Sustainable Water Resource Policy in Taiwan

Chau-Ling Tyan

Chiefofwater resource management division, WRA,MOEA tel:04-22501158 Fax: 04-22501608 E-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT Water Resources available for each person in Taiwan is only 1/7 of the world average due to uneven precipitation distribution in time and space as well as high population density. In the past, agricultural use was the major water consumption of water resources. Agricultural production might be adjusted according to the amount of precipitation received, irrigated area might be increased during wet period, and decreased or even cease planting when there is water shortage, living conditions and -the social economic development would not be severely affected unless there is severe drought. In recent years, because of urbanization and change in industries, Taiwan is gradually changed from developing century into industrized country, therefore water consumption is also changed from agricultural use to domestic and industrial use. These changes have increased water consumption and the requirements of water quality as well as water supply stability. In addition, these changes have also decreased tolerance to water shortage and affected living conditions as well caused lost is industries. Therefore, the competition among various users for water have become very intense. Water is a limited resource, development beyond the normal limit would damage the environment and rights of our next generation. Under the unfavorable hydrological conditions in Taiwan, water resource related agencies have devoted a tremendous effort to achieve the goal of sustainable use of water resources to meet various reasonable water consumptions with sufficient quantity and good quality. Key words: sustainable water resource

l.WATER RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS IN TAIWAN 9m3 The average annual precipitation reaches 2,SI Smm in Taiwan, which yields 90.Sx 10 ofwater, however, water resources available for each person is only 1/7 of the would average, 1/8 of the United States and 1/4 of Japan due to high population density. In addition, precipitation is unevenly distributed in time and space, the average ratio of wet to dry season in northern, central and southern regions are 6:4, 8:2 and 9:1 respectively, it indicates that the precipitation ratio of wet to dry season is more pronounced toward south of the island. Besides, there is also large difference is annual precipitation, in wet years, annual precipitation reaches 3,2S0mm which is approximately two times of those in dry years (1,600 mrn). This situation is worse in southern region where annual precipitation of the most wet year is seven times of the most dry year. All above-mentioned factors indicate unfavorable hydrological conditions in Taiwan. There are 3/4 of Taiwan is mountainous area causing steep slope and rapid flow in rivers. The annual usable water is relatively low in quantity because 3/4 of runoff flows directly into ocean. The annual usable water is only 1/6 of that in North America and 1/19 of that in South America, which indicates the lack of water resources in Taiwan. Traditionally, and weirs are built to store and regulate water, however, storage efficiency in relatively low due to steep terrain and narrow valleys. For example, the Three­

481 Gorge in China is 185m high with storage volume of39.3xl09m3 which is approximately 2.: 170 times of Deji in Taiwan with dam height of 180m and storage volume of Ai 0.23 x109m3. Water resources development and utilization are difficult in Taiwan. ch co nc 2. PRESENT WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION IN TAIWAN 101 fu 2.1 Present Water Utilization S< th According to the "Summary Report of Various Water Consumptions in Taiwan, year 2001", the 9m3 total water consumption was 18.48x 10 in year 2001. As shown in Figure 1, a~ricultural water used the largest quantity of 13.01 x109m3 (70.4%), domestic water used 3.73 x10 m3 (20.2%) and industrial water used 1.74x 109m3 (9.4%), they are described as follows:

2.1.1 Agricultural Water Use 9m3 As indicated in Table 1, the total agricultural water consumption is 13.01 x10 , in which 3. irrigation uses 11.48x109m3 (88.2%), pisiculture uses 1.42xl09m3 (10.9%) and live stock uses 9m3 A 0.11 x10 (0.9%). When agricultural water use is summarized by regions, Central Region uses 9m3 9m3 T the largest quantity of 5.72 xl0 , the Northern, Southern and Eastern Regions are 2.29 x10 , 9m3 2.57x 10 and 2.43 xl 09m3 respectively. 3 2.1.2 Domestic Water Use 9m3 As indicated in Table 2, the total domestic water consumption is 3.73 x10 , in which J. 3.47xI09m3 (93.0%) of water is supplied by Water Company and 0.26x109m3 (7.0%) is self f supplied. When domestic water use is summarized by regions, Northern Region uses the largest , 9m3 9m3 quantity of 1.97xl09m3, Central, Southern and Eastern Regions are 0.81 x10 , 0.85 xI0 and s 0.1Ox 109m3 respectively.

