Rural Municipality of Roblin

Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 1

Rural Municipality of Roblin

Information Bulletin 96-3

Prepared by:

Manitoba Land Resource Unit, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food .

Department of Soil Science, University of .

Manitoba Soil Resource Section, Soils and Crops Branch, Manitoba Agriculture. Page 2 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This is one of a new series of information bulletins for individual This project was supported under the Canada-Manitoba Agreement rural municipalities of Manitoba. They serve to introduce the newly of Agricultural Sustainability. developed digital soil and terrain databases, and illustrate several typical derived map products for agricultural land use planning The following individuals and agencies contributed significantly to the compilation, interpretation, and derivation of the information applications. The bulletins will also be available in diskette format contained in this report. for selected rural municipalities. Managerial and administrative support was provided by: Information contained in this bulletin may be quoted and utilized with appropriate reference to the originating agencies. The authors R.G. Eilers, Head, Manitoba Land Resource Unit, CLBRR, and originating agencies assume no responsibility for the misuse, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. alteration, re-packaging, or re-interpretation of the information. G.J. Racz, Head, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Manitoba. F. Wilson, Manager, Manitoba Land and Soil Programs, PFRA, This information bulletin serves as an introduction to the land Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. resource information available for the municipality. More detailed G.F. Mills, Manitoba Soil Survey, Soils and Crops Branch, Manitoba Agriculture. information, including copies of the primary soil and terrain maps K.S. McGill, Chief, Land Utilization and Soil Survey, Soils and at larger scales, may be obtained by contacting; Crops Branch, Manitoba Agriculture.

Manitoba Land Resource Unit Technical support was provided by: Room 360 Ellis Bldg, University of Manitoba, , Manitoba R3T 2N2 L. Fuller and G.W. Lelyk, Manitoba Land Resource Unit, CLBRR, Phone: 204-474-6118 FAX: 204-275-5817 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. J. Fitzmaurice, N. Lindberg, K. Gehman, A. Waddell, and CITATION M. Fitzgerald, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Manitoba. R. Lewis, PFRA, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Manitoba Land Resource Unit, 1996. Soils and Terrain. An Professional expertise for data conversion, correlation, and introduction to the land resource. Rural Municipality of Roblin, interpretation was provided by: Information Bulletin 96-3, Ellis Bldg, University of Manitoba. Winnipeg. W.R. Fraser and W. Michalyna of the Manitoba Land Resource Unit, CLBRR, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. P. Haluschak and G. Podolsky, Manitoba Soil Survey Unit, Soils and Crops Branch, Manitoba Agriculture. Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 3

Figure 3. Rural municipalities in southern Manitoba with digital and terrain map information (1996). Page 4 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin

INTRODUCTION

This information bulletin is one of a new series prepared for selected rural municipalities in southern Manitoba (Figure 1). A brief overview of the soil and terrain database information assembled for each municipality is presented, as well as a set of maps derived from the data for typical agricultural land use and planning applications.

The soil and terrain maps and databases were compiled and registered using the computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) facilities of the Manitoba Land Resource Unit. These GIS databases were used to create the generalized interpretive maps and statistics contained in this report. Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 5

LAND RESOURCE DATA Base Layer

The soil and terrain (landscape) information were obtained as part Digital base map information includes the municipality and of a larger project to provide a uniform level of land resource Township boundaries, and major streams, roads and highways. The information for agricultural and regional planning purposes soil and terrain layers were added and aligned ("georeferenced") to throughout Agro-Manitoba. This information was compiled and the digital base map. Major rivers and lakes from the base layer analyzed in digital form, using Geographic Information System were also used as common boundaries for the soil and terrain map (GIS) techniques. Three distinct layers of information were used, layers. Water bodies larger than 25 ha in size were digitized as as shown in Figure 2. separate polygons.

