The Magazine for Environmental Managers April 2017

Air Quality in Megacities Around the World

São Paulo, Brazil

Table of Contents

Air Quality in Megacities Around the World by Prakash Doraiswamy, Golam Sarwar, and Ali Farnoud

An overview of the air quality issues, trends, current initiatives, and potential path forward for improving air quality in five current or potential megacities around the world: São Paulo,Brazil; Cairo, Egypt; Tehran, Iran; Delhi, India; and Beijing, China.

Features

The Evolution of Air Quality in the Megacity of São Paulo, Brazil Combating Air Pollution in North India—The Path Forward by Maria de Fátima Andrade, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil by Prakash Doraiswamy and R.K.M. Jayanty, RTI International; S.T. Rao, North Carolina State University; Manju Mohan, Sagnik Dey, Dilip Ganguly, and Saroj K. Mishra, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Ramesh Jain, formerly with the U.S. Embassy Public Affairs Division; and Mark Azua and Ayesha Gideon, U.S. Embassy Public Affairs Division in Delhi, India

Air Quality Issues in Megacities: The Challenge of Cairo, Egypt by Alan W. Gertler and Douglas H. Lowenthal, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV; and Mounir Labib, National Academy of Science, Cairo, Egypt

ABaCAS: An Overview of the Air Pollution Control Cost–Benefit and Attainment Assessment System and Its Application in China by Jia Xing, Shuxiao Wang, Jiming Hao, Bin Zhao, Dian Ding, and Jiandong Wang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Carey Jang, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC; Yun Air Pollution Challenges in the Megacity of Tehran, Iran Zhu, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; by Farhad Azarmi and Mohammad Arhami, Sharif University of Lijian Zhao, Energy Foundation China, Beijing, China; and Hongxing Technology, Tehran, Iran Xie, Director of the Clean Air Allianceof China, Beijing, China

Columns Departments

Asian Connections: Message from the President: Helping Solve Someone’s Problem Asia’s Megacities on Different Pathways to Cleaner Air by Scott A. Freeburn by Fu Lu, Prarthana Borah, and Robyn Garner In Memoriam: Donald L. Blumenthal Asia’s megacities are demonstrating that there are different pathways to cleaner air that harmonize economic and social development Annual Conference Preview: Professional Development Courses; agendas with air pollution mitigation strategies across multiple sectors. Women’s Professional Development Workshop and Luncheon

EPA Research Highlights: New MARKAL Tool Designed to Help Specialty Conference Preview: Cities Meet Environmental Protection Goals Finding Common Ground on Climate Change Cities interested in setting sustainability goals to reduce air pollution by Miriam Lev-On and C. Flint Webb and protect water quality might want to look at the energy–water connection. While that may seem unusual, it is based on the fact Last Stop: that providing and treating water requires a lot of energy. This Month in History (and other fun facts)

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 The A ir & Wast e M anagemen t A ssocia tion w ould like t o thank the f ollo wing sponsors and g ran tor f or mak ing the 2017 A nnual C onf er enc e & Exhibition possible .

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Rev . 011817 Con tac t Je S chur man | phone: (412) 904-6003 | email: jschur man@a wma.or g Message from the President Helping Solve Someone’s Problem

by Scott A. Freeburn, P.E. » [email protected]

I regularly encourage members to invite friends and concerns and help solve problems. If we miss the mark, we associates to our meetings. Accepting such invitations and may eliminate future opportunities, and then both the person experiencing what A&WMA has to offer prompted many of and the Association lose out. us to decide to become members originally. As effective as personal invitations are to membership recruitment and as So far, I have been referring to A&WMA events that have a much as the Association benefits from new members, these particular focus because these are the most frequent oppor - are not the reasons you should invite someone to an tunities to introduce guests to the Association. Such meetings Association function. are, after all, the bread and butter of chapter and section programming. That said, this year’s Annual Conference & For several years, I was a practicing consultant providing Exhibition is scheduled for June 5–8 in Pittsburgh, PA. The services in air permitting, research, and testing related to Local Host Committee, Technical Council, and the Young regulation development and enforcement and compliance Professional Activity Council have coordinated several tracks support, and a little site clean-up work. During that time, my with specific focus areas and compact scheduling. These responsibilities moved from considerable hands-on work to refined topic tracks may help address the problems of more and more marketing and maintaining client relations. someone you know. What I learned is the closer you get to your clients, the better you understand their problems. For me, the greatest satisfaction On another topic, the Association’s leadership has been busy in consulting was helping solve someone’s problems. It’s how and most recently focused on webinar production. The topic you keep clients. matter for webinars depends on the good ideas and organi - zational efforts of our members, like most of our programming. So, when you consider bringing someone to an A&WMA Once the ideas and people have been identified, our talented meeting or other function, the best reason to do so is because Association staff organizes the delivery. Consistent production you believe the event will help solve a problem for that person. of quality webinars requires building and maintaining a backlog of planned programs that can then be issued with Given the nature of this Association, I take a pretty liberal view regularity. Though the quality of our webinars has been of what such problem-solving may include. Many A&WMA good, our rate of production has been inconsistent. It is not meetings and webinars focus on particular regulatory challenges that there aren’t things to talk about, but we as members and addressing these questions is a founding objective. have not organized to keep this very important and useful Understanding technical principles and methodologies is webinar pipeline full. Webinars have the great advantage of another area where our programs educate, or at least update, taking less time to prepare than face-to-face meetings. This our attendees. Many meetings are built around interesting allows webinars to better address current hot topics and the speakers; elected officials, business leaders, and regulators that Association’s schedule can flex to better meet such conditions. impart important information to our audiences. Some events The webinar subcommittee will be looking to enlarge its are built around student performance providing education, talent pool, but all members can contribute to webinar experience, and exposure to the matriculants. The point is programming; just get in contact with any Board or commit - there is a variety of potential interests for an invited attendee. tee member and share your ideas. em Many are not going to match the new person’s interests. We must try to find program opportunities that address real

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017

• being to e Friday, May 12, 2017 Association A&WMA in

• President-Elect – : membership

• Directors – :

• This year’s Nominating Committee members are:

Nomination Form for 2018 A&WMA President-Elect and Board of Directors:

Fax: +1-412-232-3450 Cover Story by Prakash Doraiswamy, Golam Sarwar, and Ali Farnoud

São Paulo, Brazil Air Quality in Megacities Around the World

An overview of the air quality issues, trends, current initiatives, and potential path forward for improving air quality in five current or potential megacities around the world.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Cover Story by Prakash Doraiswamy, Golam Sarwar, and Ali Farnoud

Megacities typically refer to urban agglomerations with a The next article by Farhad Azarmi and Mohammad Arhami population of more than 10 million people. 1,2 The world’s summarizes the air pollution burden in Tehran, Iran, and population was estimated to be around 7.3 billion in 2015 and shows how the relative contribution of pollutants to air quality is growing at a nearly linear rate of approximately 80 million exceedances has changed over the years with fine particulate people per year. 3 Likewise, around 36 urban agglomerations matter being primarily responsible in recent years. are projected to exceed 10 million in population by 2020, meeting the definition of a megacity. 4 Rapid urbanization is The next article by Prakash Doraiswamy et al. presents an accompanied by challenges in transportation, energy demand, overview of the significant fine particulate matter pollution and industrialization that lead to a concomitant rise in air burden in Delhi, India, that has gained global attention in the

Around 36 urban agglomerations are projected to exceed 10 million in population by 2020, meeting the definition of a megacity.

pollution in the absence of proper planning. In this issue, we past few years. The article discusses the current status and have five articles presenting the air pollution challenges faced gaps, and provides recommendations generated through in five current or potential megacities around the world. stakeholder group discussions to address the air pollution problem. In the first article, Maria de Fátima Andrade discusses the evolution of air pollution in S ão Paulo, Brazil. S ão Paulo has In the final article in this issue, authors Jia Xing et al. describe experienced rapid urbanization without proper urban planning. steps taken by China to tackle its poor air pollution, similar The region experiences exceedances of fine particle and to that experienced in India. The article talks about a policy ozone standards, resulting from a variety of sources, including assessment system that was developed in collaboration with biomass burning, transportation, and numerous other the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which helps unregulated sources. address and evaluate control strategies and their benefits.

In the second article, authors Alan Gertler, Mounir Labib, A review of all the articles in this issue reveals similarities and Douglas Lowenthal take us through the current status of among these regions in terms of their air pollution problem air quality in Cairo, Egypt for particulate matter and lead. The and the underlying causes. While each region may have article demonstrates the impact of specific control programs unique issues impacting their environment, we may all aimed at lead smelters that helped drastically reduce lead benefit from the experiences of other regions/nations in pollutant levels in the city. The region still suffers from the how they are tackling the problem of poor air quality. impacts from open burning, transportation, and geological dust, however. We thank the authors for their contributions to this issue. em

Prakash Doraiswamy, Ph.D. , is a research environmental scientist with RTI International in Research Triangle Park NC. Golam Sarwar, Ph.D. , is a research physical scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Exposure Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC. Ali Farnoud, Ph.D. , is a senior manager with Ramboll Environ in Arlington, VA, and an adjunct professor at the Catholic University of America. All three are members of EM ’s Editorial Advisory Committee (EAC). E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] .

References 1. Gurjar, B.R.; Lelieveld, J. New Directions: Megacities and global change; Atmos. Environ. 2005 , 39 (2), 391-393. 2. Molina, M.J.; Molina, L.T. A&WMA Annual Critical Review: Megacities and atmospheric pollution; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2004 , 54 (6), 644-680. 3. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision ; United Nations. See https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ Download/Standard/Population (accessed February 19, 2017). 4. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision ; United Nations. See https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/ CD-ROM (accessed February 19, 2017).

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 RE AL -TIME , NE AR - REFERENCE PM2 .5 AND PM10 MONIT ORING

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The Evolution of Air Quality in the Megacity of São Paulo, Brazil

A study of the growth of particulate matter and ozone concentrations with the rapid and intense urbanization of São Paulo, Brazil.

Figure 1. Green pyramid of waste alternatives.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Quality in São Paulo, Brazil by Maria de Fátima Andrade

Numerous studies regarding the concentration of regulated The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo pollutants, especially inhalable particulate matter (PM10)— The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) is the largest particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm, urban area in South America and is known for its cultural also called inhalable particles—have been conducted in the diversity. The rapid population growth in São Paulo from megacity of São Paulo during the past 40 years. 1,2 Although 1950 to 2000 was an example of intense urbanization, the population and the number of vehicles have increased which represented a shift from rural to urban living; urban considerably, the concentrations are now, on most days, dwellers accounted for only 36 percent of the population meeting the national air quality standards for PM10, although in 1950, compared with 84 percent today. 5 not yet for PM2.5—particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm, also called fine inhalable The MASP is a good example—not only for other metropolitan particles—and ozone. 3 areas in Brazil, but also for urban settlements in developing countries throughout the world—of the effects of disorganized The stabilizing of PM10 concentrations is due, in large part, growth and poor urban planning. The poor urban planning to the implementation of programs to control vehicle emissions, allowed the rapid occupation of the peripheral areas of the which have been in place since the 1980s, together with the city by the working population, thus increasing the number effects of changing energy sources and users. In Brazil, 41 of daily commuters. There are nearly 44 million commutes percent of all energy comes from renewable sources; the per day in the MASP: 37 percent by public transportation; biggest share of renewable sources is from ethanol and 31 percent by passenger car; 31 percent by foot; and less sugarcane bagasse (41 percent), followed by hydropower than 1 percent by bicycle. 6 There are more than 8 million (27.5 percent), and other renewable energy sources, including light- and heavy-duty vehicles (LDVs and HDVs, respectively) wood and charcoal (19.9 percent), biodiesel (2.5 percent), in the MASP, which makes vehicle emissions the main and wind (1.5 percent). Data are from 2015. 4 source of air pollutants.

