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Early Marriage to Cope with Poverty: a Study on Vulnerable Areas In

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Early Marriage to Cope with Poverty: a Study on Vulnerable Areas In Nexus between Extreme Weather Events, Marriage and Violence: A Study on a Vulnerable Population in Bangladesh Khandaker Jafor Ahmed Research Associate, Centre for Climate Change & Environmental Research (C3ER), BRAC University, Bangladesh Shah Md. Atiqul Haq Postdoctoral Fellow (FNRS), Institute of Demographic Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium Nexus between Extreme Weather Events, Marriage and Violence: A Study on a Vulnerable Population in Bangladesh Abstract This study tries to explore how extreme weather events are related with early marriage and violence. It also tries to understand that whether people living in vulnerable areas to extreme events consider early marriage as a coping strategy to the impacts of extreme events such as poverty and escaping the fear of sexual harassment during crisis periods. We selected Sunamganj district as one of the flood prone areas and Brahmanbaria district as one of the tornado and flood prone areas. We collected relevant information from 120 household heads and used some descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis. Key findings of this study show that some household heads think the early marriage of their young daughters as one of the coping strategies to poverty and lowering their fear of sexual harassment to their young daughters during extreme weather events. They consider the early marriage of their daughters as reducing the cost to repair damages from the adverse impacts of extreme events. At the same time, they also think that decision of getting their daughters married at an early age can help them to maintain their family reputation since there is a fear of sexual harassment during the crisis. Finding reveals that most of the young girls were married before their age 18 years. As household heads consider the early marriage of their daughters as a coping strategy to tackle the adverse impacts of extreme events and lowering the risk of sexual harassment to maintain their family reputation, it may contribute to increasing the incidence of early marriage and low age at first birth. As a result it may influence to increase fertility in vulnerable areas to extreme events. Based on findings this study recommends some programs for girls such as compulsory primary and secondary education with stipends, vocational training, awareness raising programs by incorporating local leaders and religious leaders, and special monitoring unit to protect girls during extreme events and lastly appropriate law enforcement when needed. Keywords: early marriage; extreme weather events, poverty; sexual harassment; vulnerable areas 1. Introduction Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to extreme weather events and it is the sixth most flood prone countries in the world (UNDP, 2004). Floods bring a large number of people affected and it damages properties in the country (Nasreen, 1998; Kumbetoglu & User, 2010). The biggest proportion of population and percentage of the economy is exposed to extreme weather events such as floods in developing countries (Peduzzi et al. 2009). Every year especially floods affect poor people in some part of Bangladesh (Azad et al. 2013). Floodplains areas are a predominantly poverty-stricken rural area (Brouwer et al. 2007). Flooding brings effects not only on the environment but also on the people’s socio-economic conditions such as income, education etc. And socio-economic conditions are very low for vulnerable populations to extreme floods (Philip & Rayhan, 2004). The nexus between poverty and early marriage is complicated (Otoo-Oyortey & Pobi, 2003). Poverty is a state of deprivation and a circumstance of vulnerability (Karim, 1996). The basis of various conventions, treaties, and international agreements, including the Convention on the Rights of Child, Universal Declaration of Human Rights early marriage is denoted as any legal union involving a boy or a girl below the age of 18. In this study, early marriage is considered for girls. From the Demographic and Health Survey of 2011, it is insinuated that 75 percent marriages are denoted as early marriage (Kamal et al. 2014). According to recent statistics on child marriage in southern Asia, the incidence of child marriage in South Asia is 70% (Jensen and Thornton, 2003). Whereas, Bangladesh is highest at 71%, followed by Nepal (62%), India (59%) and Pakistan (50%) (Godha et al. 2013). A study on Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, it is revealed that age at marriage is lower for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka; ostensibly, they get married much later (Caldwell, 2005). In the case of Bangladesh, early marriage is frequent and 66 % girls are married before the age 18 years (UNICEF, 2011). The mean age at first marriage of girls was 16.8 years for the country (Streatfield et al. 2015). Different studies concluded that socio-economic factors influence early marriage or age at first marriage (Islam et al. 2016; Kamal, 2011). But they didn't highlight any relationship between extreme weather events, poverty, and