Motivation in War Ilya Berkovich Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16773-5 — Motivation in War Ilya Berkovich Index More Information

Index

Abercromby, Johnston (Soldier), 201 Armies (Old-Regime), 12–13, See also Adye, Stephen Payne (Ofﬁcer), 20n8 Soldiers, Ofﬁcers Alcohol, 178, 180–1, 183, 224 Ceremonies in, 13, 35, 171, 193, See also and Combat, 197, 226 feu de joie and Discipline, 103, 105–6, 113, Contractual Nature of Service in, 33, 48, 120, 209 96, 209–11, 229 Alexander, Alexander (Soldier), 142, Effectiveness of, 2, 14, 227 143n41, 146, 149, 217, 223–4 Logistics of, 17, 38, 49, 56, 102, See also Allfärty, Johann Gottlieb (Soldier), 161 Foraging Amblard, André (Soldier), 42, 44, 155, Regimental Culture of. See esprit de corps 187, 204 Role in Society, 20, 95–6, See also Amelang, James S. (Historian), 9 Modernisation Theory American Civil War (1861–5), 24n23, artel. See Mess 29, 59 Articles of War. See Military Regulations American War of Independence (1775–83), Artillery, 7, 117, 126, 158, 190 11n21, 30, 33, 49n93, 61, 115, 136, in Combat, 18, 172, 183, 184, 188, 201, 186, 187, 204, 211 205, 206, 226 Continental Army in, 169, 177, 192, Enlisting in, 133–5, 147 203–4, 205 Asteroth, Valentin (Soldier), 44, 201 Desertion during, 91–2 Astley, Philip (Soldier), 214n41 French Intervention in, 41–2, 147, 203, Atrocities, 192, 196, 197, 204–6 214, See also Rochambeau Atwood, Rodney (Historian), 30, 122, 191 German Auxiliaries in, 44, 48, 154, 191, Austria. See Habsburg Empire See also Ansbach-Bayreuth, Hesse- Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–8), Kassel 17, 22, 80, 111, 114, 183, 192, 220 Loyalists in, 154, 164 Desertion during, 56, 76–8 Prisoners of War during, 63, 113, 172, Austro-Turkish War (1787–91), 174 181, 193, 203, 214 Autobiographical Writings, 4, 8–9, 44, Recruitment during, 137, 140–1 53–4, See also Diaries, Letters, Writings by Participants, 41–4, 46, 61, Memoirs 63–4, 220 Reliability of, 9, 45–52 Amiens, Peace of (1802), 119 Aytoun, James (Soldier), 100, 115–16, 122, Ancell, Samuel (Soldier), 46, 206 158, 171, 182, 208 Andrew, James (Soldier), 181 Anhalt-Dessau, Moritz of (General), 211 Bachman, Jerald G. (Sociologist), 144 Ansbach-Bayreuth Baird, David (General), 212 Auxiliary Troops from, 104, 110, 118, Barracks, 20, 81 150n56, 172, 199, 212 Bartlett, Thomas (Historian), 185 Ardant du Picq, Charles (Military Bartov, Omer (Historian), 29 Thinker), 22 Baule, Steven (Historian), 115 Arleux, Raid on (1711), 204 Bavaria, 65, 160, 184, 192

269

270 Index

Bavarian Succession, War of the (1778–9), Bounty-Jumpers, 65–7, 79n62, 142, 148 76, 77n59, 84, 185, 208, 218 ‘Bourbonnais Grenadier’ (Soldier), 42, Bayonet Charge, 101, 170, 199, 212, 227 171, 192 Role of, 18–19 Bräker, Ulrich (Soldier), 63, 67, 101, 168, Beccaria, Cesare (Jurist), 109 174, 185, 194 Beeger, Friedrich Wilhelm (Soldier), 40–1, on Recruitment, 139, 141, 142n36, 143, 152, 158–9, 163, 169, 173, 209 151, 165 On Prussian Discipline, 113, 114, 120–1 Service in Prussia, 66, 122, 168, 178, Behrens, Johann Heinrich (Soldier), 184, 186, 217 63, 151 Signiﬁcance of, 22, 52–3, 194 Behrisch, Lars (Historian), 126 Brihuega, Battle of (1710), 213 Belgrade, Siege of (1790), 161n81, 215 Bristow, James (Soldier), 145, 150 Belkin, Avakum (Soldier), 50n95 Britain, 8, 15, 19–21, 67, 92, 107, 129, 158, Belle Île, Siege of (1761), 202 186, 200, 217, 220 Bense, Johann (Soldier), 193 Army of, 34–5, 46, 49, 101–2, 117n49, Bergen op Zoom, Siege of (1747), 161, 222 159–60, 162–3, 167, 169, 172, 180, Bernos, Charles-Étienne (Soldier), 105, 182–3, 187–8, 189, 190n50, 192–3, 111, 123, 124–5, 161, 192, 213, 222 198–9, 200–2, 206, 209–10, 211–12, on Military Culture, 169, 174, 175, 178, 218, 221–2 188, 193, 216, 217 Desertion in, 63–4, 68, 72–4, 76, 90–2 Bersling, Franz (Soldier), 40n66, 62, Literacy in, 39–40, 41, 138 67, 120 Military Discipline in, 56, 65, 97, 105–6, Bertaud, Jean-Paul (Historian), 3, 59n15 108, 115–16, 121 Berwick, James FitzJames Duke of Military Justice in, 20n8, 55, 71–5, (General), 174 91–2, 171 Beß, Georg (Soldier), 123, 126, 161, 169, Recruitment in, 128, 135–8, 152, 181, 173, 190, 199, 218 See also Impressment, Militia Motivation Model, 195–6, 198 Troops in North America, 30, 33, 50–1, Bevern, Augustus William, Duke of 96–7, 102, 104, 173, 185, 191, 203–4, Brunswick (General), 212 205, 214, See also American War of Bharatpur, Siege of (1805), 220 Independence (1775–83) Binn, Nicolaus (Soldier), 162, 197 Bronx, Battle of (1776), 212 Bishop, Matthew (Soldier), 100, 102, 123, Brown, Robert (Soldier), 46, 192, 202 177, 178, 179 Brown, Thomas (Soldier), 156 on Motivation, 149, 153, 173, 188, 196 Browne, Ulysses (General), 99 Bland, Humphrey (General and Writer), 19 Brumwell, Stephen (Historian), 39, 44, Blanning, T.C.W. (Historian), 2 96–7, 115 Bleckwenn, Hans (Historian), 33 Brunswick, Prince Ferdinand of Blenheim, Battle of (1704), 17, 100, 149, (General), 206 162, 193, 213 Bryson, Andrew (Soldier), 63, 66, 120 Blennie, George (Soldier), 101, 105, 175, Bunker Hill, Battle of (1775), 214 179, 204, 218, 222 Burgoyne, Bruce E. (Historian), 44 Blomeley, Samuel (Soldier), 204 Burgoyne, John (General), 172, 192 Bois, Jean-Pierre (Historian), 39, 71, 87 Burke, William (Soldier), 63, 67 Bonin, Chalres Joseph (Soldier), 103, 105, Burrell, John (Soldier), 206 146, 147, 151, 177, 180, 199, 200 Büsch, Otto (Historian), 96 Booty. See Looting Butler, Robert (Soldier), 145 Boston, 66n35, 105, 115 Büttner, Johann Carl (Soldier), 61, 151, 179 Siege of (1775–6), 64, 106, 162 Bounty Calder, William (Soldier), 176, 194, 197 Deserter, 66, 81–3, 89–91 Camaraderie, 5, 16, 27, 28, 195, 215, Enlistment, 12–13, 83, 89, 121, 128–9, 217–18, 219 131, 133–4, 136–7, 140, 145–6, 155, Cameron, Duncan (Soldier), 49, 156 177, 223 Cameron, Iain (Historian), 88

