% of the vote in regional elections. notched it 1935,April In 1930s.the of half second the in radical more became NSB the manifesto, founding its in figured actions anti-Semitic or racist no While cult. leadership press; the of freedom of reduction sation of society and the economy in accordance with corporatist ideals; organi state, strong follows: as were Mussert’smanifesto in contained ideas Socialism.The National extent, lesser a to and, fascism by pired ins originally was NSB The 1931. in Mussert Anton by founded was Movement in the Netherlands). Anti-parliamentary and authoritarian, it Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland (NSB, National Socialist The nationalist parties that emerged in the 20 the in emerged that parties nationalist The While the agricultural world is represented in the Netherlands and Netherlands the in represented is world agricultural the While In the early post-war decades, the nationalist, authoritarian and xeno- middle the categories, social all in support found NSB the While th century include the include century - - 21 The state of the right: the Netherlands 22 fondapol | political innovation 1967, aperiodofconfusionandturmoilinthecountry. was as vague as it was far-reaching, explains the party’s breakthrough in spiritual – as well as Christianity (). This programme, which and political economic, – freedom generally,defended More Market.it imposed on the agricultural sector by the state and the nascent Common extremist. nor racist neither was Boerenpartij the NSB, the from hailed have may members its of some and values, national defended have may it while However, parties. far-right with classified been often has It Protestant. on itsleft. Itfolded. governments centre-right and right its on party xenophobic a caught between election, general the at failed but Party), People’s (Rightwing Rechtse Volkspartijrenamed was 1981,decline.it In into went 1981,it After opposition. in remained nevertheless it although seven, to rising Koekoek. Between 1967 and 1971, it enjoyed a boom, with its seat tally nued to hold a few seats until 1981. Its most famous leader was Hendrik btor; h itouto o cuss xoln te uc nto in nation Dutch the extolling courses of introduction the abattoirs; ritual Muslim and Jewish of closure the and mosques, of construction the and immigration of outlawing penalty,the death the of troduction rein - the includes programme Its tendencies. anti-capitalist and neo- Nazi with group small a is 1971, in founded Union), People’s Dutch new dormitorytownof . The CP still takes 9% of the vote in municipal elections, especially in the 1998. to 1989 from Parliament in seat a held also Janmaat left. far the of groups splinter anti-fascist the by opposed strongly and known well cipal councils, and its ideas only ever appealed to a small minority, it was only ever had a smattering of representation in parliament and on muni- CP the while And outlawed. not was party the but language, their for convicted and prosecuted were leaders its occasions, several On first”). was cry rallying party’s the phobic, in seat xeno- and a racist Openly parliament. 1982-1986 held the during Parliament Janmaat Hans member CP Party). Centre (CP, Partij Centrum the 1980: early in parliament enter fact in did party far-right a decades, for sidelines the on remained movement far-right the While The far-right current hogot t eitne te at opsd cnmc regulations economic opposed party the existence, its Throughout The Boerenpartij was conservative, liberal, monarchist and orthodox h oiia fre eid h C, eelns VlsUi (NVU, Volks-Unie Nederlandse CP, the behind force original The “u people (“our eerste” volk “eigen The police, whichattracttheattentionoffar-left movementsandthemedia. of means by demonstrations, often banned by time city mayors or strictly regulated to by the time from itself to attention draws it However, has resurfaced and taken part in a few local elections, with little success. NATO.from withdrawal Netherlands’ least,the CP years,the recent In banning of drugs; an increase in social-welfare benefits; and, last but not schools; support for SMEs in the face of multinational corporations; the right’s views of Europe, and their policies fit into the existing EU fra- EU existing the into fit policies their and Europe, of views right’s (SP, SocialistParty ofMaoistorigin), anothersovereigntist force. Partij Socialistische the by represented left, far the as wavelength same With respect to Europe and immigration, the new radical right is on the agriculture.Brussels,on of especially face the in sovereignty Dutch tore European Economic Community (EEC). It believes it is necessary to res- and Romanians. It would be happy if Bulgarians Europe were limited to Poles,the former to market labour the close to aims PVV The erode. increasingly