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Federalismo E Política Internacional: Os Conflitos Entre a União E Os Governos Estaduais Nos Estados Unidos

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Federalismo E Política Internacional: Os Conflitos Entre a União E Os Governos Estaduais Nos Estados Unidos i DÉBORA FIGUEIREDO MENDONÇA DO PRADO FEDERALISMO E POLÍTICA INTERNACIONAL: OS CONFLITOS ENTRE A UNIÃO E OS GOVERNOS ESTADUAIS NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Campinas, 2013 ii iii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas DÉBORA FIGUEIREDO MENDONÇA DO PRADO FEDERALISMO E POLÍTICA INTERNACIONAL: OS CONFLITOS ENTRE A UNIÃO E OS GOVERNOS ESTADUAIS NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do Título de Doutora em Ciência Política. ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELA ALUNA DÉBORA FIGUEIREDO MENDONÇA DO PRADO E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. SHIGUENOLI MIYAMOTO CAMPINAS 2013 iv FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS BIBLIOTECA DO INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS CECÍLIA MARIA JORGE NICOLAU - CRB 8/338 Prado, Débora Figueiredo Mendonça do, 1983- P882f Federalismo e política internacional : os conflitos entre a União e os governos estaduais nos Estados Unidos / Débora Figueiredo Mendonça do Prado. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2013. Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1. Federalismo - Estados Unidos. 2. Tribunais supremos - Estados Unidos. 3. Política internacional. 4. Sanções econômicas. I. Miyamoto, Shiguenoli,1948-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Título em outro idioma: Federalism and international politics : conflicts between national and state governments in the United States Palavras-chave em inglês: Federalism - United States Supreme courts - United States World politics Economic Sanctions Área de concentração: Ciência Política Titulação: Doutora em Ciência Política Banca examinadora: Shiguenoli Miyamoto [Orientador] Tullo Vigevani Janina Onuki Flávio Rocha de Oliveira Andrei Koerner Data de defesa: 19-09-2013 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Ciência Política v vi vii Dedico este trabalho ao meu marido e ao nosso bebê Elias viii ix AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus pela graça e misericórdia que me concede a cada dia. Ao meu marido Filipe Mendonça, por todo o seu amor, apoio e companheirismo ao longo destes anos. Obrigada por tudo! Amo você! Aos meus pais, Sebastião e Valdene, pelo amor, apoio, carinho e por sempre me receberem com um abraço bem apertado. Aos meus irmãos David e Daniel por acreditarem em mim e por comemorarem sempre as minhas conquistas. Às minhas cunhadas: Aline, Penha, Sara e Luiza e cunhados: Sérgio e Alan, obrigada pela amizade e apoio. Um abraço também para os meus sobrinhos Táfila, Miguel e Otávio. Um agradecimento especial para minha irmã e amiga Denise por todo apoio e amizade. Amo você! Aos meus sogros Sérgio e Alda obrigada pelo apoio, carinho e amor. A todos os amigos e amigas que me apoiaram nestes anos e um agradecimento especial para Ana Paula e Analice. Ao meu orientador Shiguenoli Miyamoto pelo apoio, amizade e importantes conselhos ao longo do mestrado e agora, no doutorado. Muito Obrigada. Ao professor Tullo Vigevani e Andrei Koerner pelas orientações sempre muito importantes. Aos colegas e amigos Corival e Cristina. A todos os amigos do Programa San Tiago Dantas e da Unicamp e ao amigo Juliano Aragusuku. Ao Instituto de Economia da UFU e aos colegas de instituição, em especial: Haroldo, Marrielle, Armando, Isabela, Lara, Pedro e Marisa. A todos os meus alunos, em especial aos formandos da Primeira Turma de Relações Internacionais da UFU por fazerem parte da minha vida e por terem me mostrado a cada dia o quanto vale a pena ser professora. Aos amigos e funcionários do Cedec, do Instituto Nacional de Estudos sobre Estados Unidos (INCT-INEU) e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Unicamp por todo apoio neste período. À Giovana e Isabela pelo apoio e amizade neste período. E, por fim, à Capes, CNPQ, Universidade Estadual de Campinas e Universidade Federal de Uberlândia pelo apoio recebido ao longo deste período. x xi RESUMO O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a atuação internacional dos estados norte- americanos tendo em vista a implementação de sanções econômicas internacionais pelos legislativos estaduais. Estas sanções buscam impactar o bem-estar econômico de um Estado alvo por meio de restrições ao comércio internacional e investimentos com o objetivo de coagir o mesmo a alterar determinado comportamento político. No caso das sanções estaduais, são utilizados dois tipos de atividade: 1) a proibição da contratação ou aquisição de bens e serviços do governo estadual com empresas que fazem negócios no país-alvo e 2) o impedimento dos estados ou agências locais de realizar investimentos públicos nestas