Index 271

Canada, 50, 59n14, 105, 149, 156, 169, Conway, Stephen (Historian), 132n12, 197, 201, 220, 222 187, 204 Cantonal System, 12, 36, 84, 106, Cooley, Charles Hurton (Sociologist), 132–3, 189 23n19 Cape Colony, 65, 118 Coote, Eyre (General), 162, 213 Capital Punishment, 69, 93, 103, 109, 114, Cornwallis, Charles (General), 184, 215 120, 121, 123 Corporal Punishment, 62, 70n41, 71, 72, Abolition of, 81, 85, 89, 107 81, 98, 104, 109–14, 115, See also for Desertion, 56–7, 65–6, 69–74, 79–81, Flogging, Gauntlet 87, 89 Corvisier, André (Historian), 30, 56, 58, Chandler, David G. (Historian), 44 70, 86, 94, 129, 131 Charles II Eugene (Duke of Württemberg), Coss, Edward (Historian), 129n4 163, 207, 210 Courage, 4, 19, 23–4, 181–2, 184–5, 188, Charlestown, British Attack on (1776), 190 193, 195–6, 219, 224, 229 Childs, John (Historian), 30, 57 Example by Officers, 211–12 Clark, Christopher (Historian), 30 as National Attribute, 198–9 Clausewitz, Carl von (Military Thinker), 21 Courts Martial, 43, 49, 66, 86, 116–17, Clinton, Henry (General), 214 120, 121, 207, 209, 223 Coates, Joseph (Soldier), 192, 221–2 Documentary Evidence from, 55, 69, Cobbett, William (Soldier), 40, 143–4, 150, 108–9 158, 159, 163, 178, 217 Formal Procedure of, 56, 69, 71–2, 75 Cohesion, 13, 25, 26–7, 28, 29–30, 36, 166, Imitated by Men of the Line, 170, See also Primary Groups 113–14, 171 Combat Effectiveness, 1, 230 Cowardice, 23, 25, 61, 125, 171, 182, 220, in Old-Regime Armies, 2, 15, 97, 166 222–3, 225 Studies of, 6, 9, 22, 25–6 Cranfield, Thomas (Soldier), 183, 220 Compliance Crawford, William (Soldier), 145, 148–9, Theory of, 9–10, 11–12, 13–14, 196 154, 181 Compliance (Coercive), 14–15, 93, 97, Croats, 99, 101, 169, 173, 175, 205, 207 125, 127, 141, 152, 164, 198, See also Culloden, Battle of (1746), 184, 186, Control, Discipline, Fear 193, 211 Definition of, 11 Cumberland, William Augustus Duke of Compliance (Normative), 14, 16, 127, 132, (General), 211 138–9, 152, 157, 164, 170, 177, 194, Cura, Franz Karl (Soldier), 52, 225, See also Cohesion, esprit de corps, 161n79, 218 Honour, Ideology Definition of, 11 Darby, George (Soldier), 192, 203 Compliance (Remunerative), 14, 15–16, Daun, Leopold Joseph von (General), 202 127, 132, 152, 157, 162, 163–4, 225, Dayes, John (Soldier), 117, 153 See also Bounty, Looting, Pay Deane, John Marshall (Soldier), 176, 177, Definition of, 11 185n43, 186, 188, 200, 208 Conscription (Old-Regime), 12, 35–7, 40, Death Penalty. See Capital Punishment 132–3, 166n2, 189, 227, See also Defoe, Daniel (Writer), 128 Cantonal System, Impressement, Denmark, 65 milice Desertion, 15, 43, 97, 99, 108, 117, 127, Control and Surveillance, 60 192, 210, 227 in Combat and Wartime Service, 1, 97, Measures against, 56, 69, 81–4, 87–93, 99, 211 98, 102, 114–15, 166, 193, 228 Limits of, 32, 60, 67, 87–9, 92–3, Narratives of, 9, 50, 52, 57–8, 60–7, 110 99–103, 106, 126, 141, 227, See also Punishments for, 56–7, 65–6, 68–71, Bounty-Jumpers, Desertion, Mutiny 72–4, 79–81, 85–7, 91, 99, 112 in Peacetime Service, 81–2, 84, 93, 95, Reasons for, 33, 57, 61–4, 67, 96, 105, 228, See also Barracks, Discipline 120, 182, 207, 223, See also Bounty- Convention Army (1777–83), 169, Jumpers 172, 193 of Recruits, 59–60, 140, 148, 164, 229

