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Harpy Eagle (Harpia Harpyja) Mortality in Ecuador

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Harpy Eagle (Harpia Harpyja) Mortality in Ecuador STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2016.1276716 SHORT COMMUNICATION Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) mortality in Ecuador Ruth Muñiz-López Grupo de Investigación de Zoología de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Sociedad para la Investigación y Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana (SIMBIOE), Quito, Ecuador ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Data about death incidents of Harpy Eagles in Ecuador were documented as a result of prolonged Received 9 February 2016 monitoring of their breeding activity. Adult mortality was recorded less frequently than juvenile Accepted 22 December 2016 mortality (9.4% and 28.6% respectively) and all adults were killed due to human persecution KEYWORDS (shots) for different reasons. Reasons for juvenile death included falling or loss of height from the Harpy Eagle; mortality; canopy while learning to fly and becoming trapped near the ground. There was one case where a Ecuador; human juvenile was shot, and another of death after some aggressive behavior of an adult toward the persecution; accident; juvenile when it should have been beginning its dispersion. This is the first account on mortality aggressive behavior causes in a natural population of Harpy Eagle. Introduction 2009). It is considered one of the most powerful birds of prey in the world, as well as one of the largest (Collar Mortality rate is an important parameter for under- 1989; Sick 1997). It is intermittently found from south- standing the population structure and dynamics of a ern Mexico to northern Argentina (Vargas et al. 2006) raptor species (Meyburg & Meyburg 2009). In raptors in tropical and subtropical rainforests (Stotz et al. 1996). and at the individual level, the estimation of this rate is It feeds mainly on arboreal mammals, especially sloths based mainly on information from ring recoveries and and monkeys (Alvarez Cordero 1996; Galetti & other identification marking tools such as wing tags, Carvalho 2000;MuñizLopezetal.2007; Piana 2007; color rings or satellite and radio tracking (Meyburg & Aguiar Silva et al. 2014). Harpy Eagles breed every 2.5- Meyburg 2009). In most cases, however, these records 3 years and the resulting offspring, usually one per pair, do not serve to detect causes of death (Brownie et al. fledges at about five months of age (Rettig 1978;Alvarez 1985; Williams et al. 2002). Cordero 1996; Muñiz Lopez 2007) and remains in the In general, mortality is higher for younger birds natal area under parental care for at least two years than for adults in both passerine and larger and long- before dispersing (Rettig 1978;Ruschi1979;Alvarez lived bird populations (Newton 1998). In long-lived Cordero 1996; Muñiz Lopez et al. 2012). The first active birds of prey, annual pre-adult mortality rate exceeds nest of a Harpy Eagle to be monitored in Ecuador was 80% (Ferrer & Calderon 1990). found in 2002 in the northeast of the country (Muñiz Direct analysis of causes of mortality of free-living Lopez 2002). raptors is difficult to perform because most deaths go In Ecuador, the species’ distribution is restricted to unobserved (Newton 1980; Molina Lopez et al. 2011). several small patches of forest in the northwest of the This work is the first publication about the natural and country and more consistently in the east, where the non-natural mortality of not manipulated wild Harpy Ecuadorian Amazon Basin begins (Guerrero 1997; Eagles (Harpia harpyja) gained from continuously mon- Ridgely & Greenfield 2001; Muñiz Lopez 2005 ). The itoring their breeding areas. Survival and causes of death Harpy Eagle is currently considered “Near-Threatened” after release of captive-bred eagles and rehabilitated throughout its range (BirdLife International 2013). In individuals hatched in the wild were analyzed in a Ecuador it is classified as “Vulnerable” (Granizo et al. study about trial re-establishment of this species in 1997). Panama and Belize, but this work includes only rehabi- It is thought that the main reasons for population litated and captive bred specimens (Watson et al. 2016). decline of the Harpy Eagle are human persecution The Harpy Eagle is a long-lived tropical forest raptor and habitat deterioration (Vargas et al. 2006; whose longevity is estimated to be 35 years (Lerner et al. CONTACT Ruth Muñiz-López [email protected] © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group 2 R. MUÑIZ-LÓPEZ BirdLife International 2013), although there is little addition, we conducted informal conversations information about how the species is affected by with the local indigenous communities to collect these (Gorzula & Medina Cuervo 1986;Alvarez information about why people wanted to kill the Cordero 1996; Guerrero 1997;Valdez2002; Harpy Eagles. Ghomeshi et al. 2005;Vargasetal.2006;Trinca et al. 2008). This paper