Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure October 2014 Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates Inc. | 1 Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 5 Study Purpose And Methodology .......................................................................................................... 5 Stakeholder Outreach .............................................................................................................................. 6 Neighborhood Typologies ....................................................................................................................... 6 Strategy Development .............................................................................................................................. 6 Recommended Strategies ........................................................................................................................ 7 Study Findings and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 8 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 Study Purpose............................................................................................................................................. 9 City of Seattle’s Efforts to Remove Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption ...................................... 9 Study Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 10 3 Study Background and Research Findings ........................................................................ 13 Key Research Findings ............................................................................................................................ 13 Consumer Preference and Need .......................................................................................................... 18 4 Business Models For Electric Vehicle Charging At Third Places and Workplaces .............. 20 Charging Provided as Amenity Model ................................................................................................ 20 Station Owner/Operator Model .......................................................................................................... 21 Mileage Operator Model/“Batteries Not Included” Manufacturing ............................................ 22 The Proprietary Network Model .......................................................................................................... 23 Summary of Business models ................................................................................................................. 25 5 Neighborhood Typologies ................................................................................................ 26 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 26 Capitol Hill and First Hill ........................................................................................................................ 27 Wallingford .............................................................................................................................................. 29 South Lake Union ...................................................................................................................................... 31 6 Garage Orphan Electric Vehicle Strategies ........................................................................ 33 Strategy Development Background ..................................................................................................... 33 Overview of Strategies .......................................................................................................................... 34 Strategy Summary Matrix ..................................................................................................................... 48 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: Capitol Hill/First Hill – Level II EVSE ................ 50 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: Wallingford - Level II EVSE ............................... 51 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: South Lake Union – Level II EVSE ...................... 52 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: Totals - Level II eVSE ........................................... 53 Applicability of Strategies by Neighborhood: DC/Fast Charging ............................................... 54 Recommended Strategies ...................................................................................................................... 55 Study Finding and Recommendations .................................................................................................. 55 7 Appendixes ...................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix A: Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix B: Detailed Neighborhood Typologies............................................................................. 58 Appendix C: Statewide and Regional Electric Vehicle Charging Strategies .............................. 77 Appendix D: Business Models For Electric Vehicle Charging At Third Places and Workplaces ............................................................................................................................................... 89 Appendix E: Stakeholder Interview Questions and Summary ........................................................ 93 Appendix F: Regional EV Charging Strategy Workshop Material ............................................ 101 Appendix G: Regional EV Charging Strategy Workshop Notes................................................ 104 Appendix H: Washington State EV Charging Strategy Survey Questions ............................... 114 Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates Inc. | 2 Removing Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption by Increasing Access to Charging Infrastructure Seattle Office of Sustainability & Environment Cover image adapted from John C. Briggs original Table of Figures Page Figure 1 Cumulative US Plug-in Vehicle Sales .............................................................................................. 5 Figure 2 What defines an EV as a “Garage Orphan?” ............................................................................. 5 Figure 3 Strategies and Strategy Summaries ............................................................................................... 6 Figure 4 Applicability of Strategies ................................................................................................................ 7 Figure 5 Strategy Development Flow ........................................................................................................... 11 Figure 6 Electric Vehicles —Today’s Technology ....................................................................................... 15 Figure 7 Cumulative Daily Travel Distance of US Commuters ................................................................. 16 Figure 8 The Hierarchy of Charging ............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 9 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Basics ..................................................................................... 17 Figure 10 Roger's Innovation Adoption Curve ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 11 Summary of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Business Models ......................................... 25 Figure 12 Neighborhoods Profiled ............................................................................................................... 26 Figure 13 Capitol Hill and First Hill Study Area ......................................................................................... 28 Figure 14 Capitol Hill/First Hill Population Density ................................................................................... 28 Figure 15 Capitol Hill/First Hill EVSE Locations .......................................................................................... 28 Figure 16 CH/FH Publicly-available Parking Lots ..................................................................................... 28 Figure 17 Capitol Hill/First Hill Land Uses................................................................................................... 28 Figure 18 Capitol Hill/First Hill Institutions ................................................................................................... 28 Figure 19 Wallingford Study Area............................................................................................................... 30 Figure 20 Wallingford Population Density .................................................................................................. 30 Figure 21 Wallingford EVSE