Index

β-BaB2O4 (BBO) 85, 202 carrier recombination rate 318 β-barium borate carrier-envelope phase 57, 212 see β-BaB2O4 (BBO) CDW β−(BEDT-TTF)2PF6 299 see charge density wave π-conjugated polymer 304 charge density wave 300 III-V compound semiconductor 363 chirp VII, 84, 103 III-V-N compound semiconductor 363 – coefficient 244 4-f chirp compensator 213, 214, 220 – compensation XI, 103, 104, 107, 112, – configuration 199 350 – phase compensator 202, 207, 226, – compensator 78, 105, 106 228, 237 circuit response 295 – pulse shaper 106, 109, 180, 196, 254, closed-loop phase control 199 280, 281 complex electric field 177, 238, 251, – system 171, 172, 233, 244, 245, 257, 252, 254, 255 259 compression 54 computer-controlled feedback system acoustic noise 297 213 active phase compensator 201 constant height mode 290 adaptive chirp compensation 200 constant value mode 291 AOM 226 contact potential difference 321 atomic hydrogen exposure 364 core dispersion 15, 19, 21, 45, 47 attosecond x-ray generation 379 CPD 321 autoconvolution 170, 174 creep of piezo element 297 autocorrelation 153–155, 166, 167, cross-phase modulation 8 170, 189 cyclodextrin 305 azobenzen 286 CyD molecule 305 band bending 317 decay slope 374 bandwidth limitation 176, 182, 190, deformable mirror 106, 226 195, 196 delta-function 253, 263, 269 BBO diffraction 173, 193 see β-BaB2O4 (BBO) – formula 112 Bessel function 254 dispersion length 22, 49, 225 bi-directional propagation 15, 16, 44 displacement current 351, 368 double lock-in technique 358 C60 300 down-chirp 103 carbon nanotube 300 carrier frequency 239 energy diagram of STM 293 carrier generation rate 318 external vibration 291 386 Index feedback compensation 186, 199, 202 group delay 81, 97, 173, 182, 208, 211, – control 200 240, 379 – phase compensation 106, 202, 227 – – dispersion (GDD) 81, 92, 96, 97, – pulse compression 201 116, 144, 173, 181, 187, 188, 190, – Spectral-Phase Control Technique 213, 232, 244 201 group velocity 83, 86 – system 219 – – difference 74 – technique 234 – – dispersion 6, 71 femtosecond-˚angstrom technology 349 – – mismatch 71, 208 femtosecond-time resolved STM GVD (FTR-STM) X, XII see group velocity dispersion few-to-mono cycle photonics VII, XI, hollow fiber 68, 82, 85, 86, 119, 123, 67, 379 224, 226 field enhancement effect 315 finite-difference frequency-domain impulse response 375 method 10 induced phase modulation 8, 68, 74, – time-domain method 10 76, 77, 79, 81, 83–88, 98, 99, 205, flip-flop motion 302 240, 259, 264 four-wave mixing 12, 91, 92 – – – pulse compression 207 Fourier direct method 14 induced polarization 15 – plane 174, 260, 264, 281 inelastic tunneling 306 – transform 167, 168, 177, 178, 182, instantaneous frequency 239 188, 238, 251–253, 255, 266, 268, interference effect 361 271 IPM – -transform-limited pulse 103, 173, see induced phase modulation 183, 201, 209, 227, 236, 237, 240, junction mixing STM 351 244, 245, 254, 255, 281 fourth-order dispersion 116, 173 Kelvin probe 321 FRAC 153–155, 172, 173, 182–184, Kondo effect 300 194–196, 217, 236 frequency marginal 169, 170, 174–176, LDOS 294 196 lens 181, 187, 188, 192, 256, 257, 259, FROG (frequency-resolved optical 260 gating) 85, 96, 125, 155, 166–176, light-modulated scanning tunneling 181, 183, 194–196 spectroscopy 327 – algorithm 167–170 linear chirp 74 – error 169, 174 LM-STS 327 FTR-STM local density of states see LDOS see femtosecond-time resolved STM lock-in amplifier 352, 358 fused-silica fiber 68, 71 lock-in time constant 367, 372 FWM low dimensional organic conductor see four-wave mixing 299 low pass filter 374 GaNAs 363 GDD M-SPIDER 172, 185, 187, 192, 196, see group delay dispersion 200–202, 207, 212, 214, 215, 221, grating 172, 173, 180–183, 193, 256, 222, 225–228, 244, 245 257, 259, 260, 265 manipulation by STM 305 Index 387 manipulator of optical electric-field parametric four-ware mixing 91 wavepackets 247 passive chirp compensator 213, 226 metal-insulator-semiconductor 321 PCF 31, 68, 91, 92, 95, 213, 214, 217 MIS 321 phase compensation VII, 54, 174, 186, – junction 329 191, 196, 199, 232, 233, 240, 244, modified spectral-phase interfero- 245 meter for direct electric-field – compensator 202, 235 reconstruction – dispersion 103 see M-SPIDER – modulation 251–255, 257, 260–262 – SPIDER photoconductively gated STM 350 see M-SPIDER photoelectron 368 molecular necklace 305 – emission 356 monocycle pulse VII, 195, 196, 224, photoisomerization 286 379 photonic crystal fiber – regime 228 see PCF – -like pulse 185, 190, 196, 201, 238, photonic crystal glass fiber 240, 246 see PCF multicolor pulse shaping 256, 257, piezo effect 297 259, 281, 282 