Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure October 2014 Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates Inc. | 1 Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 5 Study Purpose And Methodology .......................................................................................................... 5 Stakeholder Outreach .............................................................................................................................. 6 Neighborhood Typologies ....................................................................................................................... 6 Strategy Development .............................................................................................................................. 6 Recommended Strategies ........................................................................................................................ 7 Study Findings and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 8 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 Study Purpose............................................................................................................................................. 9 City of Seattle’s Efforts to Remove Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption ...................................... 9 Study Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 10 3 Study Background and Research Findings ........................................................................ 13 Key Research Findings ............................................................................................................................ 13 Consumer Preference and Need .......................................................................................................... 18 4 Business Models For Electric Vehicle Charging At Third Places and Workplaces .............. 20 Charging Provided as Amenity Model ................................................................................................ 20 Station Owner/Operator Model .......................................................................................................... 21 Mileage Operator Model/“Batteries Not Included” Manufacturing ............................................ 22 The Proprietary Network Model .......................................................................................................... 23 Summary of Business models ................................................................................................................. 25 5 Neighborhood Typologies ................................................................................................ 26 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 26 Capitol Hill and First Hill ........................................................................................................................ 27 Wallingford .............................................................................................................................................. 29 South Lake Union ...................................................................................................................................... 31 6 Garage Orphan Electric Vehicle Strategies ........................................................................ 33 Strategy Development Background ..................................................................................................... 33 Overview of Strategies .......................................................................................................................... 34 Strategy Summary Matrix ..................................................................................................................... 48 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: Capitol Hill/First Hill – Level II EVSE ................ 50 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: Wallingford - Level II EVSE ............................... 51 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: South Lake Union – Level II EVSE ...................... 52 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: Totals - Level II eVSE ........................................... 53 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: DC/Fast Charging ............................................... 54 Recommended Strategies ...................................................................................................................... 55 Study Finding and Recommendations .................................................................................................. 55 7 Appendixes ...................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix A: Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix B: Detailed Neighborhood Typologies............................................................................. 58 Appendix C: Statewide and Regional Electric Vehicle Charging Strategies .............................. 77 Appendix D: Business Models For Electric Vehicle Charging At Third Places and Workplaces ............................................................................................................................................... 89 Appendix E: Stakeholder Interview Questions and Summary ........................................................ 93 Appendix F: Regional EV Charging Strategy Workshop Material ............................................ 101 Appendix G: Regional EV Charging Strategy Workshop Notes................................................ 104 Appendix H: Washington State EV Charging Strategy Survey Questions ............................... 114 Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates Inc. | 2 Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment Cover image adapted from John C. Briggs original Table of Figures Page Figure 1 Cumulative US Plug-in Vehicle Sales .............................................................................................. 5 Figure 2 What defines an EV as a “Garage Orphan?” ............................................................................. 5 Figure 3 Strategies and Strategy Summaries ............................................................................................... 6 Figure 4 Applicability of Strategies ................................................................................................................ 7 Figure 5 Strategy Development Flow ........................................................................................................... 