Brazil is characterized by large urban centers along the coast, According to the São Paulo State Environmental Protection the most populous cities being located in the southeastern Agency, road transportation accounts for 97 percent of carbon region of the country: the greater metropolitan areas of São monoxide emissions, 85 percent of volatile organic compound Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte with 21, 13, and emissions, 82 percent of nitrogen oxides emissions, 36 percent 5.7 million inhabitants, respectively. 5 of sulfur dioxide emissions, and 36 percent of PM10 emissions. 3

Figure 1. Green areas represent sugarcane plantations in some of the states in southeastern Brazil. Notes: SP = São Paulo; PR = Parana; MG = Minas Gerais; RJ = Rio de Janeiro Source: CONAB ( Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento )9.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Quality in São Paulo, Brazil by Maria de Fátima Andrade

The HDV fleet is responsible for more than 50 percent of the 14.4 g kWh −1 in 1993 to 2.0 g kWh −1 in 2012 (PROCONV E PM2.5 concentration in the MASP, and more than 70 percent phase P7), and PM10 emissions from HDVs decreased from of the PM2.5 is organic or elemental carbon. 6 0.4 g kWh −1 in 1997 to 0.02 g kWh −1 in 2012 (PRO - CONVE phase P7). Air Pollution Sources In addition to vehicle emissions, numerous unregulated Figure 2 shows the mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 sources—including evaporative emissions from gas stations; and PM10 measured at different air quality stations within wood burning in bakeries, restaurants, and pizzerias; coal the MASP operated by Companhia de Tecnologia de Sanea - burning during outdoor grilling; and civil construction mento Ambiental (Environmental Company of the State of activities—emit air pollutants in the MASP. 7 New studies have São Paulo, CETESB ) in relation to the limits established by shown the importance of carbonaceous compounds to the the PROCONVE. For PM2.5, one downtown station was composition of atmospheric aerosols. Oyama et al. 8 stated considered (Cerqueira Cesar, where data have been available that primary biomass burning accounted for 10–30 percent since 2005), and for PM10, three downtown stations were of all carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere of the MASP, considered (Cerqueira Cesar, Congonhas, and Ibirapuera).

What makes the situation in Brazil unique is the large use of ethanol as a vehicular fuel.

with sugarcane burning accounting for up to 15 percent of Despite the increase in the number of vehicles and in fuel the organic carbon in the PM2.5 fraction. Figure 1 shows consumption, pollutant concentrations have decreased in the sugarcane cultivation in São Paulo. 9 Although regulations past ten years, the only exceptions being those of ozone and have been imposed to prohibit the pre-harvest burning of PM2.5. 10 Additional details concerning the impact of the sugarcane bagasse, it still occurs in some areas during the PROCONVE are presented elsewhere. 10,11 harvest season (primarily September–October). Local sources of emissions from biomass burning have been shown to Owing to frequent traffic jams, the number of motorcycles account for no more than 3 percent of the PM2.5 emitted in the MASP has increased in recent years. Motorcycles are in the MASP. 7 used by commuters, as well as for the speedy delivery of goods and documents, because they can pass between the Mitigating Pollution from Vehicular Emissions lines of cars and trucks stuck in traffic. In recognition of the The highest pollutant concentrations were observed at the impact of motorcycle emissions on air pollution, a new end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, when program—the Programa de Controle de Emissões de vehicle numbers began to grow and there were no emission Motocicletas (Program for the Control of Air Pollution controls. In 1986, the Programa de Controle de Emissões Emissions by Motorcycles, PROMOT)—has imposed Veiculares (Program for the Control of Air Pollution Emissions emission limits for motorcycles. by Motor Vehicles, PROCONVE) was implemented, estab - lishing more restrictive emission limits in accordance with The Use of Ethanol and Ozone international standards. Many countries have similar programs for controlling vehicula r emissions. What makes the situation in Brazil unique is the Each phase of the PROCONVE program was applied to new large use of ethanol as a vehicular fuel. In 1975, the National vehicles. PROCONVE was organized in six phases for LDVs Ethanol Program, known as “Proálcool”, was created to reduce (L1–L6) and seven phases for HDVs (P1–P7). Emissions of dependence on petroleum imports, decrease emissions of carbon monoxide from LDVs decreased from 24.0 g km −1 carbon monoxide, and ban the use of lead as an anti-knock in 1989 to 1.3 g km −1 in 2013 (PROCONVE phase L6), fuel additive. 12 In the beginning, the program required the use while nitrogen oxides emissions from HDVs decreased from of 10-percent anhydrous ethanol as an additive to gasoline;

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Quality in São Paulo, Brazil by Maria de Fátima Andrade

Figure 2. Concentration (in µg/m 3) of PM10 and PM2.5 and the evolution of emission factors from 1990 to 2016 in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo , together with the evolution of the phases of PROCONVE for PM emissions by LDVs (Proconve-L) and HDVs (Proconve-P). Source: CETESB ( Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental )3. however, more recently, the newly created modified Otto monoxide concentrations, despite the pronounced increase in cycle engines have provided the option of using 100-percent fuel consumption. 10 One hypothesis to explain the increase hydrated ethanol. in the number of days on which the maximum one-hour ozone limit is exceeded is that the participation of volatile According to the National Petroleum Agency, 13 ethanol accounts organic compounds from evaporative emissions is increasing for 19 percent of all vehicle fuel used in Brazil and 50 percent in the atmospheric photochemical process, simultaneous to a of the fuel used in the MASP. The large quantity of ethanol decrease in volatile organic compounds from exhaust emissions. being used results in high concentrations of aldehydes and the formation of secondary pollutants via photochemical Future Outlook process, one such pollutant being ozone. Acetaldehyde Many questions are still under consideration. How can the emissions result from the incomplete combustion of ethanol. atmospheric concentrations of fine particles and ozone be Uncertainties in the emissions inventory for mobile sources reduced? How can the standards recommended by the increase the difficulty of evaluating the real impact of the use World Health Organization be achieved? How can of ethanol and its relative importance in comparison with evaporative emissions be reduced? gasohol (i.e., gasoline with 25-percent ethanol). Local projects and international collaborations (e.g., the Salvo and Geiger, 14 analyzing the concentrations of ozone University Global Partnership Network programs involving and its precursors during periods characterized by greater the University of São Paulo, North Carolina State University, consumption of ethanol or gasohol (depending on their and the University of Surrey, UK) have studied the role of the respective, relative prices), suggested that ozone concentra tions biomass burning in the formation of the aerosol and its impact in the MASP can be reduced if the owners of flex-fuel cars on the radiative process. One thematic project involving the switch from ethanol to gasohol. Other studies using air University of São Paulo, the University of Twente, Nether - quality modeling have reached similar conclusions. 15 lands, and the University of Surrey is studying social justice, access to public transport, and air pollution, comparing the The number of days on which the air quality standard for metropolitan areas of São Paulo, London, and Randstad. ozone is exceeded decreased from 1996 to 2006. However, since 2006, there has been an increase in the number of days In addition, there are governmental programs to implement on which the maximum one-hour ozone limit is exceeded. new regulations for the reduction of emissions from the There has also been a decrease in nitrogen oxides and carbon transport sector and to improve public transportation, in order

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Quality in São Paulo, Brazil by Maria de Fátima Andrade

to increase mobility and reduce commute times. However, for most of the pollution emission. This last recommendation these initiatives take too long to implement. is only possible if there is an economical incentive for the owners of old cars, although it is a controversial proposal, it Our recommendation is to invest in the programs that will would be cost effective when considering the health impact have the greatest impact on air quality and consequently of air pollution. Another important point that has to be reduce the collateral health costs. Among these programs, addressed is to avoid regulatory loopholes that allow the we can mention: (a) the implementation of controlling the old vehicles to return to the on-road fleet. evaporative emissions during refueling, a short-term regulation that is cost-effective by allowing economic gain and diminishing In Brazil, the MASP is used as a reference for the implementa - the evaporative loss; (b) the use of cleaner energies in the tion of programs addressing environmental and technological city, which has a potential for solar energy, although this is issues and can also be considered a laboratory for evaluating a long-term regulation; and (c) the improvement of public the impact of the large-scale use of biofuels (ethanol and transportation, making it more efficient and the scrapping of biodiesel). em the old vehicles (more than 10 years old) that are responsible

Maria de Fátima Andrade is an associate professor in the Atmospheric Sciences Department of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Sciences (IAG), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] .

References 1. Andrade, F.; Orsini, C.; Maenhhut, W. Relation between aerosol sources and meteorological parameters for inhalable atmospheric particles in Sao Paulo City, Brazil; Atmos. Environ. 1994 , 28 (14), 2307-2315; http://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90484-7. 2. Orsini, C.Q.; Tabacniks, M.H.; Artaxo, P.; Andrade, M.F.; Kerr, A.S. Characteristics of fine and coarse particles of natural and urban aerosols of Brazil; Atmos. Environ. - Part A General Topics 1986 , 20 (11), 2259-2269; http://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90316-1. 3. Relatório de qualidade do ar no Estado de São Paulo 2015 (Report of air quality in the São Paulo State 2015); CETESB Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, São Paulo, 2015. See http://ar.cetesb.sp.gov.br/publicacoes-relatorios/ (accessed 02.03.2016). 4. Balanço Energético Nacional 2016: Ano base 2015 / Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. – Rio de Janeiro (Brazilian Energy Balance 2016 Year 2015 / Rio de Janeiro); Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2016. 5. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE), 2016. See http://cod.ibge.gov.br/QHF (accessed 03.01.2017). 6. National Department of Traffic Road (DENATRAN), 2015. See http://www.denatran.gov.br/frota2015.htm (accessed on 04.01.2017). 7. Kumar, P.; Andrade, M.F.; Ynoue, R.Y.; Fornaro, A.; Freitas, E.D.; Martins, J.; Martins, L.D.; Albuquerque, T.; Zhang, Y.; Morawska, L. New directions: From biofuels to wood stoves: The modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo; Atmos. Environ. 2016 , 140 , 364-369; doi: 10.1016/ j.atmosenv.2016.05.059. 8. Oyama, B.S.; Andrade, M.D.F.; Herckes, P.; Dusek, U.; Röckmann, T.; Holzinger, R. Chemical characterization of organic particulate matter from on-road traffic in São Paulo, Brazil; Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2016 , 16 , 14397-14408; http://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14397-2016. 9. Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira de Cana de Açucar ; Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB), Brazil, 2016; ISSN 2318-7921. 10. Perez-Martinez, P.; Andrade, M.F.; Miranda, R.M. Traffic-related air quality trends in São Paulo, Brazil; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2015 , 120 (12), 6290-630 4; doi: 10.1002/2014JD022812. 11. Carvalho, V.S.B.; Freitas, E.D.; Martins, L.D.; Martins, J.A.; Mazzoli, C.R.; Andrade, M.F. Air quality status and trends over the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil as a result of emission control policies; Environ. Sci. & Pol. 2015 , 47 , 68-79; doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2014.11.001. 12. Anderson, L.G. Effects of using renewable fuels on vehicle emissions; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2015 47 , 162-172; http://doi.org/10.1016 /j.rser.2015.03.011. 13. Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels National Agency (ANP) Brazil, 2016. See http://www.anp.gov.br (accessed 02.01.2017). 14. Salvo, A.; Geiger, F.M. Reduction in local ozone levels in urban São Paulo due to a shift from ethanol to gasoline use; Nat. Geosci. 2014 , 7, 450-458; doi:10.1038/ngeo2144. 15. Martins, L.D.; Andrade, M.F. Ozone Formation Potentials of Volatile Organic Compounds and Ozone Sensitivity to their Emission in the Megacity of São Paulo, Brazil; Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 2008 , 195 (1), 201-213; doi: 10.1007/s11270-008-9740-x.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 The Challenge of Cairo, Egypt by Alan Gertler, Mounir Labib, and Douglas Lowenthal

Air Quality Issues in Megacities: The Challenge of Cairo, Egypt As air pollution professionals, one of the greatest challenges we face is how to maintain air quality while allowing for growth and development. This is especially true in the case of megacities in the developing world, where rapid increases in population coupled with limited infrastructure, increased traffic, and major industrial facilities within city limits can lead to significant health risks. To develop a better understanding of the issues involved and how to improve air quality in megacities, this article uses Cairo, Egypt as an example of the challenges we face when trying to improve air quality in developing urban areas.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 The Challenge of Cairo, Egypt by Alan Gertler, Mounir Labib, and Douglas Lowenthal