will EU the within importance the Netherlands’ expresses the that It fear independence. Netherlands’ the end to plotting and EU stands accused of encouraging the Islamisation of the Old Continent munity,it dubbing com- and power foreign a as Europe sees right radical The represents. supposedly Europe that all and Union European the to opposed fiercely particular,is in PVV the and right, radical new the hand, one the On The Dutchright’s positionsonEuropearenotunanimous. Hague, the2005ballotwasarealgamechanger. The in Justice of Court International the including institutions, tional interna- many hosts that country a members,EU’s founding the of one evaporated, while criticism of Europe and its institutions has grown. For have Union European the of enlargement the and integration European the “no” at the 2005 referendum on Europe, declarations of support for Europe was largely absent from the spring 2010 election campaign. Since The The The moderate right and the centre-right do not share the new radical Dutc h righ h “die club vanclub “die Brussels”).of band (“the Brussel” The t a n d d t he he c halle n ges of of ges t he 21 he st

c e ntu r y 23 The state of the right: the Netherlands 24 fondapol | political innovation Copenhagen criteria. the fulfils ’saccept it would if VVD the CDAentry and whereas “EU: Turkije(EU: in,Nederland” er uit Turkeyer in, out),Netherlands slogan the Turkey,with for accession out rules categorically PVV the marginally: differ actually do views their however question, latter the done On EU. the enter be to allowed be not Turkeythat should and should with away Strasbourg in Parliament European the of meetings identity andinternationalcooperation, especiallywithinEurope. national between contradiction no see democrats Christian the right, radical the unlike and general, energy.In renewable on policy EU and strengthen the EU’s control over the financial markets, the single market to want also They innovation. and knowledge of fields the in position European Strategy for 2020 will improve the Netherlands’ international the of heart the at citizens European of training and education the cing pla- that believe agenda,and Lisbon the back also democrats Christian The farmers. from coming support electoral their of proportion ficant signi- crucial,a as Policy Common Agricultural the see level.also They European at policy asylum of management joint achieve to aim They pro-European. most the are democrats Christian the parties, rightwing major the budget.Among EU the of control better achieve to aim and modern, and efficient more EU the make to hope liberals mework.The would put the accent on law and order at home at the expense of mili- of expense the at home at order and law on accent the put would security,it of terms In balance. global the and policy its foreign of in vision adamant most the is right radical The globalisation. to related issues other on differ parties rightwing of rhetoric and positions The disadvantaged immigrantsorthosewithinsufficienttraining. policy. Its aim now is to attract highly skilled workers and deny entry to immigration over control tighter of idea the backs also right kers.The of recruitment wor domestic protect to order in regulated the be should nationals foreign that and strengthened be should controls border a of more as seen danger thanachallenge. is world the to openness and issues, domestic on chiefly focused currently are parties rightwing large speaking, Broadly Globalisation ihwn ognstos n h Ntelns hr te iw that view the share Netherlands the in organisations Rightwing The right agrees that aid to developing countries should be cut,that be should countries developing to aid that agrees right The - and raisingthelevelofvocationalschools. profession teaching the upgrading recommends increased.It be to need will economy knowledge the and education in investment that agrees right the globalisation, with deal to Netherlands the enable better To Democrats favourDutchpresenceininternationalmissions. Christian and responsibility.Liberals shared The and solidarity,justice of basis community,the international on the in involvement continued that “the Netherlands is not an island”. The Christian democrats propose be reassessed. The moderate right has different views. CDA theorists say Netherlands the by signed treaties international that demands PVV The home. at terrorism and violence against fight the of intensification the and Afghanistan, including missions, international in involvement tary tary engagement abroad. It has also called for the end of the Dutch mili- society. The liberals believe it is important to stimulate the integration of of heart the at be should – citizen the – individual the that view its with respect this in consistent is party origin.colour,The or skin religion of of liberal