Terrain Layer

A separate terrain layer was produced for municipalities for which only reconnaissance scale soil map coverage was available. This was compiled by aerial photo-interpretation techniques, using recent 1:50 000 scale stereo air photo coverage. The terrain information was transferred from the photographs onto the standard RM base and digitized in the GIS. Where the soil and terrain boundaries coincided, such as along prominent escarpments and eroded stream channels, the new terrain line was used for both layers. The terrain line, delineated from modern airphoto interpretation, was considered more positionally accurate than the same boundary portrayed on the historical reconnaissance soil map. Each digital terrain polygon was assigned the following legend characteristics:

Surface form Slope class Slope length class Percent wetlands Wetland size Erosional modifiers Extent of eroded knolls Polygon number

The first four legend fields are considered differentiating, that is, a change in any of these classes defines a new polygon.

Figure 2. Soil, Terrain, and Base Map data. Page 6 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin

Soil Layer SOIL AND TERRAIN OVERVIEW

The most detailed soil information currently available was selected The Rural Municipality (RM) of Roblin covers 8 Townships as the data source for the digital soil layer for each rural (approximately 82,000 ha) in south-central Manitoba. The town of municipality. Cartwright is the largest population centre. Agriculture is the dominant land use in the municipality. Comprehensive detailed soil maps (1:20 000 to 1:50 000 scale) have been published for many rural municipalities. Where they were Soils in the municipality have been mapped previously in the available, the individual soil map sheets were digitized and Reconnaissance Soil Survey of South-Central Manitoba (Ellis and compiled as a single georeferenced layer to match the digital RM Shafer, 1943). base. Map polygons have one or more soil series components, as well as slope and stoniness classes. Soil database information was Based on climatic data from Boissevain (Environment Canada, produced for each polygon, to meet national standards (MacDonald 1982), mean annual temperature is 2.7°C; mean annual and Valentine, 1992). Slope length classes were also added, based precipitation is 502 mm; average frost-free period is 121 days and on photo-interpretation. growing degree days above 5oC is 1756. The seasonal moisture deficit between May to October is 200 to 250 mm and effective Older, reconnaissance scale soil maps (1:126 720 scale) represented growing degree days (EGDDs) above 5C for the same period is the only available soil data source for many rural municipalities. 1500 (Agronomic Interpretations Working Group, 1995). These maps were compiled on a soil association basis, in which soil landscape patterns were identified with unique surficial geological The southern portion of the RM occurs in the Boissevain Plain deposits and textures. Each soil association consists of a range of (referred to as the Till Plain in published soil report) different soils ("associates") each of which occurs in a repetitive which has an average elevation of approximately 480 m asl. Relief position in the landscape. Each polygon digitized from the in this area is generally less than 3 m and surface forms are mainly reconnaissance soil map was assigned the following legend hummocky, ridged and undulating. The northeastern portion of the characteristics: municipality occupies part of the Tiger Hills Upland characterized by sharply hummocky terrain and higher local relief with slopes Map symbol and modifier (overprinted symbol) ranging from 5 to 15%. The Pembina Valley, a large glacial Soil Association or Complex name meltwater channel occurs along the northern boundary of the RM. Soil series and modifier codes Rock Lake, one of a series of lakes within the valley occurs to the Polygon number north of the RM. The dominant soils in the Boissevain Plain are Black Chernozems in well to imperfectly drained areas and Humic A modern soil series that best represents the soil association was Gleysols in poorly drained depressions. Slightly higher elevations identified for each soil polygon. The soil and modifier codes in the Tiger Hills are characterized by Orthic Dark Gray and Orthic provide a link to additional databases of soil properties. In this way, Black Chernozems in well drained upper and mid slope positions both detailed and reconnaissance soil map polygons were related to and Gleyed Dark Gray and Black soils in imperfectly drained lower soil drainage, surface texture, and other soil properties to produce slope. Gleysolic soils occur in depressional sites with poor drainage. various interpretive maps. Soils of the Boissevain Plain have developed on strongly calcareous loam to clay loam glacial till derived from bedrock of shale, limestone, and granitic sources. Approximately half of the RM is Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 7 represented by the Waskada Association which is comprised of the The Pembina Valley, a large channel formed by glacial melt water, Modified and Undulating phases. The dominant soils are well occurs along the northern border of the RM. Rock Lake, one of a drained with minor inclusions of imperfectly drained soil in the series of lakes that occurs within the Pembina Valley, is located lower slopes and poorly drained soils in depressional areas. along this border. Glacial till surrounding this valley has been Generally Waskada soils range in agricultural capability from 2 to extensively modified by glacial melt water. These areas are mapped 3 with topography being the determining factor. Localized areas of as the Heaslip Complex and represent about 7% of the RM area. class 4 to 7 soil occur but are restricted to landscapes with severe Heaslip soils vary in surface texture due to the local sorting action soil erosion or wetness. Risk of water erosion on the Waskada soils of water. Agricultural capability of the Heaslip Association is varies from negligible to moderate. Irrigation suitability for this area generally class 4 due to a low water holding capacity. Suitability ranges from Good to Fair due to the uneven terrain. for irrigation is good to fair. However, the rapid permeabiliy and low relief common to these soils reduces the risk of water erosion The sandy and gravelly soils of the Cartwright Association are when compared to adjacent Waskada soils. dominantly imperfectly drained whereas similar materials in the Marringhurst Association are mostly well drained. The soils of these The bottom lands within the Pembina Valley consist of imperfectly associations have developed on coarse substrata of gravel and water drained, stratified loam textured alluvial deposits of the Neelin worked till, with a loam to sandy loam overlay occurring in several Association. These are productive soils although they have some locations within the RM. These soils represent a small portion (< limitation for dryland agriculture due to innundation and drainage. 11%) of the RM. The Cartwright Association is rated similar to the Drainage is restricted in these areas and as a result irrigation Waskada Modified phase soils with respect to agricultural capability suitability on the Neelin soils are rated as fair (class 3). Risk of and irrigation suitability. The Marringhurst Association has an water erosion on the Neelin soils is moderate since slope gradients agricultural capability rating of 5M and suitability for irrigation is are slight. The steeply sloping walls of the Pembina Valley are good with topography and a low water holding capacity being the mapped as Eroded Slopes Complex and are rated in class 5T to 7T. determining factor. The Cartwright and Marringhurst Associations Most of these soils remain in native vegetation, providing wildlife have a low risk for water erosion due to rapid permeability and low habitat and recreation use. These soils have a severe risk of water slope gradients. These soils are susceptible to wind erosion if erosion if the stabilizing vegetation is removed. vegetation and residue cover are not maintained during dry periods of the growing season.