11 Figure 6 Electric Vehicles —Today’s Technology ....................................................................................... 15 Figure 7 Cumulative Daily Travel Distance of US Commuters ................................................................. 16 Figure 8 The Hierarchy of Charging ............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 9 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Basics ..................................................................................... 17 Figure 10 Roger's Innovation Adoption Curve ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 11 Summary of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Business Models ......................................... 25 Figure 12 Neighborhoods Profiled ............................................................................................................... 26 Figure 13 Capitol Hill and First Hill Study Area ......................................................................................... 28 Figure 14 Capitol Hill/First Hill Population Density ................................................................................... 28 Figure 15 Capitol Hill/First Hill EVSE Locations .......................................................................................... 28 Figure 16 CH/FH Publicly-available Parking Lots ..................................................................................... 28 Figure 17 Capitol Hill/First Hill Land Uses................................................................................................... 28 Figure 18 Capitol Hill/First Hill Institutions ................................................................................................... 28 Figure 19 Wallingford Study Area............................................................................................................... 30 Figure 20 Wallingford Population Density .................................................................................................. 30 Figure 21 Wallingford EVSE
Recommended publications
  • Electric Vehicle Fleet Toolkit
    ELECTRICITY Electricity WHAT IS CHARGING? What is a PEV? A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is a How many stations are in the San vehicle in which there is an onboard Diego region? battery that is powered by energy Currently there are over 550 public delivered from the electricity grid. There are two types of electric charging stations in the San Diego region. Level 1 Charging vehicles: a battery electric vehicle Level 1 charging uses 120 volts AC. An PEV (BEV) and a plug-in hybrid electric How much does it cost to fuel my can be charged with just a standard wall vehicle (PHEV). BEVs run exclusively vehicle? outlet. on the power from their onboard battery. PHEVs have both an It generally costs less than half as onboard battery and an internal much to drive an electric vehicle as Level 2 Charging combustion engine that is used an internal combustion engine Level 2 charging uses 240 volts AC. This is when the car’s battery is depleted. the same type of voltage as an outlet used for a dryer or washing machine. There are upwards of 12,000 PEVs in 24-month average* the San Diego region (as of Summer Gasoline $3.35 2015). DC Fast Charging Electricity** $1.22 DC fast charging is a very quick level of charging. An PEV can be charged up to 80% Savings $2.13 within 30 minutes of charging. *June 2013-June 2015 **Gasoline gallon equivalent 1 ELECTRICITY What types of vehicles can use electricity? Electric vehicles come in all shapes and sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development
    Review A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development Fuad Un-Noor 1, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban 2,*, Lucian Mihet-Popa 3, Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah 1 and Eklas Hossain 4,* 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; [email protected] (F.U.-N.); [email protected] (M.N.M.) 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa 3 Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, Kobberslagerstredet 5, 1671 Kråkeroy-Fredrikstad, Norway; [email protected] 4 Department of Electrical Engineering & Renewable Energy, Oregon Tech, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (E.H.); Tel.: +27-79-219-9845 (S.P.); +1-541-885-1516 (E.H.) Academic Editor: Sergio Saponara Received: 8 May 2017; Accepted: 21 July 2017; Published: 17 August 2017 Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy
    Review Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy Michael Handwerker 1,2,*, Jörg Wellnitz 1,2 and Hormoz Marzbani 2 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany; [email protected] 2 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency Citation: Handwerker, M.; Wellnitz, and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete J.; Marzbani, H. Comparison of with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Easy Battery Swapping
    EasyEasy BatteryBattery SwappingSwapping Gilles MULATO Chanan GABAY Jacques POILLOT Amit YUDAN Gonzalo HENNEQUET BetterBetter PlacePlace RENAULTRENAULT G. Hennequet June 30, 2011 CONTENTS: 1. RENAULT & Better Place Battery Swapping History 2. Current Renault Fluence Z.E. Quick Drop System 3. Current Better Place Quick Drop Stations 4. The Future: The EASYBAT Project G. Hennequet June 30, 2011 2 1. Renault & Better Place Battery Bay History Battery Swapping : State of the Art By switching the battery of the electric vehicle, its range can be extended. A switchable battery pack is a battery pack that can be easily installed and removed into and out of the electric vehicle. The battery bay is a set of interfaces between an electric vehicle (EV) and a switchable battery pack. Two battery bay alternatives exist today: 1st Commercial Generation of the Fluence Z.E. (Renault). Better Place alternative Battery Bay concept G. Hennequet June 30, 2011 3 1. Renault & Better Place Battery Bay History March 2008: • Renault reveals its 1st Generation Battery Bay design for Fluence. July 2008: • Better Place presents conceptual design for battery switch station. May 2009: • Better Place demonstrates alternative Battery Bay concept in Japan. September 2009: • Renault demonstrates the Fluence including the commercial 1st Generation in Frankfurt auto show. April 2010: • Better Place demonstrates its alternative Battery Bay prototype on electric taxis in Tokyo, Japan. July 2010: • Better Place demonstrates integration of Fluence 1st Generation in the BP Alpha battery switch station G. Hennequet June 30, 2011 4 2. Current Renault Fluence Z.E. Quick Drop System WHY A BATTERY QUICK EXCHANGE SYSTEM? => QUICK DROP G.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