values, and says that society is for all its members, irrespective and anendtodualnationality. amnesty”, it also proposes the systematic expulsion of illegal immigrants the with “general away their do to order benefits. In security social to access on limits and immigrants for conditions entry tighter proposes seekers (1,000peryear). to sign assimilation contracts, and the introduction of quotas for asylum immigrants for requirement the advocates also PVV The circumcision. qualms about dismissing the Koran and denounces the practice no of has female burqa, the outlaw to need the stressed has He service. civil the in headscarves Muslim on ban a for called has He for mosques. aid building and media Muslim to subsidies of termination the countries, Islamic from immigrants of entry the to halt immediate an see to wants rightwing Liberalshaveborrowedsomeaspectsofthesamerhetoric. PVV,but the by up sewed much pretty been has it issue, an As years. Islam has had an important place in political and public debate in recent Islam Setting itself apart from the PVV, the VVD stresses the importance the stresses PVV,VVD the the from apart itself Setting The radical right often refers to the “communitarian nightmare” and Wilders religion. a than ideology an as more Islam sees PVV The

25 The state of the right: the Netherlands 26 fondapol | political innovation with thoseoftheleft. smaller,converge to views return its where points schools,all upgraded a advocates right the education, In managers. of number the reduce to and caregivers of number the increase sector,to this in bonuses rance mechanism that was introduced in healthcare in the 1990s, to ban seve- market the end to users, to closer services social and health of nisation want to do away with large bureaucratic agencies, to promote the orga- is also debate on the retirement age: should it be kept at 65 or raised? non-Dutchbenefits recipientsto (family allowances, instance). for There bestepped up. ThePVV also wants to end all payments of social welfare cies. It believes that investment in healthcare and the social services should extend thisprovisiontomayors. to sufficient be would it think liberals the whereas suffrage, universal by judiciary senior the and minister prime the of election the proposes the also right radical Representatives.The of of House the in 150) MPs of number of (instead 100 to reduction the and Senate the of lition abo- the namely institutions, Dutch of overhaul radical a PVV the and a state”for “dynamic called have democrats Christian tape,the red cut of civil servants and government departments. While the liberals want to number the reduce spending,to cut and to need the to agree parties All The welfare state proposed NationalHistoryMuseum. its witness identity, Dutch the of strengthening the and participation cultural active as well as process, integration the of reform a proposes party law.However,the the before equality of principle the to adhere and religious pluralism. Their view is that all religious communities must Unlike the PVV, CDA continues to emphasise the importance of cultural cohesion. social of preservation the requires which interest, shared and currently organisedbytheState, entrustedtoprivateproviders. courses, integration see to like would They work. through immigrants n eet er, h Dth ih ars te or hs dpe strong rhetoric onlaw andorder. adopted has board the across right Dutch the years, recent In Law and order The right has a long list of reforms on its agenda. All rightwing parties On health and education, the radical right proposes truly leftwing poli society sustainable of concepts the defend Democrats Christian The - blished (PVP)andthatproceduresforimmediatetrialbedeveloped. esta- be camps re-education that (CDA), introduced be troublemakers the at local level. authorised allowed been be only have searches tests date, to body country; the preventive throughout that proposed been has It investigations. preliminary and spying of terms in particularly mined, CDA Netherlands”. agreeswiththeradicalright onthisissue. the from scum the “expel to wants PVV tougher. The becoming is immigrants or criminals foreign police. against rhetoric the Finally, reforming advocate the and criminals, increasing for support penalty they maximum Moreover, PVV). the (for out!” you’re and strikes “three and tolerance” “zero and VVD), the (for penalty” system on the right to strike, which translates as “three strikes, maximum payments shouldbestoppedimmediately. benefit fraud, security social of case In police. the of resources human and financial the increase to spent be should money more that and rely as websites and think tanks. The rightwing media include newspapers such any researchinstitutionorpolitical journal. Foundation and publishes Foundation Prinsterer van Groen G. publishes