Cairo is the largest city in Africa and the 17 largest city strategies. For example, initial CAIP results reported by in the world. Approximately one-third of the population of Howes et al. 9 for the baseline year monitoring found only Egypt is located in the Greater Cairo area (>20 million 37 of the 1,783 PM10 measurements recorded during that people), along with 60 percent of the country’s industry. On period were below the Egyptian 24-hr limit of 70 µg/m 3. average, the population density in Cairo proper is approxi - Further, annual average PM10 Pb levels in the Shobra area mately 19,000/km 2; however, in the older parts of the city, were 26 µg/m 3—almost 200 times the current quarterly the density can approach 100,000/km 2. This high degree U.S. standard of 0.15 µg/m 3. of urbanization has led to significant emissions from mobile sources, industrial sources, waste burning, and resuspended Pollutant Levels and Sources geological material. These emissions, coupled with poor In order to determine the sources contributing to the elevated dispersion and a dry climate, have resulted in a high levels of PM10, PM2.5, Pb, and VOCs, a series of source frequency of air pollution episodes. attribution studies were conducted as part of the CAIP. 1-3 As part of these efforts, samples were collected during intensive The air quality is degraded by high mass concentrations of measurement periods conducted in winter 1999 (February fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10; particles 21 to March 3), fall 1999 (October 29 to November 27), with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 and 10 µm, and summer 2002 (June 8 to June 26). Following the CAIP respectively), carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur study, the World Bank supported another round of measure - dioxide, hydrocarbons (VOCs), lead (Pb), and ozone. 1-7 In ments of PM10, PM2.5, and Pb conducted during summer order to develop and implement a pollution-control strategy 2010 (May 28 to June 21) and fall 2010 (October 10 to and to reduce the health impacts of air pollution in Cairo, 30). 10 All samples were shipped to the Desert Research the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Institute (Reno, NV) for chemical analysis and source appor - sponsored the Cairo Air Improvement Project (CAIP). 8 A key tionment modeling. This extended series of studies has component of CAIP was the implementation of a monitoring enabled us to establish long-term trends in both Cairo air program for PM10, PM2.5, and Pb at sites throughout the quality and the sources contributing to elevated pollutant greater Cairo area. This effort provided the first long-term levels, along with allowing for an evaluation of efforts to spatial and temporal data for these pollutants and highlighted improve air quality in a highly polluted urban area. the critical need for implementing pollutant abatement

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em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 The Challenge of Cairo, Egypt by Alan Gertler, Mounir Labib, and Douglas Lowenthal

Table 1. Trends in seasonal average concentrations (µg/m 3) for PM10 and PM2.5 mass and Pb in Cairo from 1999 to 2010 (from Lowenthal, et al., 2014). 10

Table 1 presents the PM10 and PM2.5 mass and Pb results By contrast, PM2.5 and PM10 Pb concentrations decreased for the five monitoring locations where measurements were dramatically from 1999 to 2010. The largest change was at conducted during all of the intensive monitoring periods Shobra, where PM10 Pb decreased from 34 µg/m 3 during (fall and winter 1999, summer 2002, and summer and fall winter 1999 to 0.3 µg/m 3 during summer 2010. PM10 Pb 2010): Kaha (background, agricultural, located upwind in at Shobra also decreased significantly from 34 µg/m 3 to the Nile Delta); Shobra (industrial and residential location); 12.7 µg/m 3 between winter and fall 1999. A similar decrease El-Qualaly (middle of the city, heavy mobile source impact); in PM10 Pb by a factor of 2.7 over this period occurred at Zamalek (located on an island in the Nile, residential); and El-Qualaly. Large decreases in PM10 Pb between the sum - Helwan (southern part of the city, residential). Results for mers of 2002 and 2010 were seen at Shobra and El-Qualaly. 1999 and 2002 were taken from Abu-Allaban et al., 2 while Similar trends are seen for PM2.5 Pb. Why did such a significant those for 2010 were reported by Lowenthal et al. 10 If we change occur? Based on the CAIP results obtained in 1999, look at the change in mass concentrations, we see that both the Egyptian Government relocated the largest Pb smelter out PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations were lower during of the Shobra area, leading to the large decrease observed fall 2010 compared with fall 1999 at all sites. Summer PM2.5 in the following years. concentrations were also lower (generally within 20 percent) in 2010 compared with 2002, with the difference being Figures 1 and 2 present the source contributions to PM2.5 greatest for Shobra (37 percent). There was no significant and PM10, respectively. The values represent seasonal averages change in PM10 between summer 2002 and summer 2010. over the five sampling sites. Rather than looking at all sources , PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations were highest during it is instructive to consider contributions from a number of fall 1999, and decreased and remained relatively constant important source categories: geological, mobile sources, lead thereafter. Given the influence of meteorology on observed smelters, open burning, and secondary species (ammonium concentrations, coupled with changes in emissions, it is difficult sulfate, nitrate, and chloride). Geological material is the domi - to determine if pollutant reduction strategies had much of nant source of PM10 mass. The geological contribution to an impact over the eleven-year period. PM10 peaked during summer 2002 due to high contributions

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 The Challenge of Cairo, Egypt by Alan Gertler, Mounir Labib, and Douglas Lowenthal

Figure 1. Average PM2.5 source contributions (µg/m 3) at five sampling locations for intensive measurement studies conducted in 1999, 2002, and 2010. at El-Qualaly, Zamalek, and Helwan and during summer 2010 have changed significantly from fall 1999 to fall 2010. Much due to high contributions at Kaha and Shobra. However, as of this is due to agricultural waste burning, especially at with the observed mass concentrations, there is no long-term Kaha, coupled with the burning of trash. With respect to the trend, suggesting that meteorological factors determine the secondary species, the primary change was the decrease in geological dust contribution. the contribution from ammonium chloride. The 1999 results highlighted this contribution. Following those measurements, The contribution due to lead smelting is important to a bleaching plant that had significant chloride emissions was consider due to the high levels coupled with the health controlled, leading to the observed decrease. effects of lead exposure. This contribution was a small fraction of PM at all sites except Shobra. The source apportionment What Did We Learn? results are consistent with the previously mentioned observa - Long-term trends were examined by comparing the results tions attributing the decrease in the lead smelter contribution of a number of intensive source attribution monitoring studies due to the implemented control strategy following the 1999 conducted over an 11-year period in the Greater Cairo area. measurements. Further, not only did this implemented The major contributors to PM10 included resuspended control have a major impact at Shobra, it also led to geological dust, mobile source emissions, and open (vegeta - decreases at the other sites. tive/trash) burning, while for PM2.5 they were open burning, motor vehicles, secondary PM, and soil. During the fall Over the 1999 to 2010 period, there was no statistically periods, the open burning contribution exceeded that from significant trend in the contribution of motor vehicles to the soil and motor vehicles. This is likely due to agricultural waste observed PM concentrations; although as a percent contribu - burning following the fall harvest. Based on these studies, a tion, there appears to have been a small increase. In general, number of control strategies were implemented and we were open (vegetative/trash) burning was the largest contributor to able to assess their effect on observed PM2.5, PM10, and PM2.5. The largest contributions were found during the fall Pb concentrations. The relocation of a major smelter in the season, although the relative contributions do not appear to Shobra area had a significant impact on ambient Pb levels.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 The Challenge of Cairo, Egypt by Alan Gertler, Mounir Labib, and Douglas Lowenthal

Figure 2. Average PM10 source contributions (µg/m 3) at five sampling locations for intensive measurement studies conducted in 1999, 2002, and 2010.

Similarly, controlling emissions from a bleaching plant in the emissions, ambient PM concentrations will remain at levels Nile Delta led to an observable decrease in the contribution harmful to human health. Developing and implementing of ammonium chloride to ambient PM. effective control strategies for these sources is a challenge not only in Cairo, but also in other megacities around In spite of these positive outcomes, without a significant the world. em reduction of geological dust, motor vehicle, and open burning

Alan W. Gertler, Ph.D., and Douglas H. Lowenthal, Ph.D., are both with Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV. Mounir Labib, Ph.D., is with the National Academy of Science, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] .

References 1. Abu-Allaban, M.; Gertler, A.W.; Lowenthal, D.H. A preliminary apportionment of the sources of ambient PM10, PM2.5, and VOCs in Cairo; Atmos. Environ. 2002 , 36, 5549-5557. 2. Abu-Allaban, M.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Gertler, A.W.; Labib, M. Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in Cairo’sambient air; Environ. Monitor. Assess. 2007 , 133 , 417-425. 3. Abu-Allaban, M.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Gertler, A.W.; Labib, M. Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Cairo’s Ambient Air; Environ. Monitor. Assess. 2009 , 157 , 179-189. 4. Boman, J.; Shaltout, A.A.; Abozied, A.M.; Hassan, S.K. On the elemental composition of PM2.5 in central Cairo, Egypt; X-Ray Spectrometry 2012 , 42 , 276-283. 5. Khoder, M.I. Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Greater Cairo; Atmos. Environ. 2007 , 41 , 554-566. 6. Rodes, C.E.; Nasralla, M.M.; Lawless, P.A. An assessment and source apportionment of airborne particulate matter in Cairo, Egypt ; Activity report No. 22, prepared for the USAID Mission to Egypt under EHP activity No. 133-RCm delivery order No. 7, 1996. 7. Safar, Z.; Labib, M.W. Assessment of particulate matter and lead levels in the Greater Cairo Area for the period 1998–2007; J. Adv. Res. 2010 ,1, 53-63. 8. Howes, J.E.; Samaha, N.; Labib, M.; Sabry, M.; El Araby, H. Ambient PM2.5, PM10, and lead measurements in Cairo, Egypt. Presented at the A&WMA Annual Conference & Exhibition , St. Louis, MO, 1999. 9. Howes, J.E.; Serre, M.L.; Labib, M.; Samaha, N.; Sabra, M.; Araby, H. Ambient PM and lead levels in Cairo, Egypt: baseline year monitoring results. Presented at the A&WMA Annual Conference & Exhibition , Salt Lake City, UT, 2000. 10. Lowenthal, D.H.; Gertler, A.W.; Labib, M.W. Particulate matter source apportionment in Cairo: Recent measurements and comparison with previous studies; Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014 , 11 , 657-670.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Pollution Challenges in Tehran, Iran by Farhad Azarmi and Mohammad Arhami

Air Pollution Challenges in the Megacity of Tehran, Iran This article focuses on Tehran megacity, one the largest population centers and most polluted cities in western Asia.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Pollution Challenges in Tehran, Iran by Farhad Azarmi and Mohammad Arhami

Air pollution has been placed in the top 10 health risks excess cases of mortality, respectively, per year in the city encountered by human beings worldwide. 1 Tehran megacity, of Tehran. 10 capital of Iran, is the nation’s largest metropolitan area with a land area of 657 km 2.2 Tehran has a population of approxi - Each year, frequent episodes, whereby pollution exceeds mately 10 million, which continues to grow and suffers from air quality standards, are reported in Tehran. Figure 1 shows air pollution as consequence of rapid urbanization during the number of polluted days from 2004 to 2014 in Tehran the last several decades. 3 Deterioration of air quality has also owing to different pollutants, including fine and coarse partic - been significant in several other fast growing cities in Iran, ulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), NO2, O3, and carbon such as Mashhad, Arak, and Ahvaz, 4 but the focus here monoxide (CO). A total of 120–230 days each year were is Tehran. reported polluted based on the recorded Air Quality Index (AQI) values. An AQI value of 100 corresponds to the Air Pollution Situation in Tehran national air quality standard for the pollutant; AQI values Tehran is rated as one of the world’s most polluted cities and below 100 are normally assumed satisfactory (healthy day), is frequently immersed by smog, making breathing difficult. 5 while values above 100 are considered to be unsatisfactory The smog contains a toxic blend of pollutants that have serious (unhealthy day). The main pollutant responsible for polluted environmental consequences (e.g., climate change, visibility days is PM2.5. Figure 1 clearly shows a considerable increase degradation) and adverse health effects (e.g., lung cancer, in the number of polluted days since measurements of PM2.5 respiratory disorders, mortality, and morbidity), and comprises began in 2010. In the years up to 2007, CO levels were a variety of toxic metallic and organic compounds. 6,7 In 2007, frequently above standard levels. However, the CO problem 3,600 people died in a single month as a result of pollution, 8 has diminished since 2007 due to various counter measures, and Tehran’s air pollution has been proven to be responsible such as the phasing out of a fraction of old, highly polluting for several billions of dollars in relate costs each year. 9 Exposure vehicles and forcing industries to relocate outside the to sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone city perimeter. (O3) has resulted in approximately 1,460, 1,050, and 820

Figure 1. The number of polluted days in Tehran due to the increments in concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, and O3 (2004–2014). The pie chart represents fractions of contribution of each pollutant to the total number of the polluted days. Source: Tehran Air Quality Company’s report in 2015 (available at air.tehran.ir).