2.1.3 Industrial Water Use 9m3 As indicated in Table 3, the total industrial water consumption is 1.74 X10 , in which 0.53x109m3 (30.5%) is supplied by Water Company and 1.21xI09m3 (69.5%) is self supplied. When industrial water use is summarized by regions, Northern Region uses the largest quantity of 9 0.63xl09 m 3 , Central, Southern and Eastern Regions. are 0.5xlO 9m3 ,0.55 xlO 9m 3 an d 0 . 0 6x 10 m 3 respectively.

2.2 Trend of Water Resources Utilization Various water consumption from year 1983 to 2001 are summarized in Table 4 and Figure 2. The trend of water resources utilization indicates that agricultural water consumption has been decreased, however, it increases after year 1999; domestic water consumption have increased 3 9m3 127% from 1.64xl09m in year 1983 to 3.73 x10 in year 2001; and industrial water 9m3 consumptions have increased 15% from 1.51 xl 09m3 in year 1983 to 1.74x 10 in year 2001.

482 oximately 2.3 Estimate of Future Water Demands olume of After joining WTO, agricultural policies should be adjusted accordingly. The import of rice, change planting of rice fields and release of farmland would reduce irrigational water consumption to some extent, however, the reduced amount of irrigational water consumption is not clear at the present time because of the agricultural policy has not yet been settled. As indicated in Table 5, the promotion of tourism industries by the government would increase the future domestic water consumption to 4.22x109m3 in year 2021. According to the National Science Committee and Industrial Bureau of MOEA, the future industrial water demands under 9m3 9m3 the assumptions of low, medium and high growth in year 2021 will be 1.24 x10 , 1.71 x10 )01", the 9m3 ral water and 2.01x10 respectively. Under the condition that agricultural water consumption remains the same as current (12.0 x109m\ by adding 1.5x109m3 of conservation water, the total water .2%)and 9m3 9m3 9m3 demands in year 2021 could add up to 20.7 x10 , 21.2x10 and 21.5x10 respectively depending on the growth of industrial water consumptions.

n which 3. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION )ck uses Ion uses After reviewing the water resources characteristics, current utilization and future trends m 9 3 x10 m , Taiwan, problems need to be resolved including the following issues:

3.1 Decrease of Water Shortage Tolerant Extent and Increase of Water Quality and quantify Requirements Cause by Raising Living Standards and Changing of Industries which was the main industry in the past in Taiwan. Water for agricultural use has a large , is self flexibility, it can be reduced when necessary for supporting domestic water supply, therefore . largest , 3 water shortage would not significantly affect economy and people's livelihood unless there is a m and severe drought. Recently, economy is developing toward electronic industries, the needs for stable water supply have been increased because the industries can not stand any water shortage, and water shortage would cause severe loss to the economy (for example, 2% water shortage would cause suspension of 50% of production work). The high water quality standards required for domestic and high technology industries would also cause lost of water during treatment which processes, and therefore increase water demands indirectly. pplied. rtity of [109m3 3.2 Lack ofWater Supply Stability The water consumption in Taiwan from year 1998 to 2001 (Figure 3) indicated that average 9m3 annual total water consumption is approximately 18.0x 10 , in which agricultural water 9m3 9m3 consumption is 12.4x10 , domestic and industrial water consumptions are 5.1 x10 , and 9m3 conservation water is 0.5xI0 . Under the condition of 90% water supply stability, domestic ure 2. and industrial water consumption need 5.1 x109m3 of reliable water sources. Reservoirs in ~ been Taiwan have a total storage volume of2.0x109m3 which can provide approximately 4.6 xI09m3 of reased water annually, after subtracting 1.5x 109m3 for agricultural use, there is only 3.1 x109m3 of water [water left for domestic and industrial consumptions with about 60% stability. To make up the demand 9m3 9m3 ~l. of 5.1x10 , the remaining 2.0x10 has to be taken from surface runoff and . However, groundwater has been over drawn in some areas recently, surface runoff with 95% stability has to be reserved for conservation water. In addition, water quality in mid and

483 downstream of rivers are polluted, and the recent meteorological conditions have been changed. The above-motioned reasons have made water storage for present conditions, and water shortage will become worse as the water demands increase in the future.

