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Chapter 6 Strengthening Existing Infrastructure and Lifeline Final Report Main Report Chapter 6 Strengthening Existing Infrastructure and Lifeline Final Report Main Report CHAPTER 6 STRENGTHENING EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE AND LIFELINE 6.1 Introduction Concerning infrastructures, especially road network, it is vital to keep it well functioning to enable a quick and effective operation of activities such as search and rescue, recovery work, and emergency goods transport. If the road network becomes incapacitated, it will increase the scale of disaster. On the other hand, the development of lifeline is increasing rapidly at present and every citizen relies on this useful facility. Compared to other lifelines, potable water is indispensable for survival, and citizens cannot live long without it. However, lifelines including water, gas, electricity, and telecommunications are interrelated and shortage of electricity will lead other lifelines to malfunction since self-generation of electricity is limited. Both infrastructure and lifeline are basic necessities to prevent expansion of scale of disaster. Therefore, strengthening of existing facilities is a very effective measure. However, it is to be noted that only strengthening of infrastructure will not be effective, since there is no perfect measure to avoid damage from a huge earthquake. But with people’s awareness and periodic training or drills by each related company and organization, damage can be greatly minimized and normal life will be quickly restored. This chapter discusses measures to strengthen roads and bridges and lifeline consisting of water, gas, and electricity. Telecommunication, which is one of the important facilities to keep good connection to operate all activities, is taken up separately in a different section. 6.2 Strengthening of Road Structure Concerning the emergency phase triggered by earthquake disasters, maintaining an emergency road network is indispensable. If any part of the network gets blocked, this network will not function and in addition, any rescue, repair, and transport activities cannot be carried out. Therefore, the road network must be secure. 6.2.1 Target Earthquake Resistance of Road There are three major types of road malfunction that can be considered once road is damaged by earthquake. 1) Intercity Arterial Road (connecting with other cities), which will significantly affect the economic activity in a large area connecting other cities. PCI-OYO 119 The Comprehensive Master Plan Study on Urban Seismic Disaster Prevention and Management for the Greater Tehran Area in the Islamic Republic of Iran 2) Emergency Transport Road, major road networks connecting relevant organizations related to disaster management, which will greatly affect the activities at emergency phase in the area. 3) Arterial roads, secondary road networks for relevant emergency activities. Target earthquake resistance of these road types can be considered as follows: 1) Intercity Arterial Road and Emergency Transport Road • Probability of suffering from large earthquake during the service duration of structure is low, but if this is not the case and the roads experience a large earthquake, there would be limited damage, and still possible to transport emergency vehicles by minor repair, and secure multi-channel and functionality of road network. • Against earthquakes which will occur one to two times during service duration of structure 2) Arterial Road • Probability of suffering from large earthquake during the service duration of structure is low, but if it does go through a large earthquake, damage would not be severe • Against earthquakes which will occur one to two times during service duration of structure Structures along the road network shall be newly constructed or strengthened considering the target shown above. However, it is difficult to completely safeguard all structures; therefore, in order to prevent malfunction of the total network in case of some interruption of road network, it is necessary to increase multi-channeling and to prepare alternatives of road network. 6.2.2 Characteristics of Road Damage Road Damage against Earthquake can be categorized as shown in Figure 6.2.1, and categorized into four major types of damage. They are: 1) Direct Damage to the Structure caused by Seismic Motion, 2) Damage caused by facilities by the roadside, 3) Damage caused by aerial-dedicated facilities, and 4) Others. Direct Damages are represented by road surface damage, bridge damage, etc., which will cause physical malfunction to the road network and will take time to recover. This should be prevented in the first priority. Damages caused by facilities by the roadside are represented by underground pipes and collapse of roadside structures. Underground pipe damage such as water pipe will bring about subsidence of road and collapse of roadside structures will result in road closure. 120 JICA-TDMMC Final Report Main Report Damages caused by aerial-dedicated facilities are represented by damage to utility poles and building damages. Fallen debris from the buildings will result in closure of road. Other damages are represented by Submergence, Fire, etc. They will interrupt the flow of vehicles for all emergency activities. Road Surface Damage Cut and Slope Failure Direct Damage to the Structures Embankment Damage caused by Seismic Motion Bridge Damage Tunnel Damage Other Structure Damage Damage caused by facilities by Underground Pipe (cause road subsidence) the roadside Wall collapse (cause road closure) Road Damage Damage caused by aerial Decline or collapse of poles and tree (cause road closure) dedicated facilities Building Damage, fall off of glasses, tiles, signboards Submergence Fire Others Evacuation Activity Vehicle Retention Source: Japan Road Association, 1998 Figure 6.2.1 Characteristics of Road Damage Against Earthquake Road network is an important infrastructure, which maintains citizen’s life and economic activities. Therefore, once the road function is damaged, it will greatly affect emergency and recovery activities in the disaster-stricken area. Moreover, effect of road damage will not be limited to disaster-stricken area and may spread to other areas. Strengthening of road network is indispensable and it is necessary to put the appropriate effort on it. Among the road facilities, bridge collapse will create the most serious malfunction of road network. Therefore, strengthening method is explained in detail in the following section. 6.3 Strengthening of Bridge Structure Bridge structure has to be considered together with road network, since bridge is one of the facilities of road network and bridge collapse will greatly affect the road network. In the previous study on damage estimation, first screening method called Katayama Method (Disaster Prevention Council of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, 1978) was used to estimate PCI-OYO 121 The Comprehensive Master Plan Study on Urban Seismic Disaster Prevention and Management for the Greater Tehran Area in the Islamic Republic of Iran possible damage to bridge structures in Tehran. This method is widely used in Japan and it estimated the possible fall of superstructures against strong earthquakes. In this damage estimation, bridge inventory data prepared by Tehran Engineering and Technical Consulting Organization (TETCO) and JICA Study Team were used. This inventory list of bridges includes 239 bridges and 168 bridges out of 239 bridges identified with location. As a result, in case of Ray Fault model, six bridges are estimated as “Collapsed” and five bridges are estimated as “Unstable.” Therefore, in this study, those bridges were observed and result was modified. Consequently, in case of Ray Fault mode, five bridges are estimated as “Collapsed” and 4 bridges are estimated as “Unstable.” Details are explained in the Sector Report. 6.3.1 Basic Point There is some particular difference between the bridge design and building design even though basic principle of design is the same. The main reason is that all of the bridges are public facilities and constructed carefully with appropriate engineering design. Therefore, even though estimated damage of building is high, ratio of bridge collapse is relatively low. Role of bridge is to maintain road network; therefore, importance of maintaining bridges is extremely high. Bridges must be designed and constructed to survive from the following target earthquakes: • The intensity of Manjil Earthquake in 1990. • The intensity of earthquake that is proved in the earthquake resistant design code. Probability of exceeding that earthquake within a period of 50 years may be about 10%. • The intensity of earthquake caused by scenario earthquake; this is the largest earthquake that can be expected for Greater Tehran Area. Against the intensities of earthquake mentioned above, there are several ways to control the extent of damage. • Secure the structure as fully operational. • Secure the structure as operational with minor repair. If some incidental damage occurs, it has to be repaired quickly within a few days. Elastic design method may be applied. • Prevent excessive reduction of load carrying capacity of the bridge. Sufficient ductility must be retained even though some yielding is allowed at some part of the structure. This type of design method is called “Capacity Design.” In the 122 JICA-TDMMC Final Report Main Report method, some plastic hinge is set in the structure model, and stability of whole structure and displacement is discussed. To summarize the points, some reasonable correspondence between intensity of earthquake and countermeasure is generated
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