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Pollution Challenges in Tehran, Iran by Farhad Azarmi and Mohammad Arhami

Major Causes of Pollution in Tehran self-cleaning capabilities of the megacity. 7 Tehran’s geographical A mixture of sources emits pollutants to the atmosphere of situation, in combination with meteorological conditions such the city (see Figure 2). Like many other large cities, vehicular as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and frequent traffic is one of the main sectors responsible for air pollution. dust storms, affect the pollutants transport and concentrations Along with rapid population growth, the city vehicular fleet during all four seasons of the year. In winter months, for has also grown exponentially. The city has approximately example, Tehran experiences temperature inversions during 3 million cars in the streets daily, and some of them are more which motionless polluted air remains close to the surface, than 20 years old. 5,10 Traffic is often heavy, pumping high raising the pollutant concentrations to high levels. 13 The mass amounts of exhaust emissions and pollutants into the atmo - concentrations of pollutants are often considerably higher in sphere. 11 On-road vehicles are known as the major sources winter compared with other seasons in Tehran. 13 In addition of nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM10, PM2.5, and CO. 2,12 Some to the prevailing urban background concentrations of particles, studies have shown that approximately 80 percent of these the city is also subject to numerous dust storm episodes each pollutants are produced by mobile sources. 10 year. During these episodes, which mainly occur during the warmer seasons (spring and summer), dust particles blown The combustion of fossil fuels (mainly natural gas and diesel) to the city substantially increase the PM levels. 14 Dust storms in the industrial sector also releases pollutants into the air, can carry pollutants hundreds of miles and substantially limit including CO, SO2, NOx, and PM10. 5 These stationary visibility and affect population health. sources also generate a notable fraction of pollutants in the city, since 20 percent of the total energy demand of Iran is Current and Future Air Pollution Studies consumed in Tehran. 10 Secondary pollutants (e.g., aerosols In recent years, studies have focused on identifying the major and ozone) are also formed in the atmosphere through air pollutant characteristics, performing source apportionments photochemical reaction of precursor organic vapours and of pollution, determining temporal variation in concentrations inorganic gases emitted from abovementioned sources. of pollutants in various meteorological conditions, and fore - casting pollution concentrations by implementing various Unfavorable geographic and weather conditions also affect models. Other studies have assessed how Tehran’s growing Tehran’s air quality. 12 Mountains surround the city to the north urban population, energy consumption, culture, and vehicles and east (Alborz Mountain Ranges), trapping the pollutants combine to raise concentrations of the main air pollutants. 2-14 when the wind speed is not strong enough to blow them However, due to the lack of high-quality emissions data, many away. 2 Densely packed high-rise buildings also restrict the uncertainties remain about the physicochemical features of

Figure 2. A number of the main sources of air pollution in Tehran.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Air Pollution Ch!!!a!!ll!e Rnegpelsa cine Tmeeh rwanit,h I rtahne bcyo rFreacrth hadea Adezra rinmfoi ramnadt iMono !h!!a!!m! mad Arhami

The extent of the air pollution in Tehran highlights the need for urgent actions to reduce pollution through regulations and mitigation strategies.

pollutants and particles released from different sources, their effectively. Hence, extensive studies to suggest the best emission characteristics, exposure levels, and suitable exposure management practices to control air pollution and assess all limits. Further research is required to monitor the emission their effects are required. The findings of dedicated future levels of pollutants arising from various sources and their studies will enable local authorities to develop national physicochemical properties. Moreover, emission inventories regulations, mitigation strategies, and risk assessment and to specifying the contributions of multiple sources (e.g., industrial reduce emissions from the major sources (e.g., urban trans - and vehicular sources) are needed. port and energy production) and improve the air quality in Tehran. In summary, the extent of the air pollution in Tehran The current national regulations and available guidelines for highlights the need for urgent actions to reduce pollution controlling the release of pollutants into the atmosphere have through regulations and mitigation strategies. em not been successful in managing the air pollution problem

Acknowledgment The authors thank the Air Quality Control Company in Tehran for providing the recorded air pollutants data.

Farhad Azarmi is a post-doctorate researcher, and Mohammad Arhami, Ph.D., P.E. , is an associate professor, both in the civil engineering department at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] .

References 1. Lim, J.M.; Lee, J.H.; Moon, J.H.; Chung, Y.S.; Kim, K.H. Source apportionment of PM10 at a small industrial area using positive matrix factorization; Atmos. Res. 2010 , 95 , 88-100. 2. Kakooei, H.; Kakooei, A.A. Measurement of PM10, PM2.5, and TSP particle concentrations in Tehran, Iran; J. Appl. Sci. 2007 , 7 (20), 3081-3085. 3. Heydarpour, P.; Amini, H.; Khoshkish, S.; Seidkhani, H.; Sahraian, M.A.;Yunesian, M. Potential impact of air pollution on multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran; Neuroepidemiology 2014 , 43 (3-4), 233-238. 4. Atash, F. The deterioration of urban environments in developing countries: Mitigating the air pollution crisis in Tehran, Iran; Cities 2007 , 24 (6), 399-409. 5. Halek, F.; Kavouci, A.; Montehaie, H. Role of motor-vehicles and trend of airborne particulate in the Great Tehran area, Iran; Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2004 , 14 (4), 307-313. 6. Leili, M.; Naddafi, K.; Nabizadeh, R.; Yunesian, M.; Mesdaghinia, A. The study of TSP and PM10 concentration and their heavy metal content in central area of Tehran, Iran; Air Qual. Atmos. Health 2008 , 1 (3), 159-166. 7. Azarmi, F.; Kumar, P.; Marsh, D.; Fuller, G. Assessment of the long-term impacts of PM10 and PM2.5 particles from construction works on surrounding areas; Environ. Sci. Proc. & Imp. 2016 , 18 (2), 208-221. 8. Keivani, R. A review of the main challenges to urban sustainability; Int. J. Urban Sust. Dev. 2010 , 1 (1-2), 5-16. 9. Abbaspour, M.; Soltaninejad, A. Design of an environmental assessment model on the effect of vehicle emission in greater Tehran on air pollution with economic sensitivity; Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004 , 1 (1), 27-38. 10. Naddafi, K.; Hassanvand, M.S.; Yunesian, M.; Momeniha, F.; Nabizadeh, R.; Faridi, S.; Gholampour, A. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran; Iranian J. Environ. Health Sci. & Eng. 2012 , 9 (1), 1-7. 11. Halek, F.; Kianpour-Rad, M.; Kavousirahim, A. Seasonal variation in ambient PM mass and number concentrations (case study: Tehran, Iran); Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010 , 169 (1-4), 501-507. 12. Hosseinpoor, A.R.; Forouzanfar, M.H.; Yunesian, M.; Asghari, F.; Naieni, K.H.; Farhood, D. Air pollution and hospitalization due to angina pectoris in Tehran, Iran: A time-series study. Environ. Res. 2005 , 99 (1), 126-131. 13. Arhami, M.; Hosseini, V.; Shahne, M.Z.; Bigdeli, M.; Lai, A.; Schauer, J.J. Seasonal trends, chemical speciation, and source apportionment of fine PM in Tehran; Atmos. Environ. 2017 , 153 , 70-82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.046. 14. Arhami, M.; Farokhzad, H.; Kamali, N. Air Pollution in Tehran: Key issues and forecasting; EM April 2014, 22-26.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Combating Air Pollution in North India by Prakash Doraiswamy et al.

Chowdhury and Dey (2016)

Combating Air Pollution in North India The Path Forward by Prakash Doraiswamy, R.K.M. Jayanty, S.T. Rao, Manju Mohan, Sagnik Dey, Dilip Ganguly, Saroj K. Mishra, Ramesh Jain, Mark Azua, and Ayesha Gideon

An overview of the stakeholder recommendations to tackle the significant fine particulate matter pollution burden in Delhi, India, that has gained global at - tention in the past few years.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Combating Air Pollution in North India by Prakash Doraiswamy et al.

Air pollution in North India is a serious problem that has In addition, meteorology plays an important role in the trans - recently gained global attention. 1-3 Based on data published port of emissions downwind, as well as in trapping pollution by the World Health Organization, 4 Delhi and 11 other North during winter months. Thus, the air pollution problem in Indian cities rank among the top 25 cities in the world with the North India requires a coordinated effort with participation highest fine particulate matter (particulate matter with aerody - from both regional and local stakeholders. To this end, in 2016 namic diameter of 2.5 µm or less, PM2.5) concentration the U.S. Embassy’s North India Office in New Delhi sponsored levels in the world (see Figure 1). The annual average PM2.5 a series of workshops on air quality to bring together the concentration in Delhi is typically more than 10 times the Indian stakeholders. This article summarizes the workshop U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 12 µg/m 3 proceedings and the recommendations that were generated (see Figure 2). Such poor air quality has significant economic at the workshops to combat the air pollution problem in and health impacts (e.g., heart attack, asthma, lung cancer, Delhi and North India. mortality). 5-6 Pope et al (2015) 7 discussed the non-linear nature of the concentration-response function relevant to India–U.S. Air Pollution Workshops highly polluted environments like India and China. A team led by RTI International, USA, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, organized a series Delhi, the capital of India, is located in the northern region of workshops at four locations (Figure 3) in North India from of India. Delhi and its immediate adjoining cities, referred to May 17–May 26, 2016: Delhi (May 17–18), Chandigarh as the Delhi National Capital Region (NCR), account for a (May 20–21), Jaipur (May 23–24), and Lucknow (May 25– population of 21.7 million (2011 census) 8 and is the 10th 26). The objectives of the workshops were to provide a forum largest megacity in the world. It sits in the Indo-Gangetic for all Indian stakeholders to meet and exchange ideas, and Plain, a densely populated region that runs in parallel to to develop a strategy for improving the air quality. The work - the south of the Himalayan Mountains (see Figure 3). shops brought together Indian stakeholders and U.S. scientists and fostered a dialogue to exchange ideas and share best An examination of the World Health Organization data 4 practices (see Figures 4 and 5). The Indian stakeholders indicates potentially significant local pollution, but also a high included Indian central and state/local government officials background concentration prevailing regionally over most of representing the pollution control boards, industry represen - North India. The sources of air pollution vary between locations. tatives, small businesses and entrepreneurs, scientists, university Rural regions may be impacted more by open burning (e.g., researchers and students, other non-governmental organiza - burning of paddy straw in Punjab and Haryana), while urban tions, and citizen groups. regions may be impacted more by vehicles and industries.

Figure 1. Delhi and 11 other North Indian cities are ranked among the top 25 cities with the worst air quality in the world.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Combating Air Pollution in North India by Prakash Doraiswamy et al.

Figure 2. Daily average PM2.5 concentrations at a site in Delhi ( data source: openaq.org).

Each workshop featured presentations by both Indian and U.S. as defined by the AQI scale in the United States. 9 Daily average experts on the health effects of air pollution, insights from concentrations in November 2016 exceeded 900 µg/m 3 measurements, industry efforts, and air pollution policy, coinciding with the Diwali festival in India (during which fire followed by breakout sessions and panel discussions. Around crackers are used, worsening the problem), forcing the Delhi 40–60 participants representing various stakeholder groups government to temporarily close schools. 10 Such short-term attended the workshops. The participants were encouraged measures are now being implemented by the government. to participate in a breakout group in their area of interest: air In December 2016, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) quality and health; air quality measurements and accountability developed the Graded Response Action Plan (in response to (including emission inventories and modeling); and regulations, the Supreme Court mandate) that has enumerated a number industry efforts, and industry–government relationship. Each of measures, including emergency measures in response to breakout group was provided with a set of focus questions to pollution levels. While such steps are being taken, the work - deliberate and develop a list of recommendations. These rec - shop discussions revealed gaps and areas for improvement ommendations were further refined as part of a concluding both in the short and long term. panel discussion at each workshop location. The workshops fostered healthy discussion among all the participants and Discussions revealed that while the Global Burden of Disease built group consensus on air quality. The workshops focused Study estimates 11 have led to several initiatives, epidemiological on laying out the problems, identifying gaps in data, and studies have thus far not driven the air pollution control developing short and long-term goals and recommendations policy in India. Public awareness and education also seem toward addressing these gaps. to be heavily focused only in urban areas and need to be expanded to rural regions. One of the major gaps identified Ongoing Efforts and Key Gaps is a lack of high-quality air quality and health effects data that As shown in Figure 2, PM2.5 concentrations over the past are accessible and archived. The CPCB maintains a network year averaged to 138 µg/m 3 on an annual basis. Approxi mately of approximately 342 stations that monitors sulfur dioxide, 84 percent of the days experienced PM2.5 levels that are nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter with aerodynamic di - unhealthy for sensitive populations (PM2.5 35.5 µg/m 3, ameter of 10 µm or less (PM10), and plans to expand it to Air Quality Index [AQI] scale > 100); 67 pe≥rcent of the days include PM2.5. There is currently no routine PM2.5 specia - experienced PM2.5 levels that are in the unhealthy range tion program in place in India. The CPCB has also been man - for all population (PM2.5 56 µg/m 3, AQI > 150); and dated to expand air quality monitoring by 2017 to all cities 13.5 percent of the days e≥xperienced PM2.5 levels that are in with > 1 million population. the hazardous conditions (PM2.5 251 µg/m 3, AQI > 300) , ≥ em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Combating Air Pollution in North India by Prakash Doraiswamy et al.