The Tiger Hills and Hilton Associations found in the Tiger Hills Upland cover some 22% of the municipality. These soils consist of a stony, loam textured glacial till. Surface forms are dominantly ridged, with local areas of undulating and hummocky terrain. Slopes generally range from 5 to 15 percent, with significantly steeper, higher relief occurring adjacent to streams. The Tiger Hills and Hilton soils range in agriculture capability from 2X to 4T, depending on the slope conditions. Steeper areas have a high to severe risk of water erosion. These associations are generally good to fair for irrigation (classes 2 and 3), mainly due to topography. Page 8 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin

DERIVED AND INTERPRETIVE MAPS

A large variety of computer derived and interpretive maps can be generated, once the soil and terrain data are stored in digital format. These maps are based on selected combinations of database values and assumptions.

Derived maps show information that is given in one or more columns in the computer map legend (such as soil texture, drainage, stoniness, or slope class).

Interpretive maps portray a more complex evaluation of information presented in the legend which was combined in a unique way to arrive at an entirely new map.

Several examples of derived and interpretive maps are included in this information bulletin. The maps have all been reduced in size and generalized (simplified), in order to portray conditions for an entire rural municipality on one page. Only interpretations based on the dominant soil and terrain conditions in each polygon are shown at such reduced scales. These generalized maps provide a useful overview of conditions within a municipality, but are not intended to apply to site specific land parcels.

The digital databases may also contain more detailed information concerning significant inclusions of differing soil and slope conditions in each map polygon, particularly where they have been derived from modern detailed soil maps. This information can be portrayed at larger map scales.