    Review A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives Manh-Kien Tran 1,* , Asad Bhatti 2, Reid Vrolyk 1, Derek Wong 1 , Satyam Panchal 2 , Michael Fowler 1 and Roydon Fraser 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (M.F.) 2 Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (R.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-880-6108 Abstract: Emissions from the transportation sector are significant contributors to climate change and health problems because of the common use of gasoline vehicles. Countries in the world are attempting to transition away from gasoline vehicles and to electric vehicles (EVs), in order to reduce emissions. However, there are several practical limitations with EVs, one of which is the “range anxiety” issue, due to the lack of charging infrastructure, the high cost of long-ranged EVs, and the limited range of affordable EVs. One potential solution to the range anxiety problem is the use of range extenders, to extend the driving range of EVs while optimizing the costs and performance of the vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of EV range extending technologies, including internal combustion engines, free-piston linear generators, fuel cells, micro Citation: Tran, M.-K.; Bhatti, A.; gas turbines, and zinc-air batteries, outlining their definitions, working mechanisms, and some recent Vrolyk, R.; Wong, D.; Panchal, S.; Fowler, M.; Fraser, R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies in China and United States
    Clark University Clark Digital Commons International Development, Community and Master’s Papers Environment (IDCE) 12-2016 The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States JIyi Lai [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers Part of the Environmental Studies Commons Recommended Citation Lai, JIyi, "The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States" (2016). International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE). 163. https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers/163 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Master’s Papers at Clark Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE) by an authorized administrator of Clark Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai DECEMBER 2016 A Masters Paper Submitted to the faculty of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the department of IDCE And accepted on the recommendation of ! Christopher Van Atten, Chief Instructor ABSTRACT The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai The number of passenger cars in use worldwide has been steadily increasing. This has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants, and new efforts to develop alternative fuel vehicles to mitigate reliance on petroleum. Alternative fuel vehicles include a wide range of technologies powered by energy sources other than gasoline or diesel fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Better Place Australia 114 Balmain St Richmond VIC 3121 Tel: (03) 8679 0800 Email: [email protected] Website
    Submission to the Review of Energy Market Arrangements for Electric Vehicles 27 October 2011 Australian Energy Market Commission PO Box A2449 Sydney South NSW 1235 Contact person for submission Tim Watts Better Place Australia 114 Balmain St Richmond VIC 3121 Tel: (03) 8679 0800 Email: [email protected] Website: www.betterplace.com.au Page 1 of 25 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 A. What role does Better Place play in the National Electricity Market (NEM)? What type of market participant are we? ................................................................................................................................. 4 B. AEMC Question 1 - What are the key drivers and likely uptake of EVs in the NEM? ......................... 5 C. AEMC Question 2 - What are the costs and benefits that EVs may introduce into Australia's electricity markets? ................................................................................................................................. 9 D. AEMC Question 3 - What are the appropriate electricity market regulatory arrangements necessary to facilitate the efficient uptake of EVs? .............................................................................. 12 E. AEMC Question 4 - What are the required changes to the current electricity market regulatory arrangements and suggestions for reform to facilitate the efficient uptake of EVs? .......................... 18 Appendix
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Electric Vehicle Business Models
    Working Document of the NPC Future Transportation Fuels Study Made Available August 1, 2012 Topic Paper #18 Emerging Electric Vehicle Business Models On August 1, 2012, The National Petroleum Council (NPC) in approving its report, Advancing Technology for America’s Transportation Future, also approved the making available of certain materials used in the study process, including detailed, specific subject matter papers prepared or used by the study’s Task Groups and/or Subgroups. These Topic Papers were working documents that were part of the analyses that led to development of the summary results presented in the report’s Executive Summary and Chapters. These Topic Papers represent the views and conclusions of the authors. The National Petroleum Council has not endorsed or approved the statements and conclusions contained in these documents, but approved the publication of these materials as part of the study process. The NPC believes that these papers will be of interest to the readers of the report and will help them better understand the results. These materials are being made available in the interest of transparency. Emerging Electric Vehicle Business Models (White Paper for the NPC Study) Introduction: Historically, the transition to electric cars has been slowed by numerous obstacles, including range limitations, battery affordability, battery obsolescence and durability risks, and strains on the electric grid. The complexity and novelty of the electrification value chain - which merges the utility value chain with the automotive, battery and charging infrastructure value chains - suggest a number of challenges as to how cost-effective business models will be defined and how electrification of the transport industry will be successfully delivered.