Figure 3. Map of North India and surrounding regions showing topography and workshop locations (World Imagery - Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community).

New regulations implemented in 2016 require 17 industrial recommendations are highlighted here. It was recommended sectors to install continuous emission monitoring systems that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Environment (CEMS) with features to transmit data in real-time to the should coordinate and formulate policies considering the CPCB, and to automatically alert regulators in the event of an effects of air pollution on human health, a direction in which emission exceedance. Such measures are being initiated by the government is now shifting. On a long-term basis, the CPCB, although the lack of sufficient resources appears standards should be defined based on epidemiological studies to limit their ability to fully address the problem, including full specifically from India. It was also recommended that the CPCB implementation and follow-up. Limited emissions inventory should consider adding a PM2.5 speciation network to enable data are available from the System of Air Quality Weather tracking air pollution and its composition over time and help Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) program at the Indian link the pollutants to sources. Lack of good data quality Institute of Tropical Meteorology, but there is no comprehensive undermines the value of the data and the trust of the public. national level emission inventory system currently in place. Therefore, measures should be implemented to improve and Multiple research efforts appear to be underway to develop maintain a rigorous quality assurance program for all air high-resolution emission inventories for specific source monitoring networks. categories. 12 Likewise, multiple measurement campaigns by university research groups appear to be ongoing. Given the Improving data availability, accessibility, and reliability through paucity of measurement data in India, gathering disparate online data portals would enable better understanding of the sources of data in a central data repository would enable problem, build public awareness, ensure independent quality leveraging existing studies. review, and help devise meaningful and cost-effective policies. The Indian government should consider expanding its initiative Recommendations for a Path Forward on “Digital India” to include an online data portal for air quality The detailed recommendations generated through the and health data. Developing detailed emission inventories is stakeholder discussions are summarized in a report. 13 Key essential to understand sources and emissions and to devise

Figure 4. Deliberation and exchange of ideas during a breakout session on regulations and industry–government relationship at the Delhi workshop.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Combating Air Pollution in North India by Prakash Doraiswamy et al.

Figure 5. Group photo at the conclusion of the Delhi workshop. control strategies. Allocating more resources to the CPCB and Conclusions State Pollution Control Boards will empower these agencies to The air pollution problem in North India arises from a myriad expand their program and address the imminent air pollution of large and small distributed sources that makes mitigation problem over the near and long term. A growing economy challenging. Given the magnitude of the problem, any step with rapid urbanization necessitates long-term planning via taken toward reducing emissions is a step in the right direction. interagency collaboration among the concerned ministries. The recommendations generated from these workshops form Finally, the public also has a role in controlling air pollution. the foundation for generating more data and addressing Increased public awareness and education, both about the issues in the short term, which together will help develop impacts of air pollution on health, as well as about measures long-term strategies to achieve healthy air quality throughout that one could take to lower exposure, would empower India. Experience from the United States and other developed citizens with the knowledge to do their part in improving nations have shown that it is feasible to continue sustained the air quality and protecting their health. economic growth while protecting human health and the environment through meaningful cost-effective control strategies. em

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the U.S. Embassy’s North India Office in New Delhi for funding this work.

Prakash Doraiswamy and R.K.M. Jayanty are with RTI International. S.T. Rao is an adjunct professor at North Carolina State University. Manju Mohan, Sagnik Dey , Dilip Ganguly , and Saroj K. Mishra are all with the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Ramesh Jain was previously with the U.S. Embassy Public Affairs Division. Mark Azua and Ayesha Gideon are with the U.S. Embassy Public Affairs Division in Delhi, India. RTI led the effort with Prof. S. T. Rao serving as an advisor, and conceptualized the workshop series. Prof. Mohan and her team led the local organization of the workshops in India. The U.S. Embassy at Delhi funded the effort and helped shape these workshops. E-mail: [email protected] .

References 1. Plan to Verify Delhi Pollution Data Raises Suspicions; The New York Times March 12, 2015; available online at http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/world/ asia/delhi-to-delay-release-of-air-quality-data.html (accessed June 19, 2015). 2. India launches air quality index to give pollution information; BBC World News.com April 6, 2015; available online at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia- india-32193742 (accessed June 16, 2015). 3. Sriram, J. Government moves to clear the air; The Hindu April 7, 2015; available online at http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/worsening-pollution-government- moves-to-clear-the-air/article 7074813.ece (accessed June 16, 2015). 4. WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016); World Health Organization (WHO), 2016. See http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/out - doorair/databases/cities/en/ (accessed January 19, 2017). 5. Pope, C.A., III; Dockery, D.W. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006 , 56 , 709-742. 6. Grahame, T.J.; Klemm, R.; Schlesinger, R.B. Public health and components of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2014 , 64 , 620-660. 7. Pope, C.A.; Cropper, M.; Coggins, J.; Cohen, A. Health benefits of air pollution abatement policy: Role of the shape of the concentration–response function; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2015 , 65 , 516-522. 8. India Stats: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011; PIB [Press Information Bureau], Government of India, 2011. See http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/ detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 (accessed January 19, 2017). 9. AirNow: Air Quality Index. See www.airnow.gov (accessed January 19, 2017). 10. Delhi Closes Over 1800 Schools in Response to Dangerous Smog; The New York Times November 5, 2016; available online at https://www.nytimes.com/ 2016/11/05/world/asia/delhi-closes-over-1800-schools-in-response-to-dangerous-smog.html?_r=0 (accessed January 19, 2017). 11. Lim, S.S.; Vos, T.; Flaxman, A.D.; Danaei, G.; Shibuya, K.; Adair-Rohani, H. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010; The Lancet 2012 , 380 , 2224-2260. 12. Guttikunda, S.K.; Calori, G. Multi-Pollutant Emissions Inventory for the National Capital Region of Delhi; UrbanEmissions.Info (Ed.), SIM-air Working Paper S eries, 38-2012, New Delhi, India; available online at http://urbanemissions.info/wp-content/uploads/docs/SIM-38-2012.pdf (accessed January 19, 2017). 13. Doraiswamy, P. et al. Combating Air Pollution in North India: Stakeholder Recommendations. Report prepared by RTI International, 2017. In review.

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ABaCAS An Overview of the Air Pollution Control Cost–Benefit and Attainment Assessment System and Its Application in China by Jia Xing, Shuxiao Wang, Carey Jang, Yun Zhu, Bin Zhao, Dian Ding, Jiandong Wang, Lijian Zhao, Hongxing Xie, and Jiming Hao

This article describes a policy assessment system that was developed in China in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to address and evaluate control strategies and their benefits.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 ABaCAS Overview by Xing et al.

China has and will continue to encounter episodes of severe abacas-dss.com), but can also receive technical support from air pollution and the burden of disease attributable to air the training programs given by the core developing members pollution that have resulted from the rapid and continual during annual ABaCAS international conferences (www. growth of the economy, energy, and vehicle population. 1 The abacas-dss.com/abacas/Conference.aspx). coherent control of multiple pollutants and joint reduction of regional emission sources can be very beneficial to air quality In general, cost–benefit assessment requires an estimate of and has been well demonstrated in a few mandatory short- how much benefit one can get back from an investment in term control actions and events (e.g., 2008 Summer Olympic air pollution controls, asking questions such as Games 2 and 2014 APEC meeting in Beijing). However, the implementation of such temporal actions to improve air quality 1. How will the air quality respond to specific emissions with no consideration of cost is unrealistic as a long-term control scenarios? control policy. The challenge in China and other developing 2. How much emissions control is needed to attain the nations is how to design a cost-efficient strategy that can ambient standards or certain air quality goals? optimize the control benefits over various types of pollutants 3. How much will specific emissions control scenarios cost? from multiple sources and regions. 4. What health and economic benefits will be obtained from changes in air quality resulting from specific What Is ABaCAS? emissions control scenarios? The Air Benefit and Cost and Attainment Assessment System (ABaCAS; www.abacas-dss.com), is a new policy-oriented A set of decision-support tools in ABaCAS is designed to integrated scientific assessment system, which aims to addres s address the aforementioned questions, as demonstrated in the key question whether the proposed control strategy and Figure 1. These include: resulting air quality benefit will be cost-efficient. The prototype of ABaCAS was first developed by the U.S. Environmental 1. The International Cost Estimate Tool (ICET), which Protection Agency in 2012, and designed with a focus for estimates costs associated with certain control strategies supporting policy analyses. After five years of continual based on cost information of control technologies development by an international team of scientists from the applied in specific emission sectors. 3 United States and China, it can now provide a wide range of 2. The Response Surface Model (RSM), built on meta- applications, including both policy support and scientific simulation scenarios with advanced statistical interpolation research. Members of the general public not only have free techniques, which provides a real-time estimated access to its usage from the official website (http://www. response of pollution concentrations to emissions changes. 4-7

Figure 1. Structure of ABaCAS system.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 ABaCAS Overview by Xing et al.

Figure 2. Future emissions of six pollutants in Yangtze-River Delta (relative to 2010). Note: SO2 = sulfur dioxides, NOx = nitrogen oxides, PM2.5= fine particulate matter, OC = organic carbon, NMVOC = non-methane volatile organic compounds, NH3 = ammonia.

3. The Software of Model Attainment Test (SMAT), merging run the four ABaCAS tools from ICET to BenMAP sequentially. RSM-predicted and monitor-observed data, which performs attainment tests to examine whether an ABaCAS Application in China emission reduction strategy will lower future ambient Since its release in 2011, the ABaCAS system has been used air pollution concentrations to a certain level. 8 in multiple applications in China. Some studies contribute to 4. The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis policy implication. For example, Xing et al 4 investigated the Program (BenMAP), which estimates monetized human nonlinear response of ozone to the precursor changes in three health effects resulting from the change in ambient air megacities, and emphasized the necessary of synchronous pollution, based on the health impact function or the control strategy on both local and regional emissions. Wang concentration-response (C-R) function in epidemiology et al. 5 compared the relative importance of sulfur dioxides, studies and an estimate of the monetized benefit per nitrogen oxides, and ammonia emissions for fine particle avoid endpoint. 9-12 (PM2.5) formation, and recommended a more effective pathway as a multipollutant control strategy to reduced The cost–benefit ratio can then be calculated from the estimates ammonia emissions in parallel with sulfur dioxides and of BenMAP and ICET. A streamlined edition of the ABaCAS nitrogen oxides. system (ABaCAS-SE) has been developed specifically for policy analyses, which provides a user-friendly interface to Other studies were conducted for a specific policy purpose.

Table 1. Case study in ABaCAS-YRD.

Model Parameters Sources SMAT By 2030, the PM2.5 should not exceed 35 µg/m 3 Ambient air quality standard RSM ERSM for Yangtze-River Delta (YRD) Zhao et al 6 ICET Cost information Wang et al 16 BenMAP C-R function, value of statistical life (VSL) Wang et al 10

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 ABaCAS Overview by Xing et al.

Table 2. Design of scenarios.

Energy Scenario End-of-Pipe Control Strategy Emission Scenario BAU (current policy) [0] (current legislation) BAU[0] [1] (new legislation) BAU[1] [2] (maximum reduction) BAU[2]

PC (alternative policy) [0] (current legislation) PC[0] [1] (new legislation) PC[1] [2] (maximum reduction) PC[2]

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. Predicted PM2.5 concentrations at urban averages in Yangtze-River Delta. (a) Future scenarios; (b) Strategy selection.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 ABaCAS Overview by Xing et al.