272 Index

Desertion (cont.) Eder, Markus (Historian), 107 Statistics, 33, 55–6, 58–9, 67, 70–1, 74, Egypt, Campaign in (1801), 62, 102, 153, 76–7, 84, 85, 91–2 183, 192, 221 Traditional Views of, 55–6, 57, 60, 97 Elton, Geoffrey (Historian), 28 Voluntary Return from, 68, 77–9, 85, Emotions, 22, 35, 195, See also Courage, 86–7, 93, 156, 223 Cowardice, Fear Dettingen, Battle of (1743), 188 enfant du corps, 190n50 Diaries, 5, 39, 41, 45–7, 53, 110 English Civil War (1642–51), 9, 20 Dillon, John (Soldier), 190n50 Enlistment, 10–11, 194, 223, See also Discipline, 10, 24, 26, 29, 87, 107, 138 Recruitment, Reenlistment Discipline (Old-Regime), 5, 20, 33, 67, 71, Appeal of Military Service, 16, 130, 80, 98, 115, 122, 196, 197, 228, 230, 134–5, 136–9, 140–1, 152–4, 229 See also Control, Military Regulations, Celebration of, 141, 145–6, 177, 224 Non-Commissioned Officers and Desire for a New Begining, 130, Consensual Aspects of, 15, 99, 147–9, 154, 187 126–7, 198 and Desire for Travel, 148, 149–52, Defiance of, 96–7, 103, 106–7, 228 155, 156 and Desertion, 58, 62, 66, 84 for Financial Reasons, 16, 30, 129–30, in Soldierly Accounts, 49, 52, 103–5, 133–4, 135–6, 154, 156 109–12, 115–17 as an Individualistic Act, 20, 149, Traditional Views of, 1, 2, 6, 13, 31–2, 187, 211 57, 68, 95–6, 97–8, 107–9, 125, 228 for Patriotic Reasons, 13, 135, 137–8 Upheld by the Rank and File, 113–14, Predisposition for, 16, 143–53, 157 117, 119, 193 esprit de corps, 4, 13, 23, 26, 30, 31, 33, 170, Döhla, Johann Conrad (Soldier), 46, 110, 187–90, 229 172, 186, 193, 199, 200, 203, 212 Definition of, 189 Döhlemann, Johann Christoph (Soldier), Eugene of Savoy (General), 212 154, 177, 200 Europe (Early-Modern) Dominicus, Johann Jacob (Soldier), 49, Civil-Military Antagonism in, 20, 160, 103, 160, 161, 185, 202 170, 185–7, 218 Experience at Kunersdorf, 49, 162, 203, Law Enforcement in, 88, 93, 95–6, 106, 205, 207, 212 126, 228, See also Justice (Civilian) Obituary of, 215 Literacy in, 39–40 Donagan, Barbara (Historian), 9 and Modernisation. See Modernisation Donauwörth, Battle of (1704), 160, 184, Theory 200, 213 Popular Resistance in, 3, 15, 91, 107, Douai, Siege of (1708), 208 139, 211, 228 Dresden, Siege of (1760), 170 Execution. See Capital Punishment Dreyer, Joseph Ferdinand (Soldier), 142, 149, 151, 156, 161, 214 Falkirk, Battle of (1746), 214 Observations on Prussian Service, Fann, Willerd (Historian), 60 110–11, 163, 172 Farquhar, George (Writer), 130, 139 Drill, 1, 7, 40, 95, 105, 111, 113, 124, Fatalism, 13, 24, 31, 32, 113, 196, 226 134, 163, 166–8, 193, 204, 206, Fear, 4, 10, 13, 16, 22, 60, 100, 196, 227, 223, 230 See also Punishment, Shame Role of, 157, 166–8, 169, 189 feu de joie, 201–2 Duckett, Valentine (Soldier), 63 Field, James (Soldier), 103, 177 Duelling, 64, 104–5, 106, 179, 182, 184, First Coalition, War of the (1792–7), 46, 186, 188, 191 62, 64, 100, 102, 173, 174, 177, 183, Duffy, Christopher (Historian), 30–1, 33, 185, 188, 192, 201, 208 37, 39n62, 41, 75, 79n62, 99, 130, First World War (1914–8), 22, 29, 45, 50 157n72 Flemming, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Dutch Republic, 218 (Soldier), 191 Army of, 37, 65, 154, 191, 192, Flogging (Corporal Punishment), 49, 65, 197, 212 107, 108, 112–14, 176, 183