Information concerning particular interpretive maps, and the primary soil and terrain map data, can be obtained by contacting the Manitoba Land Resource Unit. Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 9

Slope Map. Table 1. Slope Classes1

Slope describes the steepness of the landscape surface. The slope Slope Class Area Percent classes shown on this map are derived from the digital terrain layer (ha) of RM database. Specific colours are used to indicate the most significant, limiting slope class for each terrain polygon in the RM. Additional 0 - 2 % 21240 29.1 slope classes can occur in each polygon area, but cannot be 2 - 5 % 37696 51.6 portrayed at this reduced map scale. 5 - 9 % 5883 8.1

9 - 15 % 3779 5.2

15 - 30 % 297 0.4

> 30 % 3981 5.5

Water 156 0.2

Unclassified 0 0.0

Total 73031 100.0

1 Area has been assigned to the most significant limiting slope for each terrain polygon. Significant areas of lesser slope, and smaller areas of greater slope may occur in each terrain polygon. Page 10 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Rural Municipality of Roblin Slope Map Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 11

Surface Form Map. Table 2. Surface Form and Slope Classes1

Surface forms describe the overall shape of the earth's surface. The Surface Form Area Percent various surface forms may exhibit a regular (or irregular) pattern of Slope Class (ha) of RM convexities and concavities, and are commonly associated with characteristic ranges of slope gradients and slope lengths. They Hummocky 20511 28.1 may also imply particular modes of origin. For example, scrolled C (2.0 to 5.0%) 19507 26.7 D (6.0 to 9.0%) 199 0.3 and terraced surface forms are created by river and stream deposits, E (10.0 to 15.0%) 637 0.9 while undulating and hummocky landforms are frequently F (16.0 to 30.0%) 168 0.2 associated with glacial moraines. A description of the various surface form classes are contained in a separate Soil and Terrain Ravine 723 1.0 Classification System Manual (Manitoba Land Resource Unit, H (31.0 to 70.0%) 50 0.1 1996). J (> 70.0%) 674 0.9 Ridged 23997 32.9 Surface form and slope class are two key features of the digital C (2.0 to 5.0%) 15220 20.8 terrain map layer. Both of these characteristics are important D (6.0 to 9.0%) 5634 7.7 controlling and influencing factors to consider for sustainable land E (10.0 to 15.0%) 3142 4.3 use planning and management. Steep 2447 3.4 J (> 70.0%) 2447 3.4

Undulating 23446 32.1 B (0.5 to 2.0%) 21240 29.1 C (2.0 to 5.0%) 2207 3.0

Runway 941 1.3 C (2.0 to 5.0%) 762 1.0 D (6.0 to 9.0%) 50 0.1 F (16.0 to 30.0%) 128 0.2

Valley 811 1.1 H (31.0 to 70.0%) 138 0.2 J (> 70.0%) 673 0.9

Water 156 0.2

Total 73031 100.0

1 Area has been assigned to the most significant limiting slope for each terrain polygon. Significant areas of lesser slope, and smaller areas of greater slope may occur in each terrain polygon. Page 12 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Rural Municipality of Roblin Surface Form Map Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 13

Generalized Soil Map. Table 3. Generalized Soil Association Groups

All soil polygons on the original published reconnaissance maps Association Group Area Percent Associate (ha) of RM were digitized to create the soil layer. In some cases, areas of overprinted symbols on the original maps were delineated as Water 156 0.2 additional new soil polygons. Marringhurst 739 1.0 M 739 1.0 This generalized soil map has been reduced in size and simplified by grouping the original soil association polygons. The groups have Eroded Slopes Complex 5072 6.9 been colour themed according to similar modes of origin, texture, Er 5072 6.9 and soil drainage. Soils derived from glacial till deposits (typically Cartwright 7852 10.8 loam to clay loam in texture) have been assigned blue and green Ct 7852 10.8 colours. Soils developed from glacial lake deposits are coloured Neelin 1163 1.6 yellow (sandy), orange (loam), or brown (clay). Sand and gravel Ne 1163 1.6 deposits are coloured in pink. Hilton 15979 21.9 Hn 11549 15.8 The groups have been named after the dominant soil association, Th 4430 6.1 and the statistics for each group have been summarized (in bold). The original reconnaissance map symbol types and their areal extent Waskada Undulating Phase 1617 2.2 in the municipality are shown within each group. Wu 1617 2.2 Waskada Modified Phase 32958 45.1 Wm 32108 44.0 Wm (degraded) 850 1.1