Ding et al. 12 evaluated the health benefits from emission pathways and three control strategies (see Table 2). The relative controls used during the Guangzhou Asian Games. The use changes in emissions of sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, of the ABaCAS system has been wide spread across China, ammonia, non-methane volatile organic compounds, primary including in the North China Plain, 13 Yangtze-River Delta PM2.5, and organic carbon were estimated for each future (YRD), 10,14 Perl-River Delta, 12,15 and Sichuan Basin regions, scenario (see Figure 2), with the highest emission level in for the purpose of attainment assessments, source apportion - scenario BAU[0] (i.e., based on current energy and control ment, and health benefit studies. legislation) and the lowest emission level in scenario PC[2] (i.e., more clean energy policy with maximum reduction). Case Study in Yangtze-River Delta (YRD) To demonstrate how the ABaCAS system works, a summary Second, the PM2.5 concentrations under each future scenario of case study conducted for YRD is included here. The model were predicted by RSM model (see Figure 3a). Using the settings for ABaCAS-YRD are summarized in Table 1. The SMAT model, the results suggest that none of the six future policy target was set as the annual mean concentrations of scenarios could meet the target of 35 µg/m 3 when the PM2.5 less than 35 µg/m, 3 which is the ambient air quality emissions outside the domain were kept as the level in 2010, standard in China. The RSM was established by using the indicating the importance of joint controls of regional emission extended-RSM method, which improves the model’s ability sources. When the emissions outside the domain were set to in solving multi-region sources. 6 The cost and health-related be PC[1], only the PC[2] scenario applied in YRD can meet parameters were derived from previous studies. 10,16 the target. A candidate control strategy that perfectly matches the target is somewhere between PC[1] and PC[2] scenario. First, six future scenarios were designed for two future en ergy Therefore six extra strategies were designed in the between

Figure 4. SMAT-selected control strategy to meet the air quality goal in Yangtze-River Delta (pie charts display the relative contribution to total emission reduction from controls on different sectors). Note: SO2 = sulfur dioxides, NOx = nitrogen oxides, PM2.5= fine particulate matter, POA = primary organic aerosol, NMVOC = non-methane volatile organic compounds, NH3 = ammonia, IVOC = intermediate-volatility organic compounds.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 ABaCAS Overview by Xing et al.

Figure 5. Reduced PM2.5-related premature mortality in Yangtze-River Delta. of PC[1] and PC[2] scenario, and the predicted PM2.5 and power plants, and non-methane volatile organic com - concentrations in each strategy were estimated from RSM pounds emissions from solvent utilization. The total cost of (see Figure 3b). Strategy 6 was selected through SMAT. such controls under PC[2] scenario was estimated to be 98 billion Chinese Yuan by the ICET model. Third, the detailed emission controls by sector under the Str ategy 6 scenario are described in Figure 4. The Strategy 6 Fourth, using the BenMAP, long-term premature deaths scenario suggests substantial reductions in sulfur dioxides, caused by PM2.5 were calculated from the spatial distribution nitrogen oxides, and primary PM2.5 emissions from industry of population and PM2.5 concentrations in both baseline and

2017 Sp ecialt y C onf er enc e C all f or A bstr ac ts

Air Q ualit y M easur emen t M etho ds and Technolo gy No vember 7-9, 2017 • L ong B each, C A

Explor e adv anc es in measur emen t t echnology , da ta qualit y assur anc e, and da ta uses a t this popular specialt y c onf er enc e c over ing air qualit y issues r ela ted t o g reenhouse gas measur emen ts , ambien t monit or ing , fug itiv e and ar ea sour ce air measur emen ts , qualit y assur anc e, and da ta uses . Suggest ed t opics: Ultr a ne P ar ticles • Vapor I ntrusion and I ndoor A ir M easur emen ts • A mbien t A ir M onit or ing and Net wor k Assessmen ts • C oarse and F ine P ar ticula te M att er M easur emen t M ethods • S ta tionar y and A rea S our ce M easur emen ts • Measur emen ts Da ta Q ualit y, D et ec tion Limits and Q ualit y A ssur anc e • A dv anc es in I nstrumen ta tion • M obile M onit or ing P la tf or ms . Abstr ac ts due April 27, 2017 . F ind c omplet e details online a t www.a wma.or g/measur emen ts .

Guideline on A ir Q ualit y M odels: The C hanges No vember 14 - 16, 2017 • Chapel H ill , NC

A&WM A’s 7th Specialt y C onf er enc e on issues r ela ted t o the Guideline on A ir Q ualit y M odels (40CFR P ar t 51 A ppendix W) cor responds per fec tly t o the 1- year per iod af ter A ppendix W pr omulga tion in 2016. Abstr ac ts of no mor e than 600 w or ds ar e being solicit ed on the f ollo wing t opics: AERMOD • L ong-r ange Transpor t M odeling • Modeling of S ec ondar y P ollutan t F or ma tion, P M2.5, and O zone • Backg round C onc en tr ations • M et eor olog ical Da ta Issues • Wind Tunnel and C omputa tional F luid D ynamics • and R evisions of the Guideline and R egula tor y A pplica tion of M odels .

Please see the w ebsit e a t www.a wma.or g/aqmo dels f or c omplet e submittal details . A bstr ac ts due May 15, 2017 .

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 ABaCAS Overview by Xing et al.

Figure 6. Response of O3 and PM2.5 components to the simultaneous step-by-step reductions in NOx and VOC (created from Xing et al. 4). Note: O3 = ozone, NOx = nitrogen oxides, PM2.5= fine particulate matter, OC = organic carbon, VOC = volatile organic compounds. controlled case under the Strategy 6 scenario (see Figure 5). However, the advantage of the ABaCAS system is that it The results suggest that long-term premature deaths caused allows scientists to investigate multi-pollution responses to by PM2.5 in 2010 are 158 thousand in YRD, and the esti - emission changes. As shown in Figure 6, controls on nitrogen mated reductions from the Strategy 6 control scenario would dioxides and volatile organic compounds will have substantial reduce the number of deaths by 32 thousand. The economic impacts on both ozone and PM2.5 components with strong gain from the control is estimated to be 189 billion Chinese nonlinear behavior. The optimized control policy should Yuan on a basis of the estimated value of life as 5.9 million consider all the pollution issues together to obtain mutual Chinese Yuan. benefits, considering the possibility that some control strategy reducing one pollution issue might worsen another one due The cost–benefit ratio of the Strategy 6 scenario is therefore to the nonlinearity. estimated as 189/98 = 1.9, suggesting 190 percent monetary gain from the investment in air quality controls. Difficulties in the application of the ABaCAS system can be summarized into two aspects. One is the model complexity, Limitations and Future Plans more specifically for RSM, which requires thousands of air Most of the previous studies only applied one or several quality simulations resulting in a heavy computing burden. components of the ABaCAS system, such as SMAT combined The other is the data localization, particularly for cost and with RSM or RSM combined with BenMAP. So far, studies health-related data, which are still very limited in China. using the entire system, including both cost and benefit Future studies should be focused on the improvement of analysis, are quite limited. In addition, almost all previous RSM prediction system and establishment the database for studies focused on one pollutant, either ozone or PM2.5. ICET and BenMAP.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 ABaCAS Overview by Xing et al.

China plans to implement stringent control actions aimed at smart policy and good tools. The ABaCAS system is expected lowering the ambient concentrations of ozone and PM2.5 in to play an important role in supporting the air quality the next two decades. Effective action needs guidance from the targeted policy-making in China. em

Jia Xing is an assistant professor, Shuxiao Wang is a professor and Division Director of Air Pollution Control, Jiming Hao is a professor, Bin Zhao and Jiandong Wang are Ph.D. candidates, and Dian Ding is an MD candidate, all in the School of Environment at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Carey Jang is a scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Yun Zhu is an associate professor in the College of Environmental Science & Engineering at South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. Lijian Zhao is Program Director of the China Environmental Management Program, Energy Foundation China, Beijing, China. Hongxing Xie is Director of the Clean Air Alliance of China, Beijing, China. E-mail: [email protected] .

References 1. Wang, S.; Hao, J. Air quality management in China: Issues, challenges, and options; J. Environ. Sci. 2012 , 24 (1), 2-13. 2. Wang, S.; Zhao, M.; Xing, J.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Lei, Y.; He, K.; Fu, L.; Hao, J. Quantifying the air pollutants emission reduction during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010 , 44 (7), 2490-2496. 3. Sun, J.; Schreifels, J.; Wang, J.; Fu, J.S.; Wang, S. Cost estimate of multi-pollutant abatement from the power sector in the Yangtze River Delta region of China; Energy Policy 2014 , 69 , 478-488. 4. Xing, J.; Wang, S.X.; Jang, C.; Zhu, Y.; Hao, J.M. Nonlinear response of ozone to precursor emission changes in China: A modeling study using response surface methodology; Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011 , 11 , 5027-5044; doi:10.5194/acp-11-5027-2011. 5. Wang, S.X.; Xing, J.; Jang, C.; Zhu, Y.; Fu, J.; Hao, J.M. Impact assessment of ammonia emissions on inorganic aerosols in East China using response surface modeling technique; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011 , 45 (21), 9293-9300. 6. Zhao, B.; Wang, S.X.; Xing, J.; Fu, K.; Fu, J.S.; Jang, C.; Zhu, Y.; Dong, X.Y.; Gao, Y.; Wu, W.J.; Wang, J.D.; Hao, J.M. Assessing the nonlinear response of fine particles to precursor emissions: Development and application of an extended response surface modeling technique v1.0; Geosci. Model Dev. 2015 , 8, 115-128; doi:10.5194/gmd-8-115-2015. 7. Zhu, Y.; Lao, Y., Jang, C.; Lin, C.; Xing, J.; Wang, S.X.; Fu, J. Development and case study of a science-based software platform to support policy making on air quality; J. Environ. Sci. 2015 , 27 , 97-107. 8. Wang, H.; Zhu, Y.; Jang, C.; Lin, C.; Wang, S.X.; Fu, J. Design and Demonstration of a Next-Generation Air Quality Attainment Assessment System for PM2.5 and O3; J. Environ. Sci. 2015 , 29 , 178-188. 9. Voorhees, A.S.; Wang, J.; Wang, C.; Zhao, B.; Wang, S.; Kan, H. Public health benefits of reducing air pollution in Shanghai: A proof-of-concept methodology with application to BenMAP; Sci. Total Environ. 2014 , 485 , 396-405. 10. Wang, J.; Wang, S.; Voorhees, A.S.; Zhao, B.; Jang, C.; Jiang, J.; Fu, J.S.; Ding, D.; Zhu, Y.; Hao, J. Assessment of short-term PM2.5-related mortality due to different emission sources in the Yangtze River Delta, China; Atmos. Environ. 2015 , 123 , 440-448. 11. Qiu, X.; Zhu, Y.; Jang, C.; Lin, C.; Wang, S.X.; Fu, J.S. Development of an integrated policy making tool for assessing air quality and human health benefits of air pollution control; Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2015 ; doi:10.1007/s11783-015-0796-8. 12. Ding, D.; Zhu, Y.; Jang, C.; Lin, C.J.; Wang, S.; Fu, J.; Gao, J.; Deng, S.; Xie, J.; Qiu, X. Evaluation of health benefit using BenMAP-CE with an integrated scheme of model and monitor data during Guangzhou Asian Games; J. Environ. Sci. 2016 , 42 , 9-18. 13. Wu, W.; Chang, X.; Xing, J.; Wang, S.; Hao, J. Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution Mitigation from Reductions in Major Emission Sources in the Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei Region; Chinese Environmental Science , in press, 2016. 14. Long, S.; Zhu, Y.; Jang, C.; Lin, C.J.; Wang, S.; Zhao, B.; Gao, J.; Deng, S.; Xie, J.; Qiu, X. A case study of development and application of a streamlined control and response modeling system for PM2.5 attainment assessment in China; J. Environ. Sci. 2016 , 41 , 69-80. 15. You, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Jang, C.; Wang, S.; Gao, J.; Lin, C.J.; Li, M.; Zhu, Z.; Wei, H.; Yang, W. Response surface modeling-based source contribution analysis and VOC emission control policy assessment in a typical ozone-polluted urban Shunde, China; J. Environ. Sci. , in press, 2016. 16. Wang, J.; Zhao, B.; Wang, S.; Hao, J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of multi-pollutant emission reduction in power sector of China; Res. Environ. Sci. 2014 , 27 (11).

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Asian Connections

Asia’s Megacities on Different Pathways to Cleaner Air

by Fu Lu, China Director; Prarthana Borah, India Director; and Robyn Garner, Communications and Marketing Manager, all with Clean Air Asia (http://cleanairasia.org/).

Asia’s megacities are demonstrating that there are different pathways to cleaner air that harmonize economic and social development agendas with air pollution mitigation strategies across multiple sectors

Asia, presently home to more than 4 billion people, is With an expanding population comes more demands for bearing the brunt of the rapid pace of global urbanization. energy, transportation, and industries, and a greater reliance The United Nations forecasts that the number of megacities on fossil fuels, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions in the Asian continent will jump from the current 16 to 23 by and air pollution. The impacts are already apparent in the 2030. This expanding urban landscape is having profound deteriorating air quality and quality of life being experienced economic, social, health, and environmental consequences. throughout Asia.

