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AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science 257 AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2018. 40(2): 257-266 AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science Soil Biochemical Properties and Nutrient Leaching from Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations, Sumatra-Indonesia Syahrul Kurniawan1*), Marife D. Corre2), Sri Rahayu Utami1) and Edzo Veldkamp2) 1) Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia 2) Soil Science Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems-Büsgen Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The study aimed to assess soil biochemical properties and nutrient Fertilization leaching in oil palm plantation. The research was conducted in Frond Stacked smallholder oil palm plantations which were located in Jambi Province Nutrient Leaching - Indonesia. Nutrient leaching was determined by measuring nutrient Oil Palm concentration in soil solution bi-weekly and monthly in the frond Soil Properties stacked and fertilized areas; soil water samples were collected by using suction cup lysimeter. The result showed that the application Article History: of mineral fertilizer (e.g. NPK) and dolomite resulted higher base Received: November 2, 2017 saturation, exchangeable Ca, and available P in the fertilized than Accepted: March 28, 2018 frond stacked and inter row areas (p ≤ 0.05). Stacking oil palm frond *) Corresponding author: increased the soil macro-porosity, hence decreased leaching of K, Mg, Na, P, and total Al in the frond stacked than in the fertilized areas. The E-mail: [email protected] lower leaching losses and the higher soil macroporosity in the frond stacked than in the fertilized areas indicated that either the water did not dilute nutrient in the soil due to bypass flow, or the nutrient release from mineralization did not surpass nutrient demand which is quickly uptaken by palm root. Proper soil management through synchronizing rate of fertilizer application with nutrient output or frequency of fertilizer application may potentially minimize leaching losses. INTRODUCTION managed from 3000 to 40000 ha depending on the area of province and usually include a processing An efficient nutrient use and soil degradation mill (Casson, 1999; Dislich et al., 2017). While the are the two concerns in maintaining sustainability of smallholder of oil palm plantations is defined as oil palm plantation. Oil palm plantation is primarily small sized oil palm plantation (average of 2 ha, but established in a high weathered soil (e.g. Ultisol, can be up to 50 ha) which is managed by farmers Oxysol) which is characterized as low in soil fertility or in association with a oil palm company where the and high in soil acidity, therefore fertilizer is mainly company gives technical assistance and agricultural applied in a high rate to maintain nutrient availability input for the farmers (Lee et al., 2014; Vermeulen & in the soil, as well as to support vegetative growth Goad, 2006). Oil palm plantation in the Province of and fruit production (Comte, Colin, Whalen, Jambi is dominated by smallholders (61 %), while Grünberger, & Caliman, 2012). In addition, 40-65 % the large-scale enterprises (both state and private) of total field cost in oil palm plantation is allocated cover 39 % of oil palm plantation (Statistics of Jambi for fertilizer (Comte et al., 2013). Province, 2012). The different ownership implicates Based on the ownership, in Indonesia, the different soil management practices, including area of oil palm plantation is managed by three land clearing, fertilization, pests and diseases groups, government (6.5 %), private (52.7), and management. smallholder (40.8 %) (Directorate General of Estate Soil management practices in most oil palm Crop, 2015). The state and private enterprises plantations are conducted by applying mineral ISSN: 0126-0537 Accredited by DIKTI Decree No: 60/E/KPT/2016 Cite this as: Kurniawan, S., Corre, M. D., Utami, S. R., & Veldkamp, E. (2018). Soil biochemical properties and nutrient leaching from smallholder palm oil plantations, Sumatra-Indonesia. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 40(2), 257–266. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v40i2.1723 258 Syahrul Kurniawan et al.: Nutrient Leaching in Oil Palm................................. ..................................................................... fertilizer around the palm tree or cutting the frond Studies on spatial and temporal variability of and stacking in the palm inter-rows. These practices nutrient leaching in relation to stacking oil palm frond may increase or replenish nutrient levels in the soils. and fertilization is limited. This research aimed to On the other hand, the application of oil palm empty analyze the effect of spreading fertilizer around the fruit bunches or oil palm mill effluent (around the oil palm trees and stacking palm fronds in the palm row palm tree) is rarely practiced in smallholder oil palm on soil biochemical properties and leaching losses plantations (Comte, Colin, Whalen, Grünberger, in heavily weathered soil. The hypothesizes are: & Caliman, 2012). These management practices 1) soil nutrient stocks and nutrient leaching losses lead to spatial variation in nutrient input and are higher in the fertilized area than under the frond consequently affect soil nutrient leaching losses, stack due to the faster release of nutrient through as the fluxes of nutrient leaching are influenced by inorganic fertilizer, whereas nutrient release from nutrients availability in the soil (Dechert, Veldkamp, the decomposing fronds is low and will be absorbed & Brumme, 2005). The mineral fertilizer application by roots before it is leached, and 2) stacking the in the area around oil palm tree gives also an pruned fronds will increase soil macro-porosity and impact on the higher soil nutrient stock at local bypass flow, resulting in a lower nutrient leaching spots (around the oil palm stem) as compared to losses. the unfertilized area such as inter-row (Anuar, Goh, MATERIALS AND METHODS Heoh, & Ahmed, 2008). The variation in nutrient input increases nutrient concentrations of drainage The study was conducted in six smallholder water in the fertilized area than unfertilized area oil palm plantations (01°55'40''-02°0'57'' S, during 75 days of fertilizer application (Tung, Yusoff, 102°45'12'-103°15'33'' E) selected in 2 different Majid, Joo, & Huang, 2009). regencies: Batanghari and Sarolangun regencies, Oil palm frond stack in the area between Jambi Province, Indonesia. The mean of annual oil palm trees can supply large quantities of air temperature and precipitation recorded in nutrients into the soil through decomposition and Sultan Thaha airport - Jambi Province from 1991 mineralization processes, because oil palm frond to 2011, were 26.7 ± 0.1°C and 2235 ± 385 mm contains an esential nutrient for oil palm growth. The (data from Jambi- Meteorological, Climatological previous research reported that nutrient returned the and Geophysical Agency). The smallholder of oil soil from green pruned frond in oil palm plantation palm plantations ranged between 9 to 16 years old. per hectare per year approximately 89 kg N, 5.1 Fertilizers were applied at 0.8-1.5 m from palm stem kg P, 18 kg K, 45 kg Ca, and 11 kg Mg (Kotowska, with rates (ha-1 year-1) of 48 to 138 kg N, from 21 Leuschner, Triadiati, & Hertel, 2016). Another study to 38 kg P, and from 40 to 157 kg K; the lower rate in Sumatra (Dislich et al., 2017; Fairhurst, 1996) was in Sarolangun regency and the upper rate was reported that 10 t of frond dry matter contained N, in the Batanghari regency. Dolomite (CaMg(CO 3)2), B P, K, and Mg approximately 125 kg, 10 kg, 147 kg, kieserite (MgSO4.H2O) and borate (Na 2 4O2.5H2O) and 15 kg, respectively. However, the temporal fertilizers were applied in some of the plot (200 kg release of N, P, K, and Mg from the pruned fronds ha-1 year-1). In oil palm plantation, the frond was is following an exponential equation with higher regularly cut and stacked at 4 to 5 m from the nutrient release in the beginning, followed by lower palm stem with annual input of palm fronds ranged release in decomposition phases (Moradi, Teh, Goh, between 5.5 to 7.2 Mg ha -1 (Kotowska, Leuschner, Husni, & Ishak, 2014). In addition, stacking oil palm Triadiati, Meriem, & Hertel, 2015). pruned frond also improves soil physical properties Soil nutrient leaching was measured from such as soil macro-porosity, which increases soil nutrient concentration in the soil water, which were infiltration rate, and may have high potential leaching collected using suction cup lysimeters at 1.5 m of nutrient (Banabas, Turner, Scotter, & Nelson, depth in the fertilized (± 1.3 m from the palm tree) 2008; Lehmann & Chroth, 2003). Nevertheless, the and frond stacked areas (4 to 5 m from the palm higher soil macro-porosity under the frond stack tree). These samples were taken every two to four will not increase nutrient leaching losses in these weeks period from February to December 2013 by areas as long as the nutrient release from oil palm sucking 40 kPa vacuum in the collection bottles. The mineralization is low or the water percolation moves nutrient concentration in soil water was analyzed for rapidly to the deeper layer, called as bypass flow. a total of dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NH 4+, NO3-, total Copyright © 2018 Universitas Brawijaya 259 Syahrul Kurniawan et al.: Nutrient Leaching in Oil Palm................................. ..................................................................... P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and total
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