Index 273

Flohr, Georg Daniel (Soldier), 42, 100, Gauntlet (Corporal Punishment), 57, 65, 103, 184, 187, 204 66, 72, 80, 85, 109n32, 112–13, 122 Fontenoy, Battle of (1745), 161, 221 Gee, James (Soldier’s Son), 190n50 Foraging, 56, 102, 160, 179, 205 George I (King of Great Britain), 74, 206 Forrest, Alan I. (Historian), 3 George II (King of Great Britain), 206 Fortescue, John W. (Historian), 91 George III (King of Great Britain), 193, 214 Foucault, Michel (Philosopher), 4, 87, 96 Ghent, Siege of (1708), 193 Fox, Ebenezer (Soldier), 63 Gibraltar, 59n18, 106n26, 166n4, 176 Fox, George (Soldier), 33, 192, 193 Great Siege of (1779–83), 46, 160, 183, France (Old-Regime), 7, 15, 39, 96, 137, 206, 220 151, 160, 188 Mutiny of 1802, 117–18 Army of, 21, 30, 36–7, 39, 65, 100, Gilbert, Arthur N. (Historian), 68, 150, 161, 166, 167, 169, 171, 183–4, 108n30, 108 190, 192, 193, 200, 202, 206, 207, Glantz, Andreas Christoph (Soldier), 197 207n26 Gordon Riots (1780), 197 Colonial Garrisons, 43, 114, 116, 158, Grace, Henry (Soldier), 142, 148–9, 222 174, 188, See also Canada Granby, John Manners, Marquess of Desertion in, 56, 58, 59, 65, 67, 69–71, (General), 171n12, 208 74, 76, 79, 82–3, 84–90, 91, 92–3 Great Northern War (1700–21), 8, 56 Mess in, 34, 216, 219 Green, James (Soldier), 150, 211 Military Discipline in, 109, 116–17, Grenadiers, 134–5, 161, 162, 184, 187–8, 121–2, 123, 193 190, 209, 212 Military Police. See maréchaussée Grose, Francis (Historian and Recruitment in, 36n58, 129, 133–5, 138, Linguist), 113 See also milice Gross-Jägersdorf, Battle of (1757), 203 France (Revolutionary and Napoleonic), Grotehenn, Johann Heinrich Ludwig 62, 202, 203, 204 (Soldier), 193n55, 208 Conscription in, 2, 35–6, 38, 83 Guadeloupe, British Capture of Desertion in, 3, 35, 59, 83 (1794), 201 Military Discipline in, 2, 6 Guards Fraser of Lovat, Simon (Ofﬁcer), 121, in Britain, 46, 92, 109, 114, 136, 141, 124, 209 159, 172, 177, 188, 194, 212 Frederick II ‘the Great’ (King of Prussia), 3, in France, 134, 188 22, 31, 56, 57, 76, 84, 102, 110 in Prussia, 50, 84, 119, 189 Interactions with Common Soldiers, 160, in Saxony, 180 162, 206–7, 214 in Sweden, 64 on Motivation, 1, 4, 98, 171, 189 Guibert, Antoine-Hypolite (Military Frederick William I (King of Prussia), 58, Thinker), 21 60, 84, 110, 139n29, 172, 176, Guilford Courthouse, Battle of (1781), 101 184, 210 Guy, Alan J. (Historian), 206, 214 Free Troops, 161n79, 161, 169, 176, 218 French and Indian War (1754–60), 50, 61, Habsburg Empire, 15, 40, 55, 68–9, 123, 96, 154 151, 203 French Revolution, 2, 30, 34, 96, 116, Army of, 40, 53, 62, 65, 75–6, 99, 134, 204 158n72, 167, 171, 178, 190, 192, 202, as a Turning Point in the History of 204–5, 206, See also Croats Warfare, 6, 21, 230 Desertion in, 56, 76–83, 84, 89, 92–3 French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), Military Reforms in, 7, 76, 81–2 7, 29, 51, 102, 137, 153, 169, 186, Recruitment in, 36, 37, 63, 151, 156, 189 197, 199, 206, See also First Coalition, Hagist, Don N. (Historian), 34n53, 115 Ideology Haime, John (Soldier), 147, 197, 221 Motivation in. See Lynn Hall, John (Soldier), 176 Frey, Sylvia R. (Historian), 30, 68, 108, Hanover, 202 146, 162, 211 Army of, 123, 185, 193n55, 202 Fussel, Paul (Historian), 50 Desertion in, 56

274 Index

Hard Labour (Punishment), 65, 69–71, 80, Ideology. See also Indoctrination, 85n81, 86–7, 89 Nationalism, Patriotism Harvey, John (Soldier), 43n74 as Desertion Motive, 64 Havana, Siege of (1762), 47, 119, 162, in French Revolutionary Armies, 2 201, 202 in Old-Regime Armies, 13, 16, 137–8, Henly, Peter (Soldier), 112, 114, 143n39, 186–7, 203 148, 150, 218 Role in Motivation, 2, 11, 23, 26, Career as Bounty-Jumper, 65–7, 91, 27–8, 29 142 Impressment, 12, 36, 132, 146 Henry Prince of Prussia (General), 209, 212 India, 114, 118, 136, 145, 147, Hesse-Kassel, 52, 185, 186 217, 218 Auxiliary Troops from, 11n21, 46, Indoctrination, 35, 202 101, 151, 177, 179, 190, 201, 204, Ireland, 36n58, 64, 142, 154, 159, 181, 209, 213 185, 208 Jaegers, 123, 190 Desertion in, 63, 91, 93 Recruitment in, 36n57, 61, 66n35, 114, Rising of 1798, 63, 138, 204 129n5 Wild Geese, 37, 178 Hobsbawm, Eric (Historian), 117 Hochkirch, Battle of (1758), 14n25 Jacobite Rising of 1745, 114, 140n32, 186 Hoffmann, Johann Ernst (Soldier), 184, Jaegers, 101–2, 118, 123, 126, 161, 169, 210, 217 173, 218 Hogarth, William (Painter), 137 Motivation of, 190, 195, 196 Hohenloe, Fredrick Louis Prince Jamaica, 59n18, 63, 180 (General), 64 James, Lawrence (Historian), 128 Holland, Campaign in (1799), 101, 192, Janowitz, Morris (Sociologist), 23, 24 201, 207 Jarvis, Stephen (Soldier), 49n93, 154, Holmes, Richard (Historian), 44, 129 180n31 Honour, 13, 31, 124, 128, 180, 191, Jena, Battle of (1806), 7, 110, 126 193, 211 Jews, 199n10 in Combat, 32, 125, 188, 196, 197, Johnson, John (Soldier), 48n88, 50–1, 224–5 162–3, 169, 172, 205, 221 Culture of, 16, 170–4, 182–3, 187, 194, Johnson, Samuel (Writer), 21 198, 215, 219, 221, 229–31, See also Jomini, Antoine-Henri de (Military Duelling Thinker), 21 Deﬁnitions of, 10, 174–5 ‘Jonas’ (Soldier), 49, 145, 148, 150, 156, and Enlistment, 134–8, 229 159, 163, 216 Loss of, 104, 156, 170, 188, 197, 213, Joseph II (Habsburg Emperor), 76 See also Shame, Surrender Journals. See Diaries National, 200–1 Justice (Civilian), 105, 107, 119, 209 Regimental. See esprit de corps Compared to Military Justice, 107–8, Hoppe (Soldier), 203 109, 122 Howard, Michael (Historian), 95 Justice (Military), 67, 92, 99, See also Howe, William (General), 106, 212, Courts Martial, Military Regulations, 214 Punishment Höxter, Battle of (1761), 171n12 Nature of, 69–74, 79–81, 84–5, 93, Hubertusburg, Peace of (1763), 76 107–10, 114–15 Humour, 115, 125, 176–7, 212 Humphrys, Richard (Soldier), 47–8, Kameradschaft. See Mess 201, 212 Keegan, John (Historian), 1, 22 Hunger, 50, 63, 103, 128–9, 159, 163, 173, Keep, John L.H. (Historian), 40, 113 217, 221 Kent, Edward Duke of (General), 117 Hurl-Eamon, Jennine (Historian), 181 Kenward, William (Soldier), 20, 46, 49, Hutton, Samuel (Soldier), 143, 147, 168, 147, 180, 194, 214, 217, 218 179, 181, 190, 194 King, Peter (Historian), 122 Hynes, Samuel (Writer), 45 Kirkwood, Robert (Soldier), 44, 61, 188