    [Show full text]
  • Powering the U.S. Army of the Future Overall Objective
    Powering the U.S. Army of the Future Overall Objective A study to find out what are the emerging technology options in energy/ power to best suit the Army's operational requirements in 2035 and beyond. This entails bringing sufficient energy to the field and conserving its use while maintaining or enhancing the Army’s warfighting capabilities. Download the report at: http://nap.edu/26052 Duo-Fold Focus Approach Overall Study Objectives Source: Project Pele Overview, Mobile Nuclear Power for Future DoD Needs, March 2020, Office of the Secretary of the Defense; Strategic Capabilities Office Previous Studies Advocating Nuclear Power and Battery Electric Vehicles Employment of mobile nuclear power is consistent with the new geopolitical landscape and priorities outlined in the US National Security Strategy (NSS) and the 2018 National Defense Strategy focusing on China and Russia as the principal priorities for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)… This study finds that as a technical matter, nuclear power can reduce supply vulnerabilities and operating costs while providing a sustainable option for reducing petroleum demand and focusing fuel forward to support Combatant Commander (CCDR) priorities and maneuver in multi-domain operations (MDO). Study on the Use of Mobile Nuclear Plants Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4 October 26, 2018 “Powering the Army of 2035” In One Slide • There are many realistic opportunities to reduce fuel transported to the field by up to 1/3. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels will remain the main source of combined energy and power brought to the battlefield through 2035. • Electrification of ground combat vehicles is highly desirable, but it should take the form of hybrid electric vehicles (with internal combustion engines), not all battery electric vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean Cities Overview
    MASSACHUSETTS CLEAN CITIES COALITION Energy Boot Camp Presenter Stephen Russell September 4, 2014 [email protected] Clean Cities / 1 Creating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth The alternative transportation/ Massachusetts Clean Cities Coalition are are part of the Department of Energy Resources Renewables Division Coordinators: Stephen Russell and Michelle Broussard EVs Biodiesel Natural gas Clean Cities / 2 Clean Cities Clean Cities’ Mission To advance the energy, economic, and environmental security of the U.S. by supporting local decisions to adopt practices that contribute to the reduction of petroleum consumption in the transportation sector. • Sponsored by the DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Vehicle Technologies program • Provides a framework for businesses and governments to work together as a coalition to enhance markets • Coordinate activities, identify mutual interests, develop regional economic opportunities, and improve air quality Clean Cities / 3 Clean Cities Today • 90 active coalitions in 45 states • 775,000 AFVs using alternative fuels • 6,600 AFV stations • 8,400+ stakeholders Clean Cities / 4 MCCC Vision • Clean Cities are a resource to both public and private fleets. • They are a catalyst to match fleets with resources needed. • They are the the go-to folks for technical resources for alternative fuels and technologies. 5 Clean Cities / 5 Clean Cities portfolio of alternative fuels Alternative Fuels Biodiesel (B100) Electricity Ethanol (E85) Hydrogen Natural gas Propane Fuel Blends – commonly used Biodiesel/diesel blends (B2, B5, B20) Ethanol/gasoline blends (E10) Hydrogen/natural gas blends (HCNG) Diesel/CNG 6 Clean Cities / 6 How do I choose a fuel •CNG Cleaner Less $ alternative to Diesel fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • The 'Renewables' Challenge
    The ‘Renewables’ Challenge - Biofuels vs. Electric Mobility Hinrich Helms ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] Udo Lambrecht ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg, Germany Nils Rettenmaier ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg, Germany Summary Electric vehicles are considered as a key technology for sustainable transport. The use of biofuels in vehicles with con- ventional combustion engines, however, also offers the possibility for a substantial reduction of greenhouse gas emis- sions, without requiring costly batteries and long charging times and without significantly limiting the driving range. A comparison of environmental impacts between both options needs to be based on a life cycle perspective. First screen- ing results presented in this paper show that a diesel car fuelled with RME has considerably lower climate impacts than a comparable battery electric vehicle charged with average German electricity. On the other hand, the use of RME has disadvantages in other impacts categories such as eutrophication. Battery electric vehicles charged with renewable electricity in turn have the best climate impact balance of the considered options and also show among the lowest im- pacts in eutrophication. However, other biofuels such as palm oil and the use of biomass residues offer further reduc- tion potentials, but possibly face limited resources and land use changes. 1. Introduction man Federal Government has therefore set the target of one million electric vehicles in Germany by 2020. Mobility is an important basis for many economic and On the other hand, the use of biofuels in vehicles with private activities and thus a crucial part of our life.
    [Show full text]
  • A U.S. Consumer's Guide to Electric Vehicle Charging
    CONSUMER GUIDE TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES JUNE 2021 11570437 WHY BUY AN ELECTRIC CAR? Electric vehicles (EVs) are fun to drive, safe, comfortable, and convenient to refuel. They also cost less to operate per mile and produce no tailpipe emissions. Today’s electric cars do everything a gas car can do—and more. Most are high-performing vehicles with silent, instant torque, superb handling, and the latest technology and safety features. Most can travel 200–250 miles on a charge; many can go farther. Most EV drivers prefer to charge at home for its convenience and savings. A growing national network of public charging sites enables more consumers—even those who can’t plug in at home—to consider purchasing an EV. Because EVs are powered by electricity instead of gasoline, they shift our energy reliance to domestic sources while also reducing emissions. Cutting vehicle emissions is especially critical in communities adjacent to heavily trafficked roadways. As local power generation grows cleaner, every electric car charged on that grid gets cleaner too—and the broader public health and climate benefits increase. Electrifying light-duty transport would reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 17% relative to 2018 levels. EV 101 This guide highlights the two types of electric vehicles that plug into the grid to recharge their batteries. They are battery-electric (or all-electric) vehicles and plug-in hybrids. All-electric vehicles are powered solely Plug-in hybrids pair an electric motor by an electric motor and battery. They and battery with an internal-combustion burn no gasoline or diesel fuel, so they engine.
    [Show full text]