Mr.and the with works CU The journal the and CDA het voor as known journal a publish and D66, Kenniscentrum Stichting bureau, scientific a have journal the and (Teldersstichting) Foundation Telders the has VVD The journals. research publish and Most rightwing parties have a political consultancy or research institute, , the country’s largest national daily (populist right), and Lastly, it has been suggested that compulsory penal service for young Under the fight against terrorism, individual rights have been under been have rights terrorism, individual against fight the Under American the following advocate liberals the and right radical The The rightwing parties agree that crime should be punished more seve- ihwn ies r as epesd hog a ewr o media, of network a through expressed also are ideas Rightwing wie G wrs ih h Gio e Bres de Guido the with works SGP while Denkwijzer, . CDA has set up the WetenschappelijkInstituut the up set CDAhas Idee. Media a Media Zicht. The PVV is not at this time attached to Christen-Democratische VerkenningenChristen-Democratische . n d d . The leftwing liberals leftwing The reveil.Liberaal n e t works - 27 The state of the right: the Netherlands 28 fondapol | political innovation ties, throughdebates, conferences andpublications. activi- its continues nevertheless Foundation The support. financial of an office in in 2002, but had to close it in 2006 due to a lack have expressed their support for Geert Wilders. The Foundation opened members founding Union.Some European the vis-à-vis attitude critical a keeping and immigration curtailing include proposals conservative neo- Other reformed. profoundly be should state welfare the that and order) public of maintenance security, (defence, functions basic its to of law and order, namely that the role of the state should be rolled back of anewconservativeelite. The valuestheydefendincludetheprinciple thought and debate on conservatism, and to contribute to the emergence for forum a with sphere public the provide to is aim themselves.Their differentiate to wish now they VVD,rightwing the to close Originally Spruyt.scientists Jan tical Bart Kinneging,and Andreas Livestro Joshua poli- and philosophers by created was It role. important an plays tank, 2000. The (Foundation Edmund Burke), a think impact ofthesenewmediaandplatformsonpublicopinion. politics and represents the LPF at local level. It is difficult to measure the Pim Fortuyn. Its president, (1983), is involved in of ideas the on draws and people, young by created was site latter The foundation). a also is (which www.hetvrijewoord.org and jevolk.com www.hetvrias such websites emerged.- include have They communities swung tothelefttenyearsago. now also has a column. Spruyt Jan Bart neo-con there,and column weekly a wrote years many weekly flagship the by led newspapers, opinion-based some for goes same The movement. populist the with in fit ethics journalistic and style editorial including papers, news- free editions.the regional also of are network There extensive an and edition national a has which right), (popular Dagblad Algemeen e-osraim a md get tie i te ehrad since Netherlands the in strides great made has Neo-conservatism web and websites numerous press, conventional the to Parallel Elsevier, centred on economic and political life. Pim Fortuyn for (distributed by (distributed Spits HP/De Tijd, originally a centre-left publication, De TelegraafDe and ) , whose Metro, stability. political achieve will right the AyaanAli),forgetting Hirsi Wilders,not and whether, after several years of upheaval (from Pim Fortuyn to Geert centre the of collapse the hasten will PVV), of support the (with CDA of democrats Christian the and VVD liberal rightwing the comprising coalition, rightwing new the whether seen be to remains It mentation. frag- of phase a through going is politics Dutch how show democrats) social and democrats (Christian parties centre traditional the of decline cultural thansocioeconomic. new a fostered has populism rightwing that “pillarisation”,socio- more Today’s society is increasingly focused on itself. A second point to note is long.so against for politics Dutch characterised that world the to openness the goes right new The neo-conservatism. and nationalism lism, popu- combines ideology whose right, radical new the for support in gration, Europeanintegrationandthefightagainstterrorism. immi- mass globalisation, of challenges the to responses better offering is it components, various its in that, appears currently It millennium. new the of start the since support growing enjoyed has right Dutch The The emergence of new political groupings (LPF,groupings PVV,political new the ToN)of and emergence The surge the been has development this of feature spectacular most The Co nc l u sio n 29 The state of the right: the