Index 275

Klöden, Karl Friedrich von (Soldier’s Son), Linck, Barthel (Soldier), 205 22n17, 113, 149, 152, 154, 173 Linn, Edward (Soldier), 184, 193, 211 Kloster Kampen, Battle of (1760), 51n98 Lobositz, Battle of (1756), 31, 99, 101, 190, Kluel, C.G. (Soldier), 99 193, 199, 205, 211 Koch, Berthold (Soldier), 101, 203, 215 Löffler, Johann Friedrich (Soldier), 63, Kopperman, Paul (Historian), 106 112n37, 113, 146, 151, 161n81, 174, Korean War (1950–3), 25 180, 196–7, 199, 215, 221 KosćiuszkoUprising (1794), 51, 220 Looting, 13, 20, 38, 46, 49, 102–3, 132, Krebs, Daniel (Historian), 174 157–8, 160–2, 163–4, 169, 179, 185, Krefeld, Battle of (1758), 199 187, 192, 206, 215, See also Foraging Kroll, Stefan (Historian), 33 Louis XIII (King of France), 34 Kunersdorf, Battle of (1759), 14, 49, 162, Louis XIV (King of France), 30, 34 197, 202, 203, 205, 207, 212 Louis XVI (King of France), 85, 86, 87, Küster, Carl Daniel (Military Chaplain), 21 187, 214 Louisbourg, Siege of (1758), 121, 222 La Mettrie, Julien Offray de Loyalty (Philosopher), 21 Dynastic, 16, 31, 135, 193, 207 Lacy, Franz Moritz von (General), 76 Horizontal, 25, 179, 219, See also Lahatt, Charles (Soldier), 52 Camaraderie, Cohesion, Primary Lamb, Roger (Soldier), 31n46, 33, 101, Groups 152, 169, 172, 215 National and Political, 16, 35, 84, 135, Military Service of, 113, 114, 119, 168, 140, 198, See also Nationalism, 214, 218, 220 Patriotism Motivation Model, 195, 196, 198 to Officers, 154, 198, 215, See also Lamy (Soldier), 51n98 Patronage Landau, Siege of (1793), 64 Regimental. See esprit de corps Landrecies, Siege of (1794), 174 Lynn, John A. (Historian), 6, 19, 34–8, 189, Latzel, Klaus (Historian), 31, 198 214, 219 Laudon, Ernst Gideon von (General), 203 Motivation Model, 9–10 Lauffeld, Battle of (1747), 217 Laukhard, Friedrich Christian (Soldier), MacCoun, Robert (Social Scientist), 27–8 52, 64, 143, 145, 147, 200, 203, 204, Macdonald, John (Soldier), 52, 148, 208, 209 155, 156 on Soldierly Culture, 180, 181, 183, Mackellow, John (Soldier), 112, 124, 151, 187, 224 180, 186 Lawrence, William (Soldier), 145, 147 MacLeod, Donald (Soldier), 142n38, Le Roy, Claude-François-Madeleine 155, 161 (Soldier), 116–17, 122, 142, 146, 147, Malfoy-Noël, Dorothée (Historian), 32n50 151, 154, 158, 168, 208, 216 Malplaquet, Battle of (1709), 176, 188, League of Augsburg, War of the (1688–97), 196, 205, 212 18 maréchaussée, 2, 85, 88–9, 92, 168 Letters, 3, 5, 31, 39, 41, 41n68, 43, 45–6, Maria Theresa (Habsburg Empress), 75, 80 182, 194, 199, 201, 204, 211, 216 Marlborough, John Churchill Duke of Leuthen, Battle of (1757), 170 (General), 44, 160, 162, 202, Liebler, G.S. (Soldier), 99, 199, 205, 212 208n28, 213 Liebler, J.S (Soldier), 193 Marshall, S.L.A. (Historian), 23, 24, 28 Liechtenstein, Joseph Wenzel I Prince of, 7 Martinique, 63, 116, 158 Liege, Siege of (1702), 197 British Capture of (1762), 61, 202, 221 Liegnitz, Battle of (1760), 170 Masculinity, 181–4, 229 Light Infantry, 7, 56, 101–2, 124, 135, 137, Matson, John (Soldier), 158 156, 161, 190, See also: Croats, Free McBane, Donald (Soldier), 44, 104, 147, Troops, Jaegers 182n37, 191, 197, 205 Lille, 86 McPhee, Duncan (Soldier), 124, 222 Siege of 1708, 185n43, 186 Memoirs, 5, 6, 38–9, 45–8, 49, 50–2, 61, Lincelles, Battle of (1793), 192 110–11, 128, 149, 182, 187, 203