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The challenge for countries and cities is in formulating and Shenzhen, with a population of 11.38 million, saw a rise in implementing tailored air quality management approaches air pollutant emissions from the 1990s, with the number of and complementing them with integrated urban planning haze days peaking at 184 in 2004 and a peak PM2.5 con - processes that together address the multiple root causes and centration of 62 µg/m 3 in 2006. From 2000, the city began sources of emissions and that align with national and local researching a clean air action plan, and corresponding control development trajectories. measures for large stationary sources, boilers, vehicles, dust, vessels, non-road mobile machinery, and volatile organic No two megacities are alike; each faces its own unique compounds were undertaken. As a result, in 2015 the number challenges and is at its own level of advancement on the of haze days fell to 35 and the PM2.5 concentration was spectrum of air quality management capacity. But as megacities reduced to 30 µg/m 3. Shenzhen is the first megacity in China in China and India are demonstrating, there are different to maintain fast economic development and meet national pathways to cleaner air that harmonize economic and social ambient air quality standards (35 µg/m 3) at the same time. development agendas with air pollution mitigation strategies across multiple sectors. Shanghai, home to 24 million people, is perhaps Asia’s most industry-intensive megacity, with industrial production con - China tributing to 28.9 percent of the city’s local emissions (according According to the United Nations’ World Urbanization Prospects to 2012–2013 PM2.5 source apportionment results). To Report, 1 China has six megacities. Three of those cities—Beijing, control industry source emissions, Shanghai has focused on Shanghai, and Shenzhen—have varied levels of air quality the end-treatment of power plants, clean energy replacements and have, since the 1990s, taken steps to reduce air pollution for boilers and furnaces, and industrial structure adjustments. and accelerated their efforts to improve air quality following In 2014, Shanghai reached the primary standard of both total the China government’s release of the Action Plan for Air emissions and annual mean concentration of sulfur dioxide. Pollution Prevention and Control in 2013. However, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 was still

For More Information

Clean Air Asia, the region’s premier air quality network, is an international non-governmental organization leading a regional mission for better air quality, and healthier and more livable cities throughout Asia, and helping cities address air pollution on multiple fronts with a range of comprehensive tools, including:

Under the Integrated Programme for Better Air Quality in Asia (IBAQ Programme), the Guidance Framework for Better Air Quality in Asian Cities (http://www.cleanairasia.org/ibaq) targets policy- and decision-makers and is organized around six priority air-quality management areas, mapping out a series of steps and actions to guide cities in the devel - opment of cleaner, greener and healthier urban spaces.

The online Clean Air Scorecard (http://www.cleanairasia.org/cast) tool provides a synthesis of current air quality management in Asian cities that responds to the growing need for more accessible, objective, and in-depth understanding of air quality levels and the management capacity of cities in the region, offering an accessible portal for cities and stakeholders to assess related policies and actions.

The Clean Air Certification (http://cleanairasia.org/certification/) scheme recognizes actions that cities take to improve air quality.

For more information, visit cleanairasia.org (http://www.cleanairasia.org).

Asian Connections is sponsored by A&WMA’s International Affairs Committee. A&WMA has invited Clean Air Asia to contribute one column each quarter to highlight air quality and climate change issues in Asia. Clean Air Asia is an international nongovernmental organization that promotes better air quality and livable cities by translating knowledge to policies and actions that enable Asia’s 1,000+ cities to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy, and other sectors. A&WMA has collaborated and partnered with Clean Air Asia since 2006.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Asian Connections

Shenzhen is the first megacity in China to maintain fast economic development and meet national ambient air quality standards at the same time.

53 µg/m 3 in 2015. Oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic times higher than national air quality standards in those months. 3 compound emissions are key factors to the further improvement Vehicular emissions contribute 67 percent of overall air of air quality in the next phase. pollution. The number of registered vehicles is 7.6 million, with an annual growth rate of 14 percent. 4 Industry and coal- Beijing, with a population of 21.51 million people, has based thermal power plants also contribute to the air pollution: experienced serious air pollution episodes since 2013, when Delhi’s three power plants generate about 6,000 Mt of fly its PM2.5 annual mean concentration was 89.5 µg/m 3, 1.5 ash per day; the industrial effluent load is approximately times the national ambient air quality standards. Comprehensive 320 Mt per day; and municipal solid waste generation is control measures have since been adopted, and the PM2.5 about 5,000 Mt per day. 5 annual mean concentration fell to 73 µg/m 3 in 2016. But it is still 1.09 times national air quality standards, and heavy pollu - In response to the high AQI in Delhi in the closing months tion days with the air quality index (AQI) above 200 occurred of 2016, the National Ministry of Environment, Forest, and on 39 days. Beijing’s PM2.5 source apportionment results for Climate Change announced a Graded Response Action Plan, 2012–2013 showed that regional transport from neighboring to be enforced by the Environment Pollution Control Authority. provinces and cities accounted for 28–36 percent of emissions , The plan defines the measures to be taken based on air quality , and among local emissions, vehicles were the largest contrib - with classifications of Emergency, Severe, Very Poor, and utor at 31.1 percent. Following a public outcry over heavy Moderate Poor. Emergency measures will be enforced in the pollution days in the winter of 2016, the Ministry of Environ - Delhi region if the levels of PM2.5 (300 µg/m 3 and PM10 mental Protection admitted that air quality in winter had not (500 µgm/m 3) are breached for two consecutive days. During significantly improved, and new measures would be adopted. “Very Poor” air quality days, the plan recommends such measures as banning diesel generators, increasing parking India fees, closing brick kilns, stone crushers and hot mix plants, India’s capital, Delhi, has a population of more than 25 million and boosting public transport services. In the longer term, that is projected to rise to 36 million by 2030. 1 The city however, there is a need for the city to broaden its air quality recorded an average PM10 of 286 µg /m 3 in 2010, and had monitoring to include more pollutants and more areas, and the world’s highest levels of average PM10 from 2008 to 2010. enact more effective control policies. The PM2.5 level of 153 µg/m 3 recorded in 2013 is the world’s highest. 2 Moving Forward The ongoing efforts of Asia’s megacities offer the world a Delhi’s pollution has both natural and anthropogenic origins. range of opportunities to learn about better air quality In summer, wind-borne dust from the Thar Desert blows into management policies and actions and can serve as a learning the city, and in winter there are surface inversions and heavy ground on how to sustainably tackle air quality issues. em fogs, contributing to PM10 and PM2.5 levels that are 4 to 7

References 1. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision ; ST/ESA/SER.A/366; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2015. See https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/ Files/WUP2014-Report.pdf. 2. Ambient Air Pollution in Cities Database. World Health Organization, 2014 Update. See http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities-2014/en/. 3. Narain, U.; Krupnick, A. The Impact of Delhi’s CNG Program on Air Quality; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008 , 42 (16), 5860-5865. 4. Vehicular Pollution in Delhi. Government of Delhi, 2014. See http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/ doit_transport/Transport/Home/Pollution+Control/. 5. Government of India, 1997.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 EPA Research Highlights

New MARKAL Tool Designed to Help Cities Meet Environmental Protection Goals Cities interested in setting sustainability goals to reduce air pollution and protect water quality might want to look at the energy–water connection. While that may seem unusual, it is based on the fact that providing and treating water requires a lot of energy.

City planners often consider providing electricity to resi - sustainable and even more resilient to heat waves, heavy dential, commercial, and industrial customers and providing rainfall, and other extreme weather events. drinkable water and wastewater treatment as separate activities, but examining water and energy consumption and manage - That is the goal of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ment together can provide insights into ways to become more (EPA) researchers who are creating an energy and water

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 EPA Research Highlights

technology tool—called the Community-Scale MARKAL For example, a city can evaluate the effectiveness of green Model—to help cities and other municipalities make decisions infrastructure projects such as green roofs to retain or else on how to protect the environment, while also providing detain rainfall during heavy storms before it enters the city’s energy required for water services. wastewater treatment system. Reducing water runoff during extreme events or on a regular basis can have at least three Community-Scale MARKAL Model major implications, both on the water and energy manage - This decision-support tool was built using the MARKAL ment sides: modeling platform that researchers use to model the nation’s energy system and evaluate different energy technology • It will reduce energy demand for treating the water, thus options for reducing air quality emissions. The tool taps into reducing the amount of air pollutants emitted in the city, energy and water technology data in MARKAL to create including greenhouse gases that can impact climate future scenarios or options for optimizing water and energy change. consumption and management. City planners can run • It will keep wastewater treatment plants’ use within their simulations on a variety of policy options to evaluate the most capacity, thus avoiding untreated storm and wastewater cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solutions for being discharged directly to nearby streams, rivers, and providing energy- and water- related services such as heating, other water bodies. cooling, and water and wastewater treatment. • Some studies suggest that building green roofs rather than having black roofs can have a cooling effect on An integrated approach to planning for water and energy buildings, and thus reduce energy demand for heating services has many advantages, says Ozge Kaplan, an EPA and cooling. researcher who is leading the project. It can enable cities to make more informed decisions to protect their environment, In addition to green roofs, there are other alternatives that protect scarce natural resources such as water, reduce costs, could influence building energy consumption patterns, such and reach long-term goals to reduce their carbon footprint. as white roofs, rooftop solar panels, combined heat and power plants, or changes to the energy grid that reduce stress from “Cities look at energy and water in silos and not always at disruptions in energy and water supplies. However, as with their interrelationships,” says Kaplan. “We hope to develop any systems-based changes in infrastructure, holistic impacts case studies in collaboration with universities to show how of these alternatives need to be considered in turn as each this tool can be applied to solve real-world problems.” alternative may present the decision-maker with a different set of pros and cons.

In Next Month’s Issue…

The Risk Management Plan (RMP) Rule The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to amend its RMP regulations. The proposed revisions include enhancements to the emergency preparedness requirements, increased public availability of chemical hazard information, and several other changes to require more analysis and auditing to improve chemical process safety for regulated facilities. This issue will consider the proposed revisions from various stakeholder perspectives.

Also look for… EPA Research Highlights Etcetera …and a preview of A&WMA’s 110th Annual Conference & Exhibition

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 EPA Research Highlights

Pilot Program: New York City Kaplan met with New York City planners, including those in Kaplan and her colleagues selected New York City as the the city’s Office of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability and pilot for developing the tool because the city has a tremendous colleagues in EPA’s Regional Office, headquartered in the city, amount of information collected on water and energy services to present plans for the research project. Their collaboration in building, transportation, and utility sectors. This includes has been instrumental to the development of the prototype types and quantities of fuels and electricity consumed, green - database, she says. house gas emissions inventories, water consumption, the cost of existing and new advanced technologies expected to Kaplan’s goal is to work with city universities to create academic be available in the future, and environmental regulatory hubs where the tool can be tailored for specific case studies requirements. while providing educational development opportunities for students. Their contributions can help to beta test the tool and New York City is also an ideal testbed for the tool for other provide information for how it can be applied for decision reasons. The city has initiated greenhouse gas reduction goals making by cities, she says. and other sustainability programs to protect air and water quality for its residents. It also faces challenges to meeting Public Release water and energy demands, including population growth, an The Community-Scale MARKAL Model is expected to be ready aging water infrastructure, increased ambient temperatures for public release in early 2018. Kaplan recently presented aggravated by urban heat islands in the summer, and the the work in a paper entitled, “An Integrated Approach to threat of flooding such as what happened during Hurricane Water & Energy Infrastructure Decision-Making Using the Sandy in 2012 that led to untreated stormwater and waste - MARKAL Framework: A Case Study of New York City,” at a water being discharged into the Hudson River. conference by the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, and said she received a lot of interest. The paper Currently, the MARKAL tool contains only information for New is published in the online conference proceedings (http:// York City and the surrounding region. Ozge says her long- aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/index.htm). em term goal is to make it available for use by other cities that could input their unique data and use the scenario building features to evaluate the energy-water connection in their city.

For more information on the research discussed in this column, contact Ann Brown, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC; phone: 1-919-541-7818; e-mail: [email protected] .

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the official views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 In Memoriam Donald L. Blumenthal, Ph.D.