Netherlands 30 fondapol | political innovation LPF : LijstPimFortuyn PvdD : PartijvoordeDieren SGP : StaatkundigGereformeerdePartij D66 : Democraten66 CU : ChristenUnie GL : GroenLinks PVV : Partijvoorde Vrijheid VVD : SP : SocialistischePartij PvdA : Partijvande Arbeid CDA : Christen-Democratisch Appèl ToN : Trots opNederland and Democracy) Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie en VrijheidVolkspartijvoor (GreenLeft) (ChristianUnion) (Démocrats66) A (PimFortuynList) (SocialistParty) bbrevia (ProudoftheNetherlands) (LabourParty;Labour, socialdemocrat) (Partyforthe Animals) (PartyforLiberty) (ChristianDemocrat Appeal) t (CalvinistParty) io n s (People’s Party for Freedom for (People’sParty 31 32 fondapol | political innovation The Franco-German Tandem confronts the Euro crisis,* Patrick Moreau, February2011 The state of the right: ,* Gérard Morice, March2011 Agricultural productivity and water quality, Philippe Hartemann, March2011 Water: how to treat micro-pollutants?, Jean-Louis Chaussade, March2011 Water: from volume to value, Jean-Paul Renoux, March2011 Irrigation for sustainable agriculture, Antoine Frérot, March2011 Water management: towards new models, Gérard Payen, March2011 Water: global challenges, French perspectives, Guillaume Lagane, October2010 Overcoming the Defense budget issue Emmanuel Combe, November 2010 The unknown virtues of low cost carriers Bernard Bachelier, November2010 Food Security: aglobal challenge* Bernard Bachelier, November2010 Achieving anew Common Agricultural Policy* Raymond Boudon, November2010 The People’s moral ability Gil Delannoi, December2010 The return of sortition inpolitics Antony Todorov, December2010 The state of the right: Bulgaria* Thierry Weibel, January2011 Public service 2.0 Fondapol, January2011 2011, World Youths* Jacques Percheand Antoine Pertinax, February2011 Profit-sharing in the service of employment and purchasing power Wolfgang Glomb, February2011 RE C E NT PU NT BLI C A T IO N S The State of the Right: Spain* Joan Marcet, October 2010 The virtues of competition David Sraer, September 2010 Internet, Politics and citizen Coproduction Robin Berjon, September 2010 The state of the right: Poland* Dominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer, August 2010 The State of the Right: and Dennmark* Jacob Christensen, July 2010 What is the police up to? Mathieu Zagrodzki, July 2010 The State of the Right: Italy* Sofia Ventura, July 2010 Banking crisis, public debt: a German perspective Wolfgang Glomb, July 2010 Public debt, public concerns Jérôme Fourquet, June 2010 Banking regulation for sustainable growth* Nathalie Janson, June 2010 Four proposals to renew our agricultural model Pascal Perri, May 2010 2010 regional elections: where have all the voters gone? Pascal Perrineau, May 2010 The Netherlands: the populist temptation* Christophe de Voogd, May 2010 Four ideas to boost spending power Pascal Perri, Avril 2010 The State of the Right: Great Britain* David Hanley, April 2010 Reinforce the regions’ economic role Nicolas Bouzou, March 2010 Reforming the Constitution to rein in government debt Jacques Delpla, February 2010 A strategy to reduce France’s public debt Nicolas Bouzou, February 2010

33 34 fondapol | political innovation Elise Muir, June2009 Fighting age discrimination inthe workplace Jean-Michel Debrat, June2009 European development policy* Lucien Jaume, June2009 The administrative state and liberalism: aFrench story Stéphane Courtois, July2009 The Nazi-Soviet alliance, 70 years on Corinne Deloy, DominiqueReyniéandPascalPerrineau, September2009 2009 European elections* Nicolas BouzouandJérômeDuval-Hamel, September2009 The German economy on the eve of the general election* Valéry MorronandDéborahSanchez, October2009 A panorama of action infavour of green growth Émile Perreau-Saussine, October2009 Catholic Church policy: liberty vsliberalism Nader Vahabi, November2009 Iran: civil revolution?* Read our news and publications at www.fondapol.org *The titles marked with anasterisk areavailable inEnglish Elvire Fabry, October2008 Defence, immigration, energy: Franco-German views Julien Tourreille, October2008 US elections and trade policy: redefining EU-US relations? Elvire FabryandDamien Tresallet, November2008 Greening economic growth: towards aglobal strategy for Europe Dominique Reynié, January2009 Working on Sundays: Sunday workers’ perspectives January 2009 Reforms and social conflict, a survey Zoe McKenzie, March2009 Higher education reform inFrance: lessons from Australia* Nicolas Bouzou, March2009 Stemming the protectionist tide inEurope* Dominique Reynié, March2009 Civil service vscivil society David BonneauandBrunoBensasson, May2009 Academics: defending their status, illustrating astatus quo SUPPORT FONDAPOL

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