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Forestry Handbook British Columbia Forestry Handbook for British Columbia Fifth Edition, PDF Part 1 Editors Susan B. Watts, Ph.D., RPF Lynne Tolland, M.Sc. Published by The Forestry Undergraduate Society Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Forestry handbook for British Columbia / editors, Susan B. Watts, Lynne Tolland. -- 5th ed. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88865-447-2 1. Forests and forestry--British Columbia. 2. Forests and forestry. I. Watts, Susan B., 1952- II. Tolland, Lynne III. University of British Co- lumbia. Forestry Undergraduate Society. SD146.B7F68 2005 634.9’09711 C2004-907361-3 Original Adobe Pagemaker layout by Patsy Quay Adobe InDesign CS layout ,vector diagrams and 2013 PDF by Jamie Myers UBC, Faculty of Forestry. Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Forest Sciences Centre 2005-2424 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 CANADA Email: [email protected] Web: www.forestry.ubc.ca Tel: 604-822-2727 Fax: 604-822-8645 © Copyright 2005 UBC, Faculty of Forestry Dedication John Worrall, or Worrall as he prefers to be known, is widely recognized and respected among alumni and current UBC students. Most of this reputation was acquired through teaching at the University of British Columbia (UBC). Worrall taught dendrology, public speaking and forestry in the Faculty of Forestry for 35 years. His academic achievements include five degrees, B.Sc. (1959) at Durham, B.S.F. (1963) at UBC, M.F. (1964), M.Phil. (1967) and Ph.D. (1968) at Yale. However, Worrall has not achieved notoriety solely for his academic achievements. His teaching methods and extra- curricular activities have made him a legend with the undergraduates in Forestry for over three and a half decades. Present silviculture professor and ex-Worrall dendrology student Dr. Stephen Mitchell fondly recalled Worrall’s lab exam which consisted of leaves and branches, but to make it more difficult the leaves would be cut so they resembled different species, such as cutting the lobes off oak leaves or cutting maple leaves into squares. This was designed to make students recognize leaves by venation pattern instead of simple morphology. He was also famous for memorizing students’ surnames, so even if you sat at the back of the class he would still be able to find you and pick you out if you weren’t paying attention, and know your name. Michael Main, a Malcolm Knapp Research Forest staff member, remembers being quite daunted while sitting in class when Worrall would ask a question and then unexpectedly turn and say “Any thoughts Main?” Worrall’s strange, but always meaningful, methods of education continue. Bart van der Kamp (Forest Sciences Department head) got a phone call recently about a yellow birch tree. When he asked the caller if they were sure it was a yellow birch the person on he phone said “Well, I did call someone in Forestry last year, but I’ve forgotten his name. He told me to bring a small twig. When I arrived in his office with my twig, he said chew it, what does it taste like? Wintergreen, I said. Yellow birch, he said”. The original contact was no doubt Worrall, and this statement typifies his way of teaching and his depth of knowledge. Worrall’s greatest achievement is his connection with the Forestry undergraduate students, which was recognized during his retirement party in 2003. Worrall just wanted a small event with a BBQ and burgers, but 250 alumni, faculty and friends saw to it that this party was anything but small! People came from all over Canada. The retirement party however, did not mean that Worrall was leaving the Forestry III building as he now has an office on the first floor. He is still involved in many student activities, he organizes ping pong tournaments and can be found flipping burgers at Forestry Undergraduate Society (FUS) beer gardens. His contribution to FUS events is outstanding; Worrall can usually be found enjoying himself, whether the event is in the Forestry building or at the Blarney Stone in downtown Vancouver. In the past he’s arranged trips to visit the redwoods in California, and has taken students hiking on Mt. Frosty. He’s also renowned for taking the odd stray student into his own home when they’ve turned up for the beginning of the year without housing. He is also the only professor to have received the Forestry Killam award twice: a recognition for outstanding contribution to teaching in the Faculty of Forestry. For all these reasons, and many more, Worrall is much loved by his students and alumni. The 1975 – 1989 Forestry alumni recognized Worrall’s passion for trees and his encouragement of academic and cultural development of forestry students as they progressed through UBC. They began the now record-breaking John Worrall bursary (renamed as the Tree Enthusiasts Prize), which was set up to provide $1,000 a year for undergraduate aid, and is supported entirely by voluntary fund raising. The total amount raised so far is $19,500. International exchange student Sam Coggins’ first experience of Worrall was less than 24 hrs after arriving in Canada from England. Worrall drove a mini-van full of international students up to Williams Lake, a day before the interior fall camp, and gave everyone a quick introduction to forestry in BC. Needless to say, the normal 6 hour drive turned into 9 as Worrall insisted on showing the new students some BC scenery. Sam commented that he will never forget what Worrall has done for him and neither will others. Johann Baart (current undergraduate) sums him up as; professor, teacher, dendrologist, mentor, burger flipper, ping pong champ, truck lender, interior gardener, exterior gardener, encyclopedia of botany, Coconut icon, whale ‘researcher’, slide aficionado, job reference, landlord pro bono, surrogate father, and friend. All this and more is what Worrall has been to countless undergraduate students that have come and gone through the Faculty of Forestry at UBC. His contribution to the student experience cannot be overstated. With a door that’s always open and a cunning yet humourous glare, Worrall is to this Faculty what rainfall is to BC’s coastal forests. The undergraduate students and alumni of UBC Forestry dedicate this edition of the Forestry Handbook to a unique individual. Thank you Worrall. IV Foreword to Fifth Edition After a record hiatus between editions, we are proud to introduce an all-new fifth edition of the Forestry Handbook for British Columbia. Since the first (1953) edition, which the students of the day were able to put together themselves, this new 800 page tome has involved the efforts of UBC students (undergraduate and graduate), staff, faculty and other experts from provincial and federal government agencies, consulting and professional organizations. We are grateful to all of those who have donated their time to this project. We would also like to thank Forest Renewal BC who provided two years of financial support for the initial coordination of this venture. This fifth edition contains mostly new material. Every chapter has been re- written and several new chapters have been added. New topics to the fifth edition are chapters on visual resource management, fish and stream protection, ecosystem management and conservation biology, modeling stand and forest dynamics, and geographic information systems. Finally, we would like to thank the Faculty of Forestry for embracing this project as part of the Faculty’s fiftieth anniversary celebrations in 2002. With this support we were able to maintain the profile and momentum necessary to get all of the many pieces together (albeit, three years later!). The Forestry Undergraduate Society V Contents RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOREST POLICY Page D. Haley, Ph.D., RPF Evolution of Forest Policy in BC ...........................................................................................2 1850s – 1911: The pioneer era .........................................................................................2 1912 – 1947: Unregulated forest industry expansion .......................................................3 1947 – 1979: Sustained yield timber management ..........................................................4 1979 – 1992: Multiple use ...............................................................................................5 1992 – 2001: Towards sustainability ................................................................................7 2002 – Present: A “New Era” in Forest Policy .......................................................................8 Outstanding major issues ...............................................................................................11 Forestland Ownership and Tenure in BC .............................................................................16 Forestland ownership .....................................................................................................16 Crown forest tenures ......................................................................................................17 Forms of Crown forest tenure in BC ..............................................................................18 Characteristics of Crown forest tenures in BC................................................................20 FOREST–LEVEL PLANNING J.D. Nelson, Ph.D., RPF Introduction ........................................................................................................................26 Classical Methods for Converting and Regulating Forests....................................................28
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