early marriage. Child or early marriage is associated with socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, social insecurity, unemployment, and social pressure (Islam et al. 2016). Early marriage is more frequent among the poorest families (Hossain & Islam, 2013; Haq 2013; ICRW, 2006; Parsons et al. 2015; Otoo-Oyortey and Pobi, 2003). Poverty is denoted as both a cause and a consequence of early marriage (Dahl, 2010; Maharjan et al. 2012). A study on indigenous people of Rangamati Hill District of Bangladesh found that socio-economic and familial factors influence the age at first marriage of women (Kamal, 2011). In this study, we talk about extreme weather events (floods and tornadoes) and the adverse impacts of the events make people poor and it may also be related early marriage and sexual violence. The notion of early marriage of daughters might be led to the incidence of sexual harassment. Particularly girls from poorer households experience more sexual harassment than those from richer households and consider early marriage as a solution (Verma et al. 2013). People also consider early marriage as protection of daughters from the fear of rape (Bierman, 2006), hunger or starvation, and vulnerability to natural disasters (Feerdousi, 2014). Perception regarding the early marriage of girls is strengthened by the fear and anxiety during fragile contexts and vulnerability to extreme events (World Vision UK, 2003). For instance, in the tsunami of 2004, there was an increased rate of early marriage and different forms of sexual violence in Indonesia while poor families living in shelters/refugee camps contemplate early marriage as the only protection for their daughters against rape or any forms of sexual harassment (Bierman, 2006; Marife & Ballesteros, 2010). Parents also perceive that their married daughters will be in a comfortable economic circumstance and safe from sexual harassment (Ferdousi, 2014). Girls in shelters are more vulnerable when their parents pass away or become separated (Plan International, 2011). Infrastructure conditions in refugee camps may expose women and girls to sexual violence, particularly; long ways to toilets or showers and deficient closing mechanisms of tents are the predicaments to women's safety and security (Dasgupta et al. 2010). Incidents such as rape or abduction of young girls and women also occur during the flood (Dasgupta et al. 2010). During floods, sexual violence against women becomes rampant (Azad et al. 2013). This study intends to explore the nexus between extreme weather events, poverty, and early marriage. Since disaster-prone areas are more vulnerable and people living in the areas suffer from poverty due to the adverse impacts of extreme events. This study considers how people consider marriage especially early marriage as a coping strategy to poverty and whether early marriage is related to the fear of sexual harassment during extreme weather events. From different studies, it is evident that during and after extreme events, women usually young girls face eve-teasing, public sexual harassment. For instance, the Hurrican Katrina and the earthquake of 2005 in Kashmir (Mehta, 2007), and Asian tsunami (Oxfam, 2005) suggested the evidence of sexual harassment. In this study, we consider sexual harassment as the incidence of eve-teasing, gender-related problems encountered by women and girls in extreme floods prone areas and in shelter camp. This study explores how the people living in extreme events areas consider the early marriage of their daughters due to poverty from the adverse impacts of extreme weather events and the fear of sexual harassment and incidence of rape or abduction which leads to losing their reputation. 2. Literature review Vulnerability and poverty are closely associated, while vulnerability dimension of poverty is affected by the likelihood of natural disasters (Nelson and Agbey, 2005). Ostensibly, household’s vulnerability of poor is characterized by low income (Philip & Rayhan, 2004; Carter & Barrett, 2006; Carter et al. 2007; Masozera et al. 2007; Arouri et al. 2015). The vulnerability affects economic sustainability and forces to people remain poor. Poorer households are considered more vulnerable to natural disasters (De Haen and Hemrich, 2007; Greiving et al. 2006) and poor households suffer from high levels of vulnerability (Cutter, 1996). 2.1 Poverty and early marriage In poor households the decision of early marriage is related to poverty and early marriage is perceived as an optimal preference for young girls (Bajracharya & Amin, 2010). Early marriage is more frequent among the poorest families (Hossain & Islam, 2013; Haq 2013; ICRW, 2006; Parsons et al. 2015; Otoo-Oyortey and Pobi, 2003). Poverty is denoted as both a cause and a consequence of early marriage (Dahl, 2010; Maharjan et al. 2012). Low-income and poverty incidence might influence the decision-making of households while they might consider a girl as a burden. Poor people consider daughters as an economic burden to the family and perceive daughter’s marriage at the early age as a significant shift of the expenses such as rearing, educating and as a strategy of maintaining their reputation from sexual harassment (Hossain & Islam, 2013).
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