Invest User Guide, Release +VERSION+ Editors: Richard Sharp, Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer, Spencer Wood, Anne Guerry, Heather Tallis
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InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ Editors: Richard Sharp, Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer, Spencer Wood, Anne Guerry, Heather Tallis, Taylor Ricketts. Contributing Authors: Erik Nelson, Driss Ennaanay, Stacie Wolny, Nasser Olwero, Kari Vigerstol, Derric Penning- ton, Guillermo Mendoza, Juliann Aukema, John Foster, Jessica Forrest, Dick Cameron, Katie Arkema, Eric Lonsdorf, Christina Kennedy, Gregory Verutes, Chong-Ki Kim, Gregory Guannel, Michael Papenfus, Jodie Toft, Matthew Mar- sik, Joey Bernhardt, Robert Griffin, Kathryn Glowinski, Nicholas Chaumont, Adam Perelman, Martin Lacayo, Lisa Mandle, Perrine Hamel, Adrian L. Vogl, Lauren Rogers, Will Bierbower, Douglas Denu, James Douglass. Citation: Sharp, R., Tallis, H.T., Ricketts, T., Guerry, A.D., Wood, S.A., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Nelson, E., Ennaanay, D., Wolny, S., Olwero, N., Vigerstol, K., Pennington, D., Mendoza, G., Aukema, J., Foster, J., Forrest, J., Cameron, D., Arkema, K., Lonsdorf, E., Kennedy, C., Verutes, G., Kim, C.K., Guannel, G., Papenfus, M., Toft, J., Marsik, M., Bernhardt, J., Griffin, R., Glowinski, K., Chaumont, N., Perelman, A., Lacayo, M. Mandle, L., Hamel, P., Vogl, A.L., Rogers, L., Bierbower, W., Denu, D., and Douglass, J. 2018. InVEST +VERSION+ User’s Guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund. 1 InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ 2 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Data Requirements and Outputs Summary Table............................5 1.2 Why We Need Tools to Map and Value Ecosystem Services......................5 1.3 Getting Started.............................................. 17 2 InVEST Models 25 2.1 Supporting Ecosystem Services:..................................... 25 2.2 Final Ecosystem Services:........................................ 77 2.3 Tools to Facilitate Ecosystem Service Analyses:............................ 252 2.4 Supporting Tools............................................. 288 3 Acknowledgements 305 3.1 Acknowledgements........................................... 305 4 PDF Version of the User’s Guide 307 3 InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ 4 CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Data Requirements and Outputs Summary Table 1.2 Why We Need Tools to Map and Value Ecosystem Services 1.2.1 Introduction Ecosystems, if properly managed, yield a flow of services that are vital to humanity, including the production of goods (e.g., food), life support processes (e.g., water purification), and life fulfilling conditions (e.g., beauty, recreation opportunities), as well as the conservation of options (e.g., genetic diversity for future use). Despite its importance, this natural capital is poorly understood, scarcely monitored, and—in many cases—undergoing rapid degradation and depletion. To bring understanding of nature’s values into decisions, the Natural Capital Project is developing models that quantify and map the values of ecosystem services. The modeling suite is best suited for analyses of multiple services and multiple objectives. The current models, which require relatively little data input, can identify areas where investment may enhance human well-being and nature. We are continuing to refine existing models and to develop new models. We use the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) definition of the term ecosystem services: “the benefits people obtain from ecosystems.” Ecosystems incorporate both biotic and abiotic components and we thus consider “ecosys- tem services” and “environmental services” to be equivalent. Natural capital is the living and non-living components of ecosystems that contribute to the provision of ecosystem services. Capital assets take many forms including man- ufactured capital (e.g., buildings and machines), human capital (knowledge, experience, and health), social capital (relationships and institutions), as well as natural capital. 1.2.2 Who should use InVEST? InVEST is designed to inform decisions about natural resource management. Essentially, it provides information about how changes in ecosystems are likely to lead to changes in the flows of benefits to people. Decision-makers, from governments to non-profits to corporations, often manage lands and waters for multiple uses and inevitably must evaluate trade-offs among these uses. InVEST’s multi-service, modular design provides an effective tool for exploring the likely outcomes of alternative management and climate scenarios and for evaluating trade-offs among sectors and services. For example, government agencies could use InVEST to help determine how to manage lands, coasts, and marine areas to provide a desirable range of benefits to people or to help design permitting and mitigation programs that sustain nature’s benefits to society. Conservation organizations could use InVEST to better align their missions to protect biodiversity with activities that improve human livelihoods. Corporations, such as consumer goods companies, renewable energy companies, and water utilities, could also use InVEST to decide how and where to invest in natural capital to ensure that their supply chains are sustainable and secure. InVEST can help answer questions like: 5 InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ 6 Chapter 1. Introduction InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ 1.2. Why We Need Tools to Map and Value Ecosystem Services 7 InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ 8 Chapter 1. Introduction InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ 1.2. Why We Need Tools to Map and Value Ecosystem Services 9 InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ • Where do ecosystem services originate and where are they consumed? • How does a proposed forestry management plan affect timber yields, biodiversity, water quality and recreation? • What kinds of coastal management and fishery policies will yield the best returns for sustainable fisheries, shoreline protection and recreation? • Which parts of a watershed provide the greatest carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and tourism values? • Where would reforestation achieve the greatest downstream water quality benefits while maintaining or mini- mizing losses in water flows? • How will climate change and population growth impact ecosystem services and biodiversity? • What benefits does marine spatial planning provide to society in addition to food from fishing and aquaculture and secure locations for renewable energy facilities? 1.2.3 Introduction to InVEST InVEST is a tool for exploring how changes in ecosystems are likely to lead to changes in benefits that flow to people. InVEST often employs a production function approach to quantifying and valuing ecosystem services. A production function specifies the output of ecosystem services provided by the environment given its condition and processes. Once a production function is specified, we can quantify the impact of changes on land or in the water on changes on the level of ecosystem service output. InVEST uses a simple framework delineating “supply, service, and value” to link production functions to the benefits provided to people (Figure 1). “Supply” represents what is potentially available from the ecosystem (ie. what the ecosystem structure and function can provide). For example, this would be the wave attenuation and subsequent reduction in erosion and flooding onshore provided by a particular location and density of mangrove forest. “Service” incorporates demand and thus uses information about beneficiaries of that service (e.g., where people live, important cultural sites, infrastructure, etc.). “Value” includes social preference and allows for the calculation of economic and social metrics (e.g., avoided damages from erosion and flooding, numbers of people affected). The InVEST toolset described in this guide includes models for quantifying, mapping, and valuing the benefits pro- vided by terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. We group models in InVEST into three primary categories: 1) 10 Chapter 1. Introduction InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ Fig. 1: The ecosystem service supply chain, linking ecological function to ecosystem services and the benefits provided to people (From Tallis et al. 2012, Bioscience) 1.2. Why We Need Tools to Map and Value Ecosystem Services 11 InVEST User Guide, Release +VERSION+ supporting services, 2) final services, and 3) tools to facilitate ecosystem service analyses. Supporting services un- derpin other ecosystem services, but do not directly provide benefits to people. Final services provide direct benefits to people. For final services, we split the services into their biophysical supply and the service to people wherever possible; these are delineated in the model names as Supply: Service. For some final services, we model the service directly, without modeling the supply separately. These are listed as the models below without the use of a colon, and also below in Figure 3. Supporting Ecosystem Services: • Marine Water Quality • Habitat Risk Assessment • Habitat Quality Final Ecosystem Services: • Carbon Storage and Sequestration: Climate Regulation • Blue Carbon Storage and Sequestration: Climate Regulation • Water Yield: Reservoir Hydropower Production • Nutrient Retention: Water Purification • Sediment Retention: Avoided Dredging and Water Purification • Pollinator Abundance: Crop Pollination • Coastal Exposure and Vulnerability • Wave Attenuation & Erosion Reduction: Coastal Protection (only in ArcGIS version) • Unobstructed Views: Scenic Quality Provision • Nature-based Recreation and Tourism • Managed Timber Production • Wave Energy Production • Offshore Wind Energy Production • Marine