Heaslip Complex 5032 6.9 Hx 5032 6.9

Waskada Modified (m) 11658 2.9 Wm (saline) 11658 2.9

Heaslip Complex (s) 371 0.5 Hx (saline) 371 0.5

Total 82595 100.0 Page 14 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Rural Municipality of Roblin Generalized Soil Map Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 15

Agricultural Capability Map. Table 4. Agricultural Capability1

This evaluation utilizes the 7 class Canada Land Inventory system Class Area Percent Subclass (ha) of RM (CLI, 1965). Classes 1 to 3 represent the prime agricultural land, classes 4 and 5 represent marginal lands, and classes 6 and 7 are 1 931 1.3 considered unsuitable for dryland agriculture. 2 44089 59.5 This generalized interpretive map is based on the dominant modern 2T 35484 47.9 soil type for the soil polygon, in combination with the dominant 2W 279 0.4 slope class identified from the terrain polygon layer. The nature of 2X 8326 11.2 the CLI subclass limitations and the classification of subdominant components cannot be portrayed at this generalized map scale. 3 11164 15.1 3I 1194 1.6 3M 3701 5.0 3N 387 0.5 3T 5882 7.9

4 11383 15.4 4M 7593 10.2 4MT 269 0.4 4T 3521 4.7

5 224 0.3 5 224 0.3

6 1283 1.7 6T 1283 1.7

7 3797 5.1 7T 3797 5.1

Water 1266 1.7

Total 74136 100.0

1 Based on dominant soil and slope of the respective soil and terrain maps. Page 16 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Rural Municipality of Roblin Agriculture Capability Map Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 17

Irrigation Suitability Map. Table 5. Irrigation Suitability1

Irrigation suitability is a four class rating system. Classes are Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor. Irrigation ratings are based on Class Area Percent an assessment of the most limiting combination of soil and (ha) of RM landscape conditions. Soils in the same class have a similar relative suitability or degree of limitation for irrigation use, although the Excellent 0 0.0 specific limiting factors may differ. These limiting factors are Good 46097 63.1 described by subclass symbols at detailed map scales. The irrigation rating system does not consider water availability, method Fair 13631 18.7 of application, water quality, or economics of irrigated land use. Poor 13147 18.0 This generalized interpretive map is based on the dominant soil series for each soil polygon, in combination with the dominant slope Organic 0 0.0 class from the terrain layer database. The nature of the subclass Water 156 0.2 limitations, and the classification of subdominant components is not shown at this generalized map scale. Unclassified 0 0.0

Total 73031 100.0

1 Based on dominant soil and slope of the respective soil and terrain maps. Page 18 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Rural Municipality of Roblin Irrigation Suitability Map Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 19

Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation Table 6. Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation1

A major concern for land under irrigated crop production is the Class Area Percent possibility that surface and/or groundwater may be impacted. The (ha) of RM potential environmental impact assessment provides a relative rating of land into 4 classes (minimal, low, moderate and high) based on Minimal 0 0.0 an evaluation of specific soil factors and landscape conditions that Low 44491 60.9 determine the impact potential. Moderate 6714 9.2 Soil factors considered are those properties that determine water retention and movement through the soil; topographic features are High 21670 29.7 those that affect runoff and redistribution of moisture in the landscape. Specifically considered are: soil texture, hydraulic Organic 0 0.0 conductivity, salinity, geological uniformity, depth to watertable Water 156 0.2 and topography. The risk of altering surface and subsurface soil drainage regimes, soil salinity or the potential for runoff, erosion or Unclassified 0 0.0 flooding is determined by specific criteria for each property. Total 73031 100.0 Use of this rating is intended to serve as a warning of potential 1 environmental concern. It may be possible to design and/or give Based on dominant soil, slope gradient, and slope length special consideration to soil-water-crop management practices that of the respective soil and terrain maps. will mitigate any adverse impact.