presents the registration and causes of Results death of individual Harpy Eagles, including some mea- sures to mitigate these events. Nine cases of death were detected, which represents 17% of the total individuals monitored. Three of the monitored adults died during the study period (9.4%). Materials and methods All adult deaths were caused by gunshots (Table 1). Six juveniles (28.6%) died during the study period; this is Study area 67% of total number of deaths. On five occasions The study was performed in the Reserve Cuyabeno and (records 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9, Table 1) juveniles fell to the its buffer zone in Sucumbios province in northeast ground and died. In case number 7 the juvenile was Ecuador (0.1167°S, 75.8333°W). This zone included found dead on some branches of a shrub with more 15 of 16 nesting areas that were monitored. This than half of its body submerged under water and only a reserve comprises 590,112 ha (Ministerio del few meters away from the nest tree located in a flooded Ambiente 2012) of humid tropical forest (Cañadas forest with water level of approximately 1 m. Days 1983). Culturally, it is divided into territories of the before, an observer noted one of the adults, presumably indigenous nations of Siona, Siecopai, Shuar, Cofan or the father, performing demonstration flights of attack Ai and Kichwa, which are located close to the main toward this juvenile that was perched in a tree adjacent rivers. to the nest tree. Our data were collected between 2001 and 2011 Post-mortem veterinary examinations identified star- by direct observation by members of the Harpy vation and drowning as causes of death of juveniles that Eagle Conservation Program in Ecuador (PCAHE fell to the ground and could not return to the canopy. in Spanish) and biomonitors who are trained indi- On two occasions, biomonitors discovered juveniles genous people or peasants living near the 16 nesting on the ground. One was an eight-month-old bird that areas. All nesting areas were visited at least once a was weak but still alive. A veterinary detected that it week. Observations were made using binoculars was too thin to fly; it had a very pronounced breast- from the ground or from towers 25 to 30 m in bone and would not have been able to generate enough height. We monitored 53 individual Harpy Eagles, muscle force to fly. This individual was recovered and 32 adults and 21 juveniles, continuously throughout returned to its nest tree successfully and was seen alive the 10 years of study. All dead specimens were at least six months thereafter. The second, a five- found during these monitoring activities in the vici- month-old juvenile was found very weak a few meters nity of their corresponding breeding areas. In under its nest tree. It was also rescued with success. Table 1. Cases of Harpy Eagle mortality recorded by monitoring nests in the reserve Cuyabeno, Ecuador. Estimated age at the Case no. Site Nest discovery Date of death time of death Sex Cause of death 1 Zábala 2002 December 2002 13 months Female Shot. Conflict within the human community. 2 Tarapuy 2003 June 2003 Adult Unknown Shot in fear. Eagle close to the vegetable garden. 3 Pakuyo 2003 November 2010 12 months Male Fall from a tree. 4 2 de Agosto – Dureno 2005 July 2005 Adult Male Shot because the eagle approached domestic animals. 5 Churuyacu 2006 November 2006 3 months Male Fall from a tree Playas de Cuyabeno 6 Nueva Vida 2008 February 2008 Adult Unknown Shot for trophy 7 Masakay 2008 October 2008 30 months Female Fall from a tree/loss of balance due to parental display? 8 Charap 1 2009 November 2009 13 months Unknown Fall from a tree 9 Charap 2 2011 January 2011 9 months Unknown Fall from a tree STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 3 Discussion The detection of dead Harpy Eagle individuals is extremely difficult, especially without identification Hunting, or other forms of direct human persecu- markings or tracking tools, so it is easy to underestimate tion, may play an important role in the decline of the number of mortality events. Comprehensive moni- some raptor populations and it is a significant con- toring of individuals through direct observation can servation issue worldwide (Raptor Research reveal valuable information including the way deaths Foundation 2016). Large biomass raptors such as occur on an individual level as well as their causes. the Harpy Eagle are particularly sensitive to hunting Efforts should be made to monitor the survival of pressure (Redford & Robinson 1987;Silva&Strahl juveniles in both the breeding and non-breeding areas, 1991)asitwasfoundinthisstudywherealladult since studies focused only on adults may not detect a deaths were directly due to man induced causes. decline due to death of juveniles before they become Watson et al. (2016)showasimilarsituationin part of the breeding population (Kokko & Sutherland theirstudywhereshootingwasthemaincauseof 1998; Kenward et al. 2000). Understanding the ele- adult mortality.
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