empresas e no país-alvo. Este tipo de atividade estadual possui um potencial conflituoso uma vez que as sanções estaduais podem gerar conflitos e tensões legais com o governo nacional. O objetivo deste trabalho será compreender o desenvolvimento destas atividades estaduais e os tensionamentos estabelecidos entre elas e o governo nacional bem como buscará compreender qual tem sido a reação das instituições norte-americanas sobre este processo. Para isto serão discutidas as raízes históricas do desenho institucional norte-americano na definição das funções dos governos estaduais e federais e o comportamento do Congresso e da Suprema Corte nesta temática. Para identificar as principais características das sanções estaduais este trabalho apresentará o mapeamento das sanções estaduais aplicadas pelos legislativos estaduais no período de 1977, data inicial deste tipo de atuação a 2012. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estados Unidos; Federalismo; Legislativos Estaduais; Sanções Econômicas; Congresso; Suprema Corte. xii xiii ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to analyze the international actions of U.S. states, in view of the establishment of foreign policy actions by international economic sanctions developed by state legislatures. It is understood by the application of sanctions measures that seek to reduce the economic welfare of a target state by reducing international trade in order to coerce it to amend certain political behavior. In the case of state sanctions, are used two types of activity: 1) the prohibition in the states of hiring or purchasing goods and services from companies doing business in the target country or through selective divestment laws and 2) preventing states or local agencies to make public investments in these companies. Through this kind of activity states can develop actions contrary to national foreign policy, generating conflict and legal tensions with Washington. Trying to understand this process, this paper aims to map the historical roots of this institutional design, as well as cases of penalties imposed by state legislatures, 1977, start date this type of activity, 2012. It is understood that the analysis of these cases, the Supreme Court and of the actions taken by Congress will contribute to the understanding of the functioning of these institutions in situations of conflicts between states and the federal government on issues of international economic policy. To identify the main features of state sanctions, this work present the mapping of state sanctions imposed by state legislatures from 1977 to 2012. KEYWORDS: United States, Federalism, State Legislatures; Economic Sanctions; Supreme Court. xiv xv RÉSUMÉ L´objectif principal de cette recherche est d´analyser l´action internationale des États nord-americains à travers les sanctions économiques internationales developpées par les legislatives étatiques. On comprend par le terme de sanction l´application de mesures qui reduisent le commerce international avec un pays-ciblé, pour le contraindre à alterer certains comportements politiques. Dans le cas des sanctions étatiques, deux types d´activités sont utilisées : 1) l´interdiction de contratation ou acquisition de biens et services des entreprises qui ont des affaires dans le pays ciblé, à travers des lois de desinvestissement selectives et 2) l´interdiction des états ou agences locales de réaliser des investissements publiques dans cette entreprise. Á travers ce type d´activité les gouvernements étatiques peuvent developper des actions contraires á la politique nationale externe, engendrant des conflits et tensions juridiques avec Washington. Pour comprendre ce processus, le travail cherchera á retracer les racines historiques des institutions politiques des États- Unis, bien comme le cas des sanctions appliquées par les législatives étatiques de 1977, date iniciale de ce type d´activité, en 2012. l´analyse de ces cas, des actions adoptées par le congrés et la cour suprême contribueront á la comprehenssion du fonctionnement des institutions nord-américaines en situation de conflits entre gouvernement étatiques et l´union en terme de politique internationale. MOTS-CLES: États-Unis, le fédéralisme, législatures d'État; sanctions économiques; Cour suprême. xvi xvii SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ......................................................................................................................... 1 O campo de estudo da paradiplomacia .................................................................................. 9 As limitações dos estudos da paradiplomacia para o caso norte-americano ....................... 14 CAPÍTULO I: A INAUGURAÇÃO DO FEDERALISMO NORTE-AMERICANO: A FORMAÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA (1776-1787) ........................................................................ 17 1.1 Da Independência aos
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