polyrotaxane 305 multiple photon absorption 368 propagation constant 19 – – excitation 356 pulse compression 107, 120, 233 pulse train 251, 254, 255, 257–259, NA 308, 350 261–274, 280, 282 nearfield optical scanning microscopy pulse-pair-excited STM 353 350 pump (a pulse pair) and probe – wave 350 techniques XI nonlinear dispersion 19, 21, 47 pump probe technique X – length 22, 49, 225 – refractive index 71, 224 quantum-state control 379 – Schr¨odinger equation 9, 14, 22, 70 Raman induced Kerr effect 275 NSOM 350 Raman response 3, 16, 19, 21, 45 numeric aperture Raman scattering 264, 266, 269, 271, see NA 273, 274 Raman spectroscopy 275 OHD-RIKES 275 real electric field 167, 238, 251, 252 one-octave bandwidth XI, 98, 200 reflective objective 75, 93, 132, 202, – exceeding bandwidth 246 214 optical chopper 358 regenerative amplifier 356 – function generator 247 repetition rate 350, 356 – scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) rotaxane 305 VII, IX, XI, 379 –STM S/N ratio 358 see optical scanning tunneling SAM 286, 300 microscopy sampling theorem 181 – wave musical instrument 247 scanning electron microscopy 314 oscillatory structure 89, 90 – nearfield optical microscopy over-one-octave bandwidth 192, 196, see SNOM, NSOM 226, 238, 240, 244, 245 – probe microscopy 289 – ultrabroadband pulses 224 – probe spectroscopy 291 388 Index

– tunneling microscopy (STM) IX, – phase difference 178, 179 XI, 289, 349 – shear 177–179, 181, 186, 190, 207, – tunneling spectroscopy (STS) 294 227, 232 Schottky contact 320 – slicing 259, 260, 281 second-harmonic generation frequency- – -phase characterization and resolved optical gating compensation XI, 201 (SHG FROG) 27 – -phase compensation 202 selective excitation 263–266, 268–274, – -phase feedback technique 205 279, 282 spectrally-resolved self-assembled monolayer 300 intensity-autocorrelation 78 self-phase modulation (SPM) 6, 67, SPIDER 155, 172, 176, 177, 179–190, 76, 77, 81–84, 86–88, 91, 92, 95, 96, 192–196, 200, 225 99, 103, 201, 225, 256, 259, 261, – interferogram 217 264, 289 – signal 202–204, 207, 208, 217, 222, self-steepening (SST) 6, 19, 21, 47, 91 231, 232, 234 Sellmeier equation 12, 18 split-step Fourier method 10, 14 SEM 314 SPM SH interferogram 215, 231, 234 see self-phase modulation shadowing effect 313 SPPX-STM 359 shaken-pulse-pair-excited STM 359 SPV 317, 352 shaker method 358 SR-SPV 318 SHG 153, 167–173, 176, 192, 195 SRS shock length 49 see stimulated Raman Scattering Si nonoparticle 304 SST Si(100) 301 see self-steepening (SST) Si(111)-7×7 300 steepening sinc-function 253 see self-steepening (SST) SLM stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) see spatial light modulator 91, 92 slowly-evolving wave approximation STM (SEWA) 1 slowly-varying-envelope approximation see scanning tunneling microscopy (SVEA) VII, 1, 22 stray capacitance 368, 368 SNOM 350 STS soliton effect 98 see scanning tunneling spectroscopy – formation 91 sum-frequency generation 181, 184, spatial chirp 67, 170 186, 187, 195 spatial light modulator (SLM) 105, surface photovoltage 317, 352 106, 112, 201, 202, 208, 215, 218, 220, 226, 240, 244, 245 tapered fiber (TF) 68, 94–96, 218, 219 –––technique XI Taylor expansion 173 – phase modulator 171–175, 180, 196, tetrachloroethylene 271, 272 252, 254–262, 281, 282 TF spatially resolved SPV 318 see tapered fiber spectral filtering effect 169, 170 thermal drift 297 – phase XI, 67, 76, 97, 98, 167, 168, – expansion/shrinking of STM tip 358 173–179, 182, 184, 186, 203, 204, – fluctuation 291 208, 213, 222, 227, 237 – noise level 295, 296 – phase characterization 199 – emission current 320 Index 389 third-order dispersion (TOD) 71, 97, UHV 306 116, 144, 173, 213 ultrabroadband 169, 171, 176, 180, – nonlinear polarization 71 183–186, 190, 196, 254, 280 – phase dispersion – pulse generation 69 see third-order dispersion (TOD) ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) Ti:sapphire laser 67, 72 see UHV time constant 374 unidirectional propagation 22, 44 – smearing 170, 174, 176, 195, 196 up-chirp 103 – window 113, 255, 281 up-chirped pulse 220 – -dependent phase 67 TIVI 153 vibration isolation 297 TL pulse vibrationally-synchronized pumping see Fourier-transform-limited pulse 263, 264, 266, 270, 271, 274 TOD walk-off length 74, 75, 78 see third-order dispersion Wigner distribution function 238–240, transform-limited pulse 244, 245 see Fourier-transform-limited pulse WKB approximation 293 tunnel effect 292 – junction 292, 311 zero group-delay dispersion 68 – transmission coefficient 293 zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) two-spring oscillator model 297 91, 93, 95, 98, 220