This generalized interpretive map is based on the dominant soil series for each soil polygon, in combination with the dominant slope class from the terrain layer database. The nature of the subclass limitations, and the classification of subdominant components is not shown at this generalized map scale. Page 20 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin

Rural Municipality of Roblin Potential Environmental Impact Under Irrigation Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 21

Water Erosion Risk Map. Table 7. Water Erosion Risk1

The risk of water erosion was estimated using the universal soil loss Class Area Percent equation (USLE) developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1965). The (ha) of RM map shows 5 classes of soil erosion risk based on bare unprotected soil: Negligible 8868 12.1 Low 27371 37.5 negligible low Moderate 25506 34.9 moderate high High 2508 3.4 severe Severe 8622 11.8

Cropping and management practices will significantly reduce this Water 156 0.2 risk depending on crop rotation program, soil type, and landscape features. Unclassified 0 0.0

Total 73031 100.0 1 Based on dominant soil, slope gradient, and slope length of the respective soil and terrain maps. Page 22 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Rural Municipality of Roblin Water Erosion Risk Map Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 23

Land Use Map Table 8. Land Use1

The land use classification of the RM has been interpreted from Class Area Percent LANDSAT satellite imagery, using supervised computer (ha) of RM classification techniques. Many individual spectral signatures were classified and grouped into the seven general land use classes shown Annual Crop Land 46948 64.0 here. Although land use changes over time, and some land use Forage 1703 2.0 practices on individual parcels may occasionally result in similar spectral signatures, this map provides a general representation of the Grasslands 12056 16.0 current land use in the RM. Trees 5555 8.0

A brief description of the land use classes are: Wetlands 4996 7.0 Water 700 1.0 Annual Crop Land - land that is normally cultivated on an annual basis. Urban and Transportation 1811 2.0

Forage - perennial forages, generally alfalfa or clover with blends Total 73031 100.0 of tame grasses 1 Land use information (1995) supplied by Prairie Farm Grasslands - areas of native or tame grasses, may contain scattered Rehabilitation Administration. stands of shrubs

Trees - lands that are primarily in tree cover

Wetlands - areas that are wet, often with sedges, cattails, and rushes.

Water - open water-lakes, rivers streams, ponds, and lagoons

Urban and Transportation - towns, roads, railways, quarries Page 24 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin Rural Municipality of Roblin Information Bulletin 96-3 Page 25

REFERENCES No. D19. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey. Winnipeg.

Agronomic Interpretations Working Group. 1995. Land Suitability Rating System for Agricultural Crops: 1. Spring-seeded Small Grains. Edited by W.W. Pettapiece. Tech. Bull. 1995-6E. Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Ottawa. 90 pages, 2 maps.

Canada Land Inventory. 1965. Soil Capability Classification for Agriculture. Canada Land Inventory Report No. 2. ARDA, Dept. of Forestry, Canada, Ottawa.

Ellis, J.H., and Shafer, W.H. 1943. Reconnaissance Soil Survey of South-Central Manitoba. Soils Report No. 4. Manitoba Soil Survey. Published by Manitoba Dept. of Agriculture. 146pp and map.

Environment Canada. 1982. Canadian Climatic Normals 1951-1980. 1- Temperatures, Vol. 2; 2- Prcipitation, Vol. 3; 3- Frost, Vol. 6; 4- Degree Days, Vol. 4. Atmospheric Environment, Downsview, Ontario.

Expert Committee on Soil Survey. 1987. The Canadian System of Soil Classification. Second Edition. Publ. No. 1646. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

MacDonald, K.B., and Valentine, K.W.G. 1992. CanSIS Manual 1 CanSIS/NSDB: A General Description. Land Resource Division, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.

Manitoba Land Resource Unit. 1996. Soil and Terrain Classification System Manual. In preparation. Ellis Bldg. University of Manitoba. Winnipeg.

PFRA. 1964. Handbook for the Classification of Irrigated Land on the Prairie Provinces. PFRA, Regina, .

Podolsky, G. 1983 Soils of the Pelican-Rock Lake Area. Report Page 26 Information Bulletin 96-3 Rural Municipality of Roblin

Wishmeier, W.H. and Smith, D.D. 1965. Predicting Rainfall-erosion Loss from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 282, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.