Donald L. Blumenthal, Ph.D., an active A&WMA member air transport between Los Angeles and Ventura Counties for more than 40 years, past chair of the Journal of the Air & (California), a San Joaquin Valley ozone distribution study, Waste Management Association ’s ( JA&WMA ) Editorial Review the aerometric aircraft component of the South Central Coast Board, and 2001 recipient of the A&WMA Frank A. Chambers Cooperative Air Monitoring Program (SCCCAMP) for the Award for outstanding achievement in the science and art of Western Oil and Gas Association, and tracer and visibility air pollution control, passed away on February 14, 2017, studies for the U.S. Navy at China Lake, California. after a courageous battle with cancer. Dr. Blumenthal also directed portions of the U.S. Environmental Dr. Blumenthal was one of the founders of Sonoma Technology Protection Agency (EPA) MISTT, STATE, SCRUB, and VISTTA Inc. (STI), a successful employee-owned environmental con - programs; the EPRI SURE aircraft program; the California Air sulting firm, and, until his retirement in 2007, was responsible Resources Board (CARB) Three-dimensional Gradient Study; for the direction of STI’s research and industrial service activities, and numerous other studies for EPA, CARB, EPRI, and industry as well as new business development. throughout the United States.

Dr. Blumenthal’s contributions to the air quality field included Prior to founding STI, Dr. Blumenthal was the Director of the his work on understanding the three-dimensional distribution Research Division of Meteorology Research Inc., where his and transport of pollutants; his pioneering use of light aircraft duties included development of meteorological and air to document pollutant spatial distributions, transport, and pollution instrumentation and measuring techniques. transformations; his design and management of large-scale field studies; and his ability to bring together government Dr. Blumenthal was a long-time A&WMA member. In addition and industry to jointly and objectively study air quality issues. to serving as chair of the JA&WMA Editorial Review Board, His technical publications focused on the three-dimensional he helped initiate EM ’s Editorial Advisory Committee (EAC), distribution and transport of pollutants. For a list of publications, and served as a member of the EAC for eight years, as well see sonomatech.com/ResPub/DLBpub.pdf. as serving as a member of the Publications Committee for more than 20 years, and several A&WMA technical committees. Dr. Blumenthal was the principal investigator and/or program manager for many large-scale, successful field research programs In recognition of his contributions to the air quality field in over the past 40 years. Starting in 1990, he was the principal terms of the design and management of large-scale air quality investigator for the anchor site measurements for the Califor - studies and the use of aircraft for air quality measurements, nia Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) and he was awarded the 2001 Frank A. Chambers Award for was technical coordinator for the NARSTO-Northeast Air Quality outstanding achievement in the science and art of air Study. He was co-principal investigator of the Mt. Zirkel visibility pollution control. study in Colorado; he was a member of the management team for the Navajo Generating Station Winter Visibility Study; and Dr. Blumenthal was an instrument-rated commercial pilot. His he helped design the Gulf of Mexico Air Quality Study. flying activities gave him a three-dimensional perspective of the distribution of pollutants, as well as the means to document In the 1980s, he was the program manager for the design of their sources, transformations, and movement. He was also a the San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study and was the program member of the American Association for the Advancement coordinator for the Southern California Air Quality Study. of Science. He earned his bachelor’s and doctorate degrees Other projects managed by Dr. Blumenthal included an acid in engineering and aeronautics from the California fog study for the Coordinating Research Council, a study of Institute of Technology. em

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017

A&WMA Annual Conference Preview

June 5-8, 2017 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | http://www.awma.org/ace2017 Professional Development Courses Offered at the 2017 A&WMA Annual Conference

Conveniently scheduled to coincide with A&WMA’s 110th Annual Conference & Exhibition in Pittsburgh, the following list of professional development courses will be offered on Sunday, June 4 and Monday, June 5. Don’t miss out on this unique opportunity to enhance your professional skills.

Course Title Instructor(s) Full/Half-Day Course Course Level

Sunday, June 4

EMGM–245: Successful Evaluation and Procurement of Commercial Tom Morahan HALF-DAY Beginner and Intermediate Environmental, Health, Safety, and Sustainability Management 8:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m. Systems Technologies

AIR–135: Fundamentals of Air Pollution Meteorology and Anthony Sadar HALF-DAY Beginner Dispersion Modeling 1:00–5:00 p.m.

AIR–214: “Noise 101” and Best Practices to Control Environmental Robert Stevens FULL-DAY Beginner and Intermediate and Workplace Noise

AIR–299: AERMOD Air Dispersion Modeling Jesse Thé and Cristiane Thé FULL-DAY Intermediate

Monday, June 5

EMGM–130: Introduction to Environmental Forensics Brenton Cox and HALF-DAY Beginner Laurie Benton 8:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m.

AIR–205: Fabric Filter Baghouse 101, Including Fine Particle Emission John McKenna FULL-DAY All Levels Control, Baghouse Fundamentals, Design, QA/QC, Troubleshooting, and Christina C. Clark Filter Media Selection, and Nano-Filtration

AIR–240: Air Pollution Control and Compliance for Industrial Thomas McGowan FULL-DAY All Levels Applications

AIR–252: Air Quality Permitting and Compliance Basics Ali Farnoud and Courtney Adcock FULL-DAY Beginner and Intermediate

AIR–252: Air Dispersion Modeling Jesse Thé and Cristiane Thé FULL-DAY Beginner

EMGM–246: EPA’s Human Exposure Model (HEM) and its use Mark Morris and Ted Palma FULL-DAY Intermediate in Risk and Technology Review (RTR) risk assessments

EMGM–351: Project Management Essentials for Environmental, David Elam FULL-DAY All Levels Health, and Safety Professionals

For complete course details and updates, additional instructor bios, prerequisite information, and to register, visit the conference website (https://www.awma.org/ACE2017courses).

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 A&WMA Annual Conference Preview

EMGM–245: Successful Evaluation and Procurement AIR–214: “Noise 101” and Best Practices to of Commercial Environmental, Health, Safety, Control Environmental and Workplace Noise and Sustainability Management Systems Technologies Managing noise emissions to the environment and in the Today, businesses that develop or maintain strong corporate workplace continue to increase in importance. From a regu - Environmental, Health, Safety, and Sustainability (EHSS) latory perspective, many jurisdictions now classify sound and cultures are moving toward the acquisition or replacement of vibration emissions to be “contaminants” similar to chemical, technology-based management systems. The author of the particulate, thermal or radioactive emissions. Yet acoustics is book Information Technology Solutions for EHS Professionals one of the least intuitive and least understood issues in the will provide an introduction of the steps necessary for the field of environment, health and safety. successful evaluation and procurement of commercial EHSS technologies. Systems requirements concepts will include The first half of this course will present a concise “Acoustics capital budgeting; return on investment; analysis; working 101” covering the fundamentals of noise, acoustics, and with stakeholders and senior management; and documenting vibration including: sound pressure level versus sound power system requirements. The process for the identification and level; frequency, A-weighting and octave bands; quantifying screening of candidate technologies and vendors will then be time-varying sounds – LEQ, LN%, LDN, and fundamentals of presented. Once the vendors have been identified, a Request noise regulations/guidelines. The second half of the presentation for Proposal must be developed that meets corporate pur - will apply the fundamentals to the two related by separate chasing requirements and the bid process moves forward fields of environmental noise (outdoors) and workplace noise. culminating in the development of a short list. Next live The applications will include understanding the basis of regu - demonstrations are coordinated and evaluated. The process latory sound level limits, the types of measurements, analysis culminates with development of a consensus, confirmation and engineering studies that regulators often require, and of the alignment with corporate IT strategy and the recom - best practices for noise management into the environment mendation to senior management. and in the workplace.

Thomas J. Morahan , Greystone Environ - Rob Stevens , HGC Engineering, will mental Management, will present the present the full-day course, Noise 101 half-day course, Successful Evaluation and and Best Practices to Control Environmental Procurement of Commercial Environmental, and Workplace Noise , on Sunday, June 4. Health, Safety, and Sustainability Manage - Stevens is principal of HGC Engineering, ment Systems Technologies, on Sunday, a consulting engineering firm specializing June 4. Morahan is chief technical officer with Greystone exclusively in noise, vibration, and acoustics. He has 25 years’ Environmental Management and is a court-qualified expert of experience in measuring, assessing, and mitigating envi - in environmental affairs and a leader in the field of technology- ronmental noise impact and workplace noise exposure in all enabled environment, health, and safety (EHS) liability and types of industry throughout North America and abroad. sustainability management. He is also the author of the book Stevens completed his undergraduate and master of applied Information Technology Solutions for EHS Professionals and science degrees in mechanical engineering at the University many other magazine articles and peer-reviewed presentations. of Waterloo, Canada. He has conducted acoustical assessments Morahan helped bring to market one of the first commercially and noise/vibration studies for hundreds of industrial sites, successful EHS management systems more than 15 years developing noise control recommendations to meet regulatory ago, and continues to advise clients on the procurement and requirements at the federal, state/provincial, municipal, and implementation of technology-based EHS management systems. international levels, throughout North America and abroad. After directing several major EHS technology projects, he He has conducted experimental research into novel noise helped develop GlobalNetEHS, the first worldwide network control methods (for which he holds a U.S. patent), measure - of EHS professionals, and worked with a team to develop and ments of acoustical properties of materials, and the use of implement IntelligentEHS, the first EHS management system sound intensity measurement methods in special to be offered as software-as-a-service. Following dozens of applications. em successful implementation projects, Morahan began focusing on flexible software to allow EHS professionals to configure custom systems without the need for traditional software development approaches. He currently advises clients on integrated programs for EHS liability management.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 A&WMA Annual Conference Preview

June 5-8, 2017 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | http://www.awma.org/ace2017 Women’s Professional Development Workshop and Luncheon Engaging with Generations across the Workplace Tuesday, June 6 • 11:00 a.m.–1:15 p.m.

Kick off the 2017 A&WMA Annual In her current role, Maxwell, herself a Baby Boomer, leads a Conference & Exhibition by attend - team comprised almost entirely of Gen-Xers and has a client ing the Committee for Professional base of Millennials. Development of Women’s luncheon and workshop. The session will be Engaging with generations across the workplace involves led by Laura Maxwell, Executive working with professionals from different generations, whether Director of the Accelerate Leader - they’re decades younger or significantly older and more ship Center at the Tepper School of experienced, and requires a nuanced understanding of gen - Laura Maxwell Business, Carnegie Mellon University, erational differences. The workshop is intended to be an which focuses on equipping MBA students with interpersonal interactive event, examining the differences and similarities and leadership skills in preparation for their post-graduate between generations, delineating how negative stereotypes careers. Maxwell has more than 25 years of experience in prevent mutual understanding, and identifying ways to find management and consulting with clients in a wide range of common ground and make the most of each generation’s industries, including health care, retail, engineering, finance, strengths. This highly topical session will help you gain insight and higher education. into your colleagues and enhance your skills in collaborating across the ages. Across these diverse industries, Maxwell has been closely involved with individual contributors and managers of all Visit the conference website (http://www.awma.org/ace2017) ages. This first-hand experience has provided her with unique today to learn more and register for this event. Tickets cost insights into the dynamics of a multi-generational workplace. $50.00. em

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Specialty Conference Preview

Finding Common Ground on Climate Change

by Miriam Lev-On and C. Flint Webb, Technical Conference Co-Chairs

With a new administration in place, the debate about climate Arlington, VA. By being located in the greater Washington, change and what policies the United States should pursue DC, area, the conference will engage with the new leadership can be expected to be more vigorous and contentious as on Capitol Hill to explore policy measures and recommend divergent views are being voiced, which creates the need approaches for making meaningful progress.Topics will for balanced discussions in exploration of the issues. As a include: contributor to this important discussion, A&WMA is convening a science-based international conference to serve as a neutral • Methodologies for identifying and estimating climate forum for addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation change risks and impacts; strategies. The conference is designed to include informative • Strategies and technologies for reducing emissions of panels, oral presentations, and posters from representatives greenhouse gases and other climate-changing pollutants; of the academic, industrial, government, and public sectors. and The conference program is designed with an emphasis on • Plans and practices for increasing the resiliency of c case studies and lessons learned from successful programs ommunities and facilities to the changing climate. and projects that are relevant to potential policy measures and regulations. In 2005, a joint statement of 11 international science academie s concluded: “Climate change is real. There will always be The specialty conference, “Finding Common Ground on Climate uncertainty in understanding a system as complex as the Change Mitigation and Adaptation,” (http://www.awma.org world’s climate. However, there is now strong evidence that /climatechange) will be held October 10–11, 2017, in significant global warming is occurring. The evidence comes

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Specialty Conference Preview

The conference will engage with Capitol Hill to explore policy measures and recommend approaches for making meaningful progress.

from direct measurements of rising surface air temperatures accounting for at least an estimated 55 percent of the global and subsurface ocean temperatures and from phenomena greenhouse gas emissions. A significant step toward meeting such as increases in average global sea levