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MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Ecosystems AND HUMAN WELL-BEING: WETLANDS AND WATER Synthesis Synthesis ISBN 1-56973-597-2 MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT MillenniumA Report of Ecosystem the Millennium Assessment Ecosystem Board Assessment The MA Board represents the users of the findings of the MA process. Co-chairsThis report has been preparedThomas Rosswallto provide, Executive Contracting Mohamed Parties H.A. Hassan to the, Robert T. Watson, Chief Director, International Council Executive Director, Third World ScientistConvention, The World on Bank Wetlands for(Ramsar, Science - ICSU Iran, 1971) andAcademy all those of Sciences responsible for the Developing World, Italy A.H.for Zakriand involved, Director, Institute in implementation Achim Steiner ,of Director the Convention, and concerned of Advanced Studies, United General, IUCN - The World Jonathan Lash, President, Nationswith theUniversity future sustainabilityConservation of wetlands Union and water,World with Resources a synthesis Institute, of Halldor Thorgeirsson, United States Institutionalthe findings of the MillenniumCoordinator Ecosystem, United Nations Assessment. Wangari Maathai, Representatives Framework Convention on Vice Minister for Environment, Salvatore Arico, Climate Change Kenya Programme Officer, Division ofSynthesis Ecological and Team Earth Sciences,Co-chairs: Klaus C. Töpfer Max , Finlayson,Executive RebeccaPaul Maro D’Cruz,, Professor, Nick United Nations Educational, Director, United Nations Department of Geography, ScientificDavidson and Cultural Environment Programme University of Dar es Secretariat Support Organizations Organization Jeff Tschirley, Chief, Salaam, Tanzania Synthesis Team Members:Environmental Jacqueline and Alder, Natural Steve Cork,Harold Rudolf A. Mooney de Groot, The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates the Millennium Ecosystem Millennium Ecosystem Peter Bridgewater, Assessment Secretariat, which is based at the following partner institutions: SecretaryChristian General Lévêque,, Ramsar G. RandyResources Milton, Service, Research, Garry Peterson,(ex officio Dave), Professor Pritchard,, Department Assessment Panel Convention on Wetlands Extension and Training of Biological Sciences, Stanford Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy Division, Food and Agriculture University, United States Harold A. Mooney (co-chair), HamaBlake Arba D. Ratner,Diallo, Walter V. Reid, Carmen Revenga, María Rivera, Frederik Institute of Economic Growth, India Organization of the United Marina Motovilova, Faculty Stanford University, United States Executive Secretary, United Nations International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico (until 2002) NationsSchutyser, Convention Mark to Siebentritt, Mishka Stuip, Rebeccaof Geography,Tharme Laboratory of Angela Cropper (co-chair), Riccardo Valentini, Chair, Moscow Region, Russia Meridian Institute, United States The Cropper Foundation, Trinidad Combat Desertification Contributing Authors: StuartCommittee Butchart, on Science andEllen Dieme-Amting,M.K. Prasad, Environment Habiba National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Netherlands (until mid-2004) and Tobago Adel El-Beltagy, Director Technology, United Nations GeneralGitay,, International Steve Raaymakers, Center Douglas Taylor Centre of the Kerala Sastra Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), France Doris Capistrano, Center for Inter- Convention to Combat Sahitya Parishad, India national Forestry Research, Indonesia for Agricultural Research in Desertification UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Kingdom Dry Areas, Consultative Group Walter V. Reid, Director, Stephen R. Carpenter, University on International Agricultural Hamdallah Zedan, Millennium Ecosystem University of Pretoria, South Africa , Convention of Wisconsin-Madison, United States ResearchExtended Writing Team: ExecutiveMA Coordinating Secretary Lead Authors,Assessment, Lead Malaysia Authors, and University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States on Biological Diversity United States Kanchan Chopra, Institute of MaxContributing Finlayson, Chair Authors,, Scien- and Sub-global Coordinators World Resources Institute (WRI), United States Economic Growth, India , tific and Technical Review Panel, At-large Members Henry Schacht Past WorldFish Center, Malaysia Partha Dasgupta, University of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Fernando Almeida, Executive Chairman of the Board, Lucent Cambridge, United Kingdom Colin Galbraith, Chair, President, Business Council for Technologies, United States Rik Leemans, Wageningen ScientificReview Council, Editors: Convention José SarukhánSustainable andDevelopment-Brazil Anne WhytePeter (Co-chairs) Johan Schei and, MA Maps and graphics: Emmanuelle Bournay and Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Norway University, Netherlands on Migratory Species Phoebe Barnard, Global Director, The Fridtjof Nansen The production of maps and graphics was made possible by the generous support of the Ministry of Board of Review Editors Institute, Norway Robert M. May, University of Erika Harms, Senior Program Invasive Species Programme, Foreign Affairs of Norway and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Oxford, United Kingdom Officer for Biodiversity, United South Africa Ismail Serageldin, President, Nations Foundation Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt Prabhu Pingali, Food and Gordana Beltram, Agriculture Organization of the Robert Hepworth, Acting Undersecretary, Ministry of David Suzuki, Chair, David Photos: United Nations, Italy Executive Secretary, Convention the Environment and Spatial Suzuki Foundation, Canada Front cover: on Migratory Species Planning, Slovenia Rashid Hassan, University of M.S. Swaminathan, ■ Ha Tuong/UNEP/Still Pictures Pretoria, South Africa Olav Kjørven, Director, Delmar Blasco, Former Chairman, MS Swaminathan Energy and Environment Group, Secretary General, Ramsar Con- Research Foundation, India Inside front cover: Cristián Samper, Smithsonian United Nations Development vention on Wetlands, Spain ■ National Museum of Natural History, José Galízia Tundisi, UNEP/Still Pictures Programme United States Antony Burgmans, Chairman, President, International Institute Kerstin Leitner, Assistant Unilever N.V., Netherlands of Ecology, Brazil Page 49: Robert Scholes, Council for Director-General, Sustainable ■ Julio Montes de Oca Scientific and Industrial Research, Esther Camac-Ramirez, Axel Wenblad, Vice President Development and Healthy Asociación Ixä Ca Vaá de South Africa Environmental Affairs, Skanska Inside back cover: Environments, World Health Desarrollo e Información AB, Sweden Robert T. Watson, The World Organization Indigena, Costa Rica ■ UNEP/Still Pictures Bank, United States (ex officio) Xu Guanhua, Minister, Alfred Oteng-Yeboah, Angela Cropper (ex officio), Ministry of Science and Back cover: A. H. Zakri, United Nations Chair, Subsidiary Body on President, The Cropper Founda- Technology, China ■ MGMGHLANYINT/UNEP/Still Pictures University, Japan (ex officio) Scientific, Technical and Techno- tion, Trinidad and Tobago Muhammad Yunus, Zhao Shidong, Chinese Academy logical Advice, Convention on Biological Diversity Partha Dasgupta, Professor, Managing Director, Grameen of Sciences, China Faculty of Economics and Bank, Bangladesh Christian Prip, Chair, Politics, University of Editorial Board Chairs Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Cambridge, United Kingdom José Sarukhán, Universidad Nacio- Technical and Technological nal Autónoma de México, Mexico Advice, Convention on José María Figueres, Biological Diversity Fundación Costa Rica para el Anne Whyte, Mestor Associates Desarrollo Sostenible, Costa Rica Ltd., Canada Mario A. Ramos, Biodiversity Program Manager, Global Fred Fortier, Indigenous MA Director Environment Facility Peoples’ Biodiversity Information Walter V. Reid, Millennium Network, Canada Ecosystem Assessment, Malaysia and United States Ecosystems AND HUMAN WELL-BEING: WETLANDS AND WATER Synthesis A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment This report has been prepared to provide Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), and all those responsible for and involved in implementation of the Convention and concerned with the future sustainability of wetlands and water, with a synthesis of the findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Team Co-chairs C. Max Finlayson, Rebecca D’Cruz, Nick Davidson Synthesis Team Members Jacqueline Alder, Steve Cork, Rudolf de Groot, Christian Lévêque, G. Randy Milton, Garry Peterson, Dave Pritchard, Blake D. Ratner, Walter V. Reid, Carmen Revenga, María Rivera, Frederik Schutyser, Mark Siebentritt, Mishka Stuip, Rebecca Tharme Contributing Authors Stuart Butchart, Ellen Dieme-Amting, Habiba Gitay, Steve Raaymakers, Douglas Taylor Extended Writing Team MA Coordinating Lead Authors, Lead Authors, Contributing Authors, and Working Group Coordinators Review Editors José Sarukhán and Anne Whyte (Co-chairs) and MA Board of Review Editors Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being: Wetlands & Water Synthesis 3 Suggested citation: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING: WETLANDS AND WATER Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. Copyright © 2005 World Resources Institute All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: World Resources Institute, 10 G Street NE, Suite
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