3.3 Low Efficiency ofWater Transmission and Distribution Systems According to annual report of Taiwan Water Company and Taipei City Water Company, the trend of water sale rate from year 1992 to 2001 is shown in Figure 4. As indicated in the figure, water sale rate of Taiwan Water Company increased from 75.14% in year 1992 to 81.30% in year 1996, and decreased gradually down to 67.95% in year 2001; water sale rate of Taipei City Water Company decreased from 73.37% in year 1992 down to 54.20% in year 2001. The historical data indicated a low water sale rate, in addition to the fire fighting water, water leakage is the main reason. It is also indicated from other relevant information, transmission loss of irrigation water reaches 25% to 40%. The leakage might be used for groundwater recharge, however, it indicates that the water resources utilization efficiency is relatively low for water resources developed in the upstream reach. The loss of 2.0xI09m3 to 3.0xl09m3 of water has indirectly caused the pressure for water resource development.

3.4 Insufficient Water Storage and Regulating Capability Owning to the geological and geographical limitation, reservoirs have small storage volumes in 9m3 Taiwan. The largest reservoir in Taiwan, Zengwen Reservoir, has a storage volume ofO.6x 10 , which is incompatible to reservoirs with similar dam height having more than 1O.Ox 109m3 of storage volume in continental countries. Reservoirs in Taiwan can only be operated is annual basis because of the hydrological characteristics of significant difference in wet and dry seasons. While reservoirs in other countries can supply water for many years when they are full, reservoirs in Taiwan have to be operated many times a year. For example, Shimen Reservoir needs to be full for 3.65 times a year in order to meet water demands in Taoyuan area, otherwise there will insufficient water resource to meet the demand goal. Water storage and regulating capability is insufficient in Taiwan, a comparison is made between Taiwan and Beijing City, both have similar population, however, reservoir storage capacity is 2.0x 109m3 in Taiwan, while reservoirs storage capacity is 4.0xl 09m3 of only a Mi-Yueu reservoir in Beijing City. In addition to improve water storage and regulating capability, a reserve of 15% should be provided for emergency use.

3.5 Globe Meteorological Change and Increasing Uncertainty of Hydrological Meteorology The Greenhouse Effect has made globe meteorological change in recent years, the globe average temperature has been increased for 2°C, and there is a tendency of reducing rainfall duration and increasing rainfall intensity in Taiwan. In the last couple of years, rainfall has been concentrated in plain and city, and rainfall in mountainous area has been decreased in Taiwan. The continuous drought in year 2002 and 2003 has broken the past record. Since June, 2003, precipitation in the whole island is very low and even no precipitation in some areas. Feicui Reservoir received only 36.4mm of rainfall in July, 2003, which made the record of both lowest rainfall in July and any single month since the completion of the reservoir. The change in meteorological conditions has made the planning and allocation of water resources more difficult and uncertain.

484 en changed. 4. PROBLEM SOLVING MEASURES ttershortage 4.1 Total Quantity Control ofWater Resources Utilization The conservation of water within watershed is limited due to geolographical features in Taiwan. As indicated from summary data in year 1998 to year 2001, the average total annual water 9m3 9m3 9m3 impany, the consumption is 18.0xl0 , in which 7.7xI0 of water is from runoff, 4.6xI0 is from 9m3 1. the figure, reservoirs, and 5.7xl0 is from groundwater (exceed the natural recharge). From estimation in 9m3 30% in year previous section, the total water demand in year 2021 would reach 21.5 xI0 , which exceeds 9m3 City Water the upper limit of 20.0x 10 publicized in "National Territory and Water Resource Meeting", 1998. For sustainable development in Taiwan, the development of water resources should be limited in order not to make significant influence to our environment. To reasonably set up a vater, water limit of total water resources utilization and to allocate and fixable dispatch of various water nission loss consumption, the Water Resources Agency of MOEA is conducting a study, "Planning of Total er recharge, Water Resources. Control Measures in Taiwan", to establish the total water resources control v for water limits, control principles, control systems and associated measure for each region, such as review, fwater has inspection and adjustment systems of water use plan for various water users, in order to carry out the spirit oftotal quantity control ofwater resources utilization.

4.2 Reinforcement of Water Resources Management for Regions Already Reached Their volumes in o6x109m 3 Development Limits 9 3 Ix'10 mof For areas where water resources have been developed up to their limits, problem solving measure I is annual will be the reinforcement ofmanaging current facilities instead of developing new water ry seasons. resources to meet regional water demands. Solving measures include improvements ofefficiency reservoirs and facilities, as described in the following paragraphs. eeds to be there will pability is 4.2.1 Improvement of Efficiency rve similar The following measures could be used to improve efficiency of existing water resource facilities: irs storage A. Water resource utilization efficiency could be increased by coordination of reviewing 'ove water existing hydrology, local features, flood control and water utilization; adjusting ise. reservoir rule curves; conjunctive use of adjacent facilities (reservoirs and weirs) and designing ofsophisticated operation systems. eorology B. Agricultural water use is 70% of the total water consumption with high tolerance to e average water shortage, the fixable dispatch of agricultural water for supporting domestic and ation and industrial water demand will be a goal to be promoted by both agriculture and water centrated resources agencies. The strategy ofWater Resource Agency follows: 11. The Establishment of"Guidelines for Negotiating Agricultural Water for Transfering to ie, 2003, Other Users" for the reference ofthe procedures and pricing principles for I. Feicui negotiating agricultural water for transfering to other users. th lowest hange in Promotion of "Water Resources Allocation Plan in coordination with WTO Rice i difficult Field Adjustment". The Agriculture Development Council have practiced "Rice Field Adjustment Plan" and "Continuous Plan for Rice Field Adjustment" Since 1997 according to administrative districts. Those plans are non-forcible, and taking

485 the change or cease planting ofsecond cropping period during wet season as promotion goal, therefore the benefit of water transfering to other users is limited. Water Resource Agency suggested that the above-mentioned plans would be better practiced in water shortage areas such as Taoyuan, Xinzhu, Zhangyun and Jianan during dry season. The change or cease planting should be planned using irrigation system as a unit to solve water competitions between users during dry season when this is water shortage. Since the first cropping period has a better harvest than the second copping period, it is also suggested to pay more compensations for those change or cease planting in the first coping period. The compensation will be paid by domestic and industrial water users, or assisted by the government when it is necessary. C. Establishment of "Transfer and Warning Index of Water Use" and "Transfering Mechnisum" for regional water resources. Use of scientific technology for prediction and reporting as well as information management of water resources information. Establishment of warning index and publicize hydrologic, meteorological and water consumption situation on regional basis for public to realize current water resource information. In addition, standard operation procedures related to water transfering and water saving should also be established for adopting relevant measures in time to reduce water shortage impacts to society by warning and reacting at proper time.

4.2.2 Improvement Facilities A. Improvement of existing facilities, such as reservoir dredging and reservoir rehabilitation, to increase storage and regulating capability. For example, Water Resources Agency is currently conducting dredging for many reservoirs and sediment removal for Chengqinhu. Water Resource Agency has also completed raising of Xinshan Dam, leakage restoration of Xiaochi Reservoir and is currently working on the rehabilitation of Akangtian Reservoir by removing 11.20x 106m3 of sediment and will increase 80,000m3 ofdaily water supply upon completion. B. Improvement of water supply facilities and increasing water utilization efficiency including reinforcement of replacing old water distribution lines and repairing leaking irrigation ditches. Currently both Taiwan and Taipei City Water Companies have made plans to invest 40 to 50 billion NT dollars for replacing distribution lines. It is expected to reduce water leakage rate by 5%. Since the distribution line replacing work would take a longtime and a lot of money with limited benefit, the reduction ofwater leakage rate could not be treated as expected water resources. C. Reinforcement of installing and improving regional water transmission lines to improve utilization rate of existing water resources. Water resources should be used conjunctively of all resources within a river basin for regional allocation, and then transfered between regions to balance excessive and shortage of water. Currently, regional systems undergo improving by both Taiwan and Taipei City Water Companies include Banxin Water Supply Improvement Project (Xindian River to Dahan River), Xinzhu Scientific Park Water Supply Project (Taoyuan Pingzhen to Xinzhu Hukou), Liyutan Reservoir Transfering Toward North Project (Daan River to Maoli), Ganzilin Downstream Project (Wu River to Zhoushui River) Jiji Downstream

486 Water Supply Project (Zhoushui River to Jiayi), Connection Line between Nanhua Reservoir and Gaoping Weir Project (Zengwen River to Gaoping River). Water er Resource Agency is also actively Carrying out the Zengwen Reservoir Transbasin Diversion Project (Gaoping River to Zengwen River). on en 4.3Development of New Water Resources for Regions yet to Reach Their Limits d For regions where water resources have not yet developed to their limits, diversified water resources including traditional and new categories should be developed to meet the demand goal.

:ng 4.3.1 Development of Traditional Water Resources for The Traditional Water Resources developments include building reservoirs or storing and :es regulating river runoff py reservoir and weirs for water supply. The traditional water resources rc, have the advantages of low development costs, large supply capacity, low cost and ease of to operation and maintenance, long useful life, and relatively stable when it is compared with river on runoff After evaluation by the Water Resources Agency, the traditional water resources will be ed continue to develop for stabilizing water supply. Traditional water resources projects being ~ty planned and undertaken as listed in the following table. Northern Region Central Southern Eastern Category Region Region Region Undertaking +Lodong Weir +Hushan -Connecticn +Baoshan second Reservoir Line between nr Reservoir Nanhua :er +First phase of Reservoir and ld Banxin Water Gaoping weir ed Supply +Zengwen ly Improvement Reservoir of Project Transbasin Diversion :y Project Under +Second Phase of -Dajia River +Shiwen +Hualian Maan Planning Banxin Water Babao Weir Reservoir River Water Supply +Tianhuahu Resource Improvement Reservoir Development Project +Wu River and +Taidong +Xishi Reservoir Zhoushui Overall Water to Raising Project River Supply d +Dahan River Downstream Project n Water Resource Water Development Resource "tr +Xindian River Development o Water Resource o Development o n

487 4.3.2 Development of New Water Resources New water resources are those water resources other than reservoirs and weirs. In order to ease the pressure of traditional water resources development and reduce influences to watersheds, water resources developments will actively introduce man-made lakes, water reuse, collection of rain water, desalination or semi-desalination ofsea water. Projects are currently undertaken by the Water Resources Agency follows: A. Man-made Lakes a. Jiyang Man-made Lake The project currently under planning is located at Taiwan Sugar Company's farmland at the confluence ofLaonong River and Ailiao River. This project could supply 340,OOOm3 ofwater per day for Gaoping area, recharge 3.0x106m3 of groundwater per year, and provide approximately 65 x106m3 ofsand and gravel. b. Storage Ponds in Taoyuan Area 6m3 All small ponds in Taoyuan Area have a total volume of20x 10 . They were the main water resources for irrigation. It is currently under study to improve their capability and increase their utilization efficiency. B. Water Reuse In the past, domestic and industrial water were released directly due to the high costs of recycling for reuse. However, it becomes feasible to reuse water because ofthe improved technologies and the impacts ofwater shortage to industries. Contently, it is required for new industrial districts to recycling and reuse waste water according to the "Guidelines for Reviewing Water Use Plan" enforced by the Water Resources Agency. In addition, the project of"Overall Evaluation ofWaste Water Reuse Potential in Taiwan" is undergoing this fiscal year to identify all waste water treatment plants that are suitable ofwater recycling and to establish their priority for related agencies to gradually take it into action in order to put the limited water resources into sustainable use. A planning project will be undertaken for recycling waste water at Bali Waste Water Treatment Plant and studied the feasibility of using recycled water for industrial and agricultural use. C. Collection of Rain Water Collection of rain water is an economical and practical method ofwater resources development because it does not use energy, easy to obtain, without water right dispute, and good water quality. The Water Resources Agency have conducted overall planning for mid and long terms ofrain water collection and utilization, it is expected to establish a large scale rain water collection and storage demonstration project, provide personnel training, conduct research and development ofnew technologies and design a data bank. D. Sea Water Desalination Traditional water resources facilities would have water supply threat during dry year. Sea water desalination would be a new water resource in the future for its stable source and gradually improved technology. Sea water desalination has only been used in outlaying islands for domestic water use due to its height cost and influences

488 to ocean environments. Currently, a sea water desalination plant with a daily erto ease production of30,000 m3 is under planning and feasibility study stage to increase rsheds, water supply stability and reduce risk of water shortage for Xinzhu Scientific Park. llection of It is expected to be approved by the Executive Yuan in November, 2003. taken by 4.4 Enforcement ofWater Saving 9m3 Currentannual water consumption is approximately lS.0x10 , which is less than the upper limitof20.0x109m3 publicized in 1995. However, the annual water consumption is estimated to 9m3 9m3 9m3 's reach 21.5x 10 in year 2021 including 12.0x 10 ofagricultural use, 4.2X 10 ofdomestic use, 3.Sx109m3 ofindustrial use and 1.5x109m3 ofconservation water. Water saving should be ct could 9m3 )f enforced in order to keep annual water consumption under the limit of20.0x 10 . Based on the 'livel. waterconsuming characteristics, it is suggested that agricultural water use should be reduced 10%,domestic water should be limited to 250A/day/person, industrial water use should be recovered up to 65% for water saving goal by year 2021 to balance water supply and demands. were the heir

5. CONCLUSIONS iigh costs 5.1 The annual precipitation in Taiwan is approximately 2.6 times of the world eofthe average that is 973mm. Because of the high population density, there is only 3 ntently, it 4,753m of water available for each person per year, which is only 1/7 of the 3 cording world average of 33,975m . In addition to the fact mentioned above, the .esources uneven distribution of precipitation in time and space has made water resources use utilization extremely difficult in Taiwan. r 5.2 Because of the raising living standards, change of international environments iority for and change of industries, the requirement of stable water supply has been iter increase in Taiwan. It is an important issue in the future that water resource cycling facilities need to be increased and water consumption among various users need of using to be reasonably allocated to increase water quantity and water supply stability. 5.3 The total quantity of water resources utilization should be limited due to its natural constraints. For sustainable development in the future, the limitation of urces water resources should be forced, in other word, the development strategy ght should be based on sustainable use of water resources and total quantity control ted principles to develop and save water resources in order to meet all water on, it is demands as well as keep a good water use environment for our next generation. ration 5.4 Water resources related agencies should actively undertake policies of water w recycling and reuse, collection of rain water, water saving and enforcement of flexible transfering agriculture water with coordinations of other agencies including modification of relevant regulations, construction of sewer lines and waste water treatment plants, agricultural policies related to rice fields Iryyear. adjustment and better understanding on water saving. There should be a nation ble wide efforts in order to achieve stable water supply and happy life. been luences

489 REFERENCES

1. "New strategies for conservation, operation and Management of Water Resources", Jiin-Shan Huang, Proceedings ofInternational watershed conservation conference, April, 1998.

2. "Water Resources Allocation and Development Strategies in Taiwan", The Water Resources Agency, MOEA, May 2001.

3. "Feasibility planning study of Jiyang Man-made Lake" The Planning and Testing Institute of Water Resource Agency, MOEA, December, 2000.

4. "Surface and Groundwater Conjunctive Use of Zhoushui River Alluvial Fan" The Water Resources Agency, March, 2001.

5. Water Resources Development Outlines in Taiwan" Ministry of Economic 'Affairs, June, 2002..

6. "The Project of Sustainable Water Resources Management for 21 Century in Taiwan", Jiin­ Shan Huang, Proceedings of the 12th Hydraulic Engineering Conference, July, 2001.

7. "Hydrological Annual Report, 2001", The Water Resources Agency, MOEA, June, 2002.

8. "Comprehensive Water Resources Development Plans for Northern, Central, Southern and Eastern Regions in Taiwan", the Water Resources Agency, MOEA, June, 1999.

9. "Summary Report on Water Consumptions of Various Users in Taiwan, 2001", The Water Resources Agency, MOEA, February, 2003.

490 Table 1 Summary ofAgricultural Water Use in Year 2001

"iin-Shan Northern Central Southern Eastern Category Total Region Region Region Region 11.48 esources Irrigation 2.19 5.12 1.77 2.40 (88.2%) 0.11 Live Stock 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.00 ititute of (0.9%) 1.42 Pisciculture 0.09 0.55 075 0.03 (10.9%) e Water 2.29 5.72 2.57 2.43 13.01 Total (17.6%) (44.0%) (19.7%) (18.7%) (100%) s, June, Table 2 Summary of Domestic Water Use in Year 2001

Northern Central Southern Eastern Category Total Region Region Region Region Water )02. 3.47 Company 1.91 0.72 0.76 0.08 (90.0%) em and Supplied 0.26 Self Supplied 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.02 (7.0%) i Water 1.97 0.81 0.85 0.10 3.73 Total (52.8%) (21.7%) (22.8%) (2.7%) (100%)

Table 3 Summary of Industrial Water Use in Year 2001

Northern Central Southern Eastern Category Total Region Region Region Region Water 0.53

Company 0.19 0.04 0.30 0.00 (30.5%) I Supplied 1.21 0.25 0.06 Self Supplied 0.44 0.46 (69.5%) 0.63 0.50 0.55 0.06 1.74 Total (36.2%) (28.8%) (31.6%) (3.4%) (100%)

491 Table 4 Summary ofVarious Water Use in Year 1983-2001

Year Total Agricultural Domestic Industrial

1983 19.09 15.93 1.64 1.51

1984 18.35 15.09 1.70 1.56

1985 18.40 15.01 1.83 1.56

1986 18.17 14.90 1.90 1.36

1987 18.24 14.83 2.01 1.41

1988 18.26 14.68 2.14 1.44

1989 18.71 14.97 2.26 1.47

1990 19.28 15.39 2.38 1.50

1991 17.57 13.55 2.49 1.53

1992 17.65 13.50 2.60 1.55

1993 17.11 12.65 2.77 1.68

1994 17.60 13.18 2.82 1.60

1995 18.84 14.46 2.75 1.63

1996 18.12 13.50 2.86 1.77

1997 18.03 13.51 2.91 1.61

1998 16.88 12.26 2.93 1.70

1999 16.87 12.05 3.1 0 1.72

2000 17.81 12.31 3.63 1.87

2001 18.48 13.01 3.73 1.74

492 Table 5 Estimate of Various Stage Water Demand in Taiwan Unit: 1Q9m3/year Current Year Year Year Year Purpose of Water Use Average 2006 2011 2016 2021 (yearI998-2001) IConservation (A) 0.50 1.50 1.500 1.50 1.50

Agricultural (B) 12.40 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00

Domestic (C) 3.34 3.88 3.97 4.06 4.22 Industrial 1.76 2.46 2.71 2.78 3.00 (Low Growth) (D) Industrial 1.76 2.71 3.10 3.19 3.47 (Medium Growth) (E) Industrial . 1.76 2.83 3.34 3.49 3.78 (High Growth) (F) Total Demand 18.00 19.84 20.18 20.34 20.72 (Low Growth) (A+B+C+D) Total Demand 18.00 20.09 20.57 20.75 21.19 (Medium Growth) (A+B+C+E) Total Demand 18.00 20.21 20.81 21.05 21.50 (High Growth) (A+B+C+F)

Annual Water Use Unit 109m3 18.48

100%

20.2% 70.4% 9.4% Domestic Agricultural Industrial Water Water Water 3.73 13.01 1.74 , .. 100% 100% 100%

193 .0 % 7.0% 10.9% 88.2% 10.9% 30.5% 169. 5% Water Piscicuelure Irrigation Live Stock Water Company Others Company Others 3.47 0.26 1.42 11.48 0.11 053 1.21 Figure 1 Various Water Use in Taiwan, Year 2001

493 25 I I

20 I M­ e "'0 15 I I

--.-. Tola! 10 Agricultural -I -&-- Domestic

5 ~. Industrial

• 198319841985198619871988198919901991 1992 1993 1994 1995199619771998199920002001

Year Figure 2 Various Past Water Use in Taiwan

Current Average (Year 1998-2001)

Groundwater 5.7

Water Demand 18.0

~ ~ ~ + ~ r-;;:;:::;l r-:::I r-:=:l ~~~~

W/OControl W/Controland ~~ (J Measures Water Saving Measures

I Water20.0 Demand I + rr-l + ~ ~ r-::::l r-;;::::::l ~~~~

Figure 3 Current and Year 2021 Water Demand in Taiwan

494 90 ------"---­

80 7 ,..... ~ '-' c OJ 70 rIl... ~ ~ ...0 ~ eo ~ 58.23

50 --+-- Taiwan WaterC0rJ1l3Y - TaipeiWaterCO~3Y 40 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year Figure 4 Variation of Rate of Water Sale in Past Years

495