276 Index

Mercenaries, 37, 38, 59, 158, 230 Motivation (Sustaining), 13–16, 125, 127, Mess, 34–5, 179, 198, 215–17, 218–19, 132, 157, 164, 170, 198, 224, See also 222–3, 229 Discipline, esprit de corps, Honour, Pay milice, 36, 48n88, 70, 85n76, 132–3, 169 Definition of, 10–11 Military Chaplains, 21, 121, 226 Münster, Siege of (1759), 206 Military Regulations, 35, 55, 60, 75, 81–2, Muotathal, Battle of (1799), 102n15 116, 140, 159, 167–8, 175, 228, 230 Murray, James (General), 50, 51, 119 Actual Enforcement of, 89–90, 98, Musicians, Military, 111, 139, 140, 145, 102–7, 120–2 155, 158, 172n14 as Historical Sources, 5, 6, 98, 108 Role in Combat, 222–3, 226 on Messes, 34, 215–16, 219 Muster Rolls, 30, 40, 55, 67–9, 75–82, Punishments According to, 56–7, 69, 88–9, 228 85–6, 99, 120, 123, 190 Muth, Jörg (Historian), 33, 65, 80n64 Militia Mutiny, 14, 96–7, 99, 117–18, 120, in Britain, 145, 152–3, 217 122, 228 in France. See milice Miller, Benjamin (Soldier), 147–8 Napier, William (Officer and Historian), 45 Miller, James (Jacobite and Soldier), 114 Napoleon I (Emperor of France), 21 Miller, James (Soldier), 117, 172, 173, 176, Narva, Siege of (1700), 216 190, 197, 218, 221 Nationalism, 23, 51 Archetypical Enlistment Story, 128, 164 in Old-Regime Armies, 32, 191–3, Milligan, James (Soldier), 43 198–201, 211 Minden, Battle of (1759), 184, Native Americans, 49, 105, 149, 154, 177, 193n55, 202 179, 205 Möbius, Sascha (Historian), 13, 32, 33, 53, NCO. See Non-Commissioned Officers 99, 101, 125–6, 181–2 Negotiations, 117, 124–6, 127, 228 Modernisation Theory, 82, 95–6, 228 Netherlands. See Dutch Republic Monongahela, Battle of (1755), 49 Nicholas I (Emperor of Russia), 51 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de (General), nom de guerre, 166 200, 205 Non-Commissioned Officers (Old-Regime), Montmorency, Battle of (1759), 189, 212 9, 19, 43n74, 51, 104, 121, 144, 152, Montreal, Surrender of (1760), 48n88, 158, 163, 168n9, 170, 177, 179, 183, 201, 202 209, 214, 221, 223–4 Morale, 19, 21, 28n40, 106, 160, 201 Authority of, 51, 114, 119, 126, 169, Morgan, James (Soldier), 213 196, 219 Moskos, Charles (Sociologist), 11n22, 26, Discipline and Control Men, 13, 49n92, 28, 131–2, 153 53, 97, 99n7, 113, 115, 123, 182, 186, Motivation, 9–16 209, 228 Definition of, 5, 10 Promotion to, 40, 52, 125, 134, of Old-Regime Common Soldiers, 1–5, 135, 168 12–16, 19–22, 30–4, 38, 52–4, 57–8, as Recruiters, 124, 139, 151 84, 93–4, 128–31, 163–4, 195–8, Resistance against, 70n41, 100, 112, 224–5, 227–31 120–1, 122 in Revolutionary France. See Lynn Studies of, 6, 9, 22–30, 38, 153 Odenarde, Battle of (1708), 184 Motivation (Combat), 5, 6, 12–15, 16, Officers (Old-Regime), 7–8, 19–20, 43, 55, 21–30, 31–5, 97–8, 125, 127, 132, 67, 111, 154, 161, 169, 173, 181, 157, 160–2, 164, 170, 181–2, 195–8, 198, 219 211–12, 218–21, 224–5, 226–8, Abuse Authority, 49, 96, 116, 118–20, 229–30 159, 207–8, 228 Definition of, 10–11 Approachability of, 4, 203, 210 Motivation (Initial), 13–16, 131–3, 139, in Combat, 13, 53, 67, 97–8, 99–100, 146, 152, 155–7, 164, 229, See also 102, 125, 196, 211–12 Enlistment Commissioned from the Ranks, 133, Definition of, 10–11 152, 211

Index 277

and Courts Martial, 69, 72, 75, Plumb, Thomas (Soldier), 204 116–17, 120 Plunder. See Looting and Discipline, 15, 19, 52, 64, 102–5, Pondicherry, Siege of (1760–1), 202 112–17, 120–3, 126–7, 185, 191, 228, Popadishev, Ilya (Soldier), 99n7, 192 See also Negotiations Popp, Stephan (Soldier), 110n35, 150n56 Help their Subordinates, 208, 209–10, Porter, John (Soldier), 188 213, See also Patronage Prague and Honour, 13, 170–1, 174, 188, 229 Battle of 1757, 162, 199, 212 Leadership of, 5, 16, 30, 32, 50, 206–7, Siege of 1744, 162 210–11, 213–15, 229 Primary Groups, 23–7, 28–30, 34–5, 38, and Recruiting Service, 52, 130, 139–40, 175, 195–6, 218–20, 229, See also 143, 165, 177, See also Recruiting Cohesion, Mess Parties Prisoners of War, 156, 174, 180, 184, 185, Traditional View of, 1, 6, 206 201, 213 Writings of, 19, 32n50, 34, 41, 80, 98, Atrocities against, 192, 197, 204 196, 206 Discipline Maintained by, 113, 193 ordinaire. See Mess Experience of, 61, 123, 169, 172, 175, Ostend, Raid against (1798), 162, 213 203, 217 Oswego (Fort), 173, 176, 207 Generosity to, 178 Otte, Ludwig and Martin (Soldiers), 209 Prolongation of Service (Punishment), 79n63, 85–7, 89 Palatinate, 65 Proprietary Command, 8, 206, 209–10, See Paltzig, Battle of (1759), 49 also Patronage Parma, Battle of (1734), 14n25 Prussia, 17, 30, 39, 40, 76, 111, 151, 197, Patriarchy, 19–20, 109, 210 203, 205, See also Frederick the Great Patriotism Army of, 7, 13, 14, 31–2, 40–1, 65, 99, in French Revolutionary Armies, 2, 6, 38 101, 125–6, 132, 156, 163, 170, 182, in Old-Regime Armies, 13, 84, 135, 136, 186–7, 189, 191–3, 202, 203–4, 208, 137–8, 140, 186 212, 219, 226–7, See also Bräker, Role in Motivation, 12, 24, 31 Dreyer Patronage, 61, 208–9 Desertion in, 33, 56, 58, 60, 67, 83, 84, and Education, 40 89, 92, 102 and Recruitment, 154–5 Drill in, 7, 167, 168 Paul (Emperor of Russia), 163 Military Discipline in, 57, 79, 102–4, Pay, 11, 13, 68, 117, 118, 131, 132, 141, 106–7, 119, 185 163, 177–8, 213, 215, 216 Recruitment in, 37, 60, 63, 139, 142, Deductions from, 49, 97, 157 194, See also Cantonal System in Soldierly Accounts, 52, 145, 147, Punishment, 5, 33, 68, 79, 93, 109–14, 190, 157–60, 208 224, 230 Value of, 30, 129, 133–6, 138, 146, 157, Avoiding, 15, 66, 72, 74, 104–5, 119, 208 162, 163, 230 Fear of, 1, 5, 22, 31, 57, 66, 74, 81, 98, Payne, Thomas (Soldier), 150 115, 195, 196 Pearson, Andrew (Soldier), 210 Gradation of, 85–7, 99, 107 Peer Pressure, 23, 25, 169, 174–5, 177, Types of. See Capital Punishment, 178, 183, 195, 198, 219–25, 229 Corporal Punishment, Hard Labour, Pell, William (Soldier), 141, 146, 159 Prolongation of Service, Peninsular War (1807–14), 45, 129n4 Transportation Pension, 129, 133, 136, 173, 208 Pickert, Johann Christoph (Soldier), 50, Quebec, 91n95, 117, 119, 147, 150 119, 126, 174 Battle of 1759. See Plains of Abraham Piedmont, 14n25, 37, 65, 96n2, 183, 223 Battle of 1760. See Sainte-Foy Pirmasens, Battle of (1793), 197 Campaign of 1759, 47, 172, 202, 205 Pirna, Siege of (1756), 63, 174 Plains of Abraham, Battle of the (1759), 47, Rall, Johann (Ofﬁcer), 209, 213 199, 222 Ramillies, Battle of (1706), 188, 197

278 Index

Recruiting Parties, 139–42, 144, 165 Army of, 32, 37, 63, 67, 103, 118, 174, Recruitment, 7, 14, 38, 59, 65 180, 185, 191, 208, 217 of Criminals and Rebels, 63, 114, 130 Desertion in, 58, 59n16 by Deciet and Strong-Arm Methods, 1, Schaumburg-Lippe, 36n57 12, 22, 52, 63, 114, 128, 139, 151, 194 Schimmel, Johann Christian (Soldier), 156 of Foreigners, 37, 189, See also Schreyer, Johann Georg (Soldier), 180 Mercenaries Schultze, Johann (Soldier), 139n29 Posters and Newspaper Advertisements, Scot, John (Soldier), 48, 154–5, 184, 190, 40, 133–9, 144, 152, 181 192, 197, 212 Regional, 31, 36, 155–6, 189, See also Scott, James C. (Social Scientist), 127 Cantonal System Scott, Samuel F. (Historian), 30, 109 Traditional View of, 1, 13, 14, 128–9, Scouller, R.E. (Historian), 91 132, 143 Second Mysore War (1780–4), 158 Voluntary, 13, 37, 110, 132–3, 142–3, Second World War (1939–45), 22–4, 164, 211, 227, 229 29, 220 Red Bank, Battle of (1777), 61 Selig, Robert A. (Historian), 42 Reenlistment, 104, 114, 143, 192 Sentimentalism, 20–1 of Deserters, 61–3, 73n54, 77n60, 89, See Sergeants. See Non-Commissioned also Bounty-Jumpers Ofﬁcers of Veterans, 156–7 Seringapatam, Siege of (1799), 46, 212 Reuber, Johannes (Soldier), 46, 177, 213 Sermons, 13, 41n68, 48n89, 197, 203 Revenge, 154, 187, 196, 205, 206, 218 Seume, Johann Gottfried (Soldier), 151, Rhode Island, Battle of (1778), 172, 177 194, 200 Riemann, Johann Christian (Soldier), 200 Desertion, 63, 66n35, 66, 100, 114, 179 Robertson, David (Soldier), 126, 153, 192 Military Service of, 46, 52, 119, 154, 159, Robertson, George (Soldier), 172, 188, 201 178, 216 Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Seven Years War (1756–63), 4, 22, 30, 32, Vimeur Comte de (General), 41–2, 39, 63, 76, 83, 84, 99, 163, 168, 174, 69–70, 103, 171, 187, 214 182, 184, 227 Rochefort, Raid on (1757), 173 Desertion during, 56, 70–1, 74, 76–9, Rodger, Nicholas A.M. (Historian), 107 80–1, 84 Roßbach, Battle of (1757), 17 Recruitment during, 37, 132, 137 Rossignol, Jean Antoine (Soldier), 112, Soldierly Accounts from, 46, 49, 52, 119, 121–2, 124, 142, 143, 151, 158, 128, 206 171, 173, 188, 208, 210 Shame, 121, 173–4, See also Honour Duelling Exploits, 104, 186 Fear of, 10, 173, 220–2, 229 ‘Royal Dragoon’ (Soldier), 48n90, 178, as Punishment, 170–1 203, 213 Shaw, John Robert (Soldier), 33, 113, Rush, Robert (Historian), 29 141–2, 143, 149, 168, 182, 187, 216 Russia, 17 Shils, Edward (Sociologist), 23, 24 Army of, 34, 51, 56, 102, 167, Shipp, John (Soldier), 221n52 192, 201, 202, 203, 219, 220, Shirley, William (General), 207 223, 226–7 Showalter, Dennis (Historian), 31n45, 98, Military Discipline in, 104, 113, 120 110, 130, 187 Recruitment in, 36, 40, 133, 189 Siege Warfare, 11, 17, 161–2, 186, 222 Russo-Turkish Wars, 17 Sikora, Michael (Historian), 55, 59 Silesian Wars. See Austrian Succession Saint Cast, Battle of (1758), 49, 202 Skirmishers. See Light Infantry Saint Malo, Raid on (1758), 188 Slang, 53, 170, 175–6, 183 Sainte-Foy, Battle of (1760), 51, 176, 218, Slater, George (Soldier), 200 221, 223 Social Control, 169, 219, 224, See also Peer Saratoga, Campaign of (1777), 192 Pressure, Primary Groups Saxe, Maurice Comte de (General), 21, Social Disciplining, 84, 95–6, 169, 224 174, 183 Socialisation, 5, 16, 141, 146, 157, 165–9, Saxony, Electorate of, 133n12, 185 175, 223–4

Index 279

Sohr, Johann Christian (Soldier), 62, 118, Steller, Jung Heim (Soldier), 204 123, 142, 147, 156, 176, 177, 208, Stepanov, La’rka (Soldier), 50n95 217, 218 Stephanie, Gottlieb (Soldier), 139n30 Soldiers (Old-Regime). See also Guards, Steppler, Glenn A. (Historian), 30, 92, 109, Musicians, Non-Commissioned 111, 114, 140, 146, 152 Officers, Prisoners of War, Veterans Stereotypes and Education, 40–1, 52, 95, 133–4, 158 National and Religious, 137, Enemy, Attitudes towards, 5, 193, 199–200, 204 199–200, 203–6 Steube, Johann Kaspar (Soldier), 64, Gender Identity of. See Masculinity 105, 182 Identity and Self-Perception of, 16, 32, Steuernagel, Carl Philip (Soldier), 48, 51, 96, 157, 170, 175, 185–6, 229, 200n12 230–1, See also Alcohol, Honour, Stevenson, John (Soldier), 159, 183, 185, Humour, nom de guerre, Slang, 201, 211 Uniform Views on Discipline, 111, 113, 114 Language of, 167, 175, 180, 200, See Stewart, Frank Henderson Slang (Anthropologist), 175 Material Conditions of, 60, 157–60, Stouffer, Samuel A. (Sociologist), 23–4, 163–4, See also Pay 196, 211, 220 and the Occult, 20, 184–5 Sullivan, Thomas (Soldier), 33, 40, 64, 67, and Religion, 31, 41, 51, 196, 198, 208, 92n97, 150, 190, 212, 216 226, See also Fatalism, Sermons, Surrender, 48n90, 117, 126, 173–4, 188, Stereotypes 193, 197, 213, See also Prisoners Social Origins of, 3, 7, 13, 30, 33, of War 152, 211 Surtees, William (Soldier), 113, 124, Solidarity between, 177–80 153, 155, 159, 192, 201, 207, and Women, 130, 136–7, 165, 180, 181, 208, 217 189, 200, 208 Suvorov, Alexander (General), 167 Writings of, 5, 8–9, 21, 22, 38–54, 57–8, Sweden, 8, 64, 185 60–2, 66, 98, 99, 103, 111, 130, 132, Switzerland, 52 144–5, 148, 160, 170, 172, 175, 191, Troops from, 14n25, 37, 62, 150, 155, 198, 214, See also Autobiographical 180, 191, 199 Writings Songs, 100, 203 Tactics (Old-Regime), 1, 7, 33, 56, 97–8, Sonnenfels, Joseph von (Soldier), 31n46, See also Bayonet Charge 40, 52 Linear, 14, 18–19, 32, 38, 97, 100, Spain, 8, 37, 62, 136, 137, 201 166, 219 Spanish Succession, War of the (1700–15), Open Order, 101–2, See also Light 7, 19, 32n50, 203 Infantry Desertion during, 74n55, 91 Täge, Christian (Pastor), 178, 226, 227 Recruitment during, 129, 132, 154 Taylor, Gabriele (Philosopher), 175 Writings by Participants, 44, 48, 199 Thirty Years War (1618–48), 55, 230 Spring, Matthew H. (Historian), 33–4, Thompson, James (Soldier), 100, 119, 121, 204, 219 124, 125, 155, 171, 177, 180, 213, Staniforth, Sampson (Soldier), 103, 152, 220–1, 222 159, 217–18, 220–1 Thoral, Marie-Cécile (Historian), 45 Starkey, Armstrong (Historian), Thrupp, James (Soldier), 149n54 31n46, 175 Tilton, James (Officer), 61 Starkov, Yakov (Soldier), 51, 192, 223 Todd, William (Soldier), 46–7, 102, 105, Steele, Richard (Officer and Writer), 21 142, 153, 155, 159, 160, 169, 171n12, Steininger, Johann (Soldier), 121, 146, 172, 178, 179, 202, 218, 222 148, 163, 178, 181, 183, 208, Relations with Superiors, 103, 121, 124, 210, 223 125, 203, 214 Career as Bounty-Jumper, 65–7, 207 Tongeren, Siege of (1703), 190 Running the Gauntlet, 65, 112–13, 122 Torgau, Battle of (1760), 14n25

280 Index

Tory, John (Soldier), 46, 102, 172, Periodisation, 6–7 202, 208 Sieges. See Siege Warfare Tournai, Siege of (1709), 185 Strategic Aspects of, 17 Transportation (Punishment), 71, 85n77, Warfare (Revolutionary and Napoleonic), 91, 107 101n11 Trenton, Battle of (1776), 213 Compared to Old-Regime Warfare, 1–3, 7, 15, 21, 34–8, 164, 230 Uhlmann, Markus (Soldier), 62, 150, 155, Motivation in. See Lynn 159, 216 Washington, George (General), 213 Uniform, 7, 95, 104, 111, 112, 114, 118, Watson, Alexander (Historian), 196n3 121, 123, 146, 163, 169, 173, 192 Watson, Thomas (Soldier), 64 Appeal of, 53, 134–5, 139, 140, 145, Way, Peter (Historian), 108 193–4 Westbrook, Stephen (Social Scientist), Role of, 165–6 9, 11 Whitehead, John Frederick Valenciennes, Siege of (1793), 188, (Memoirist), 185 201, 203 Wiemer, Hermann Heinrich (Soldier), 209 Valmy, Battle of (1792), 192 Williamson, Peter (Soldier), 154, 173, Vardin, John (Soldier), 153n63 176, 179 Vellinghausen, Battle of (1761), Wilson, John (Soldier), 160, 193, 204, 213 171n12, 202 Wilson, Peter H. (Historian), 37, 96, 105 Vernon, William (Soldier), 215 Wolfe, James (General), 47, 50, 162, Veterans, 29, 39–40, 59, 93, 111, 130, 136, 170–1, 205, 212, 213, 214, 222 156, 164, 171, 173, 174, 194, 195, Wood, James (Soldier), 120 227, See also Pension, Reenlistment Wray, Samuel (Soldier), 117, 153n62, Writing of, 9, 33n53, 44, 45, 46, 50, 182, 207 61, 172 Württemberg Vietinghoff, Georg Michael von Army of, 36n57, 65, 112, 117, 146, (General), 87 163, 208 Vietnam War (1955–75), 25–6, 27 York, Frederick Duke of (General), 202 Warfare (Old-Regime) Yorktown, Siege of (1781), 100, 103, 184, Attributes of, 7–8, 11, 191, See also 203, 215, 218, 222 Proprietary Command Combat Experience in, 14, 17–19, Zorndorf, Battle of (1758), 14n25, 178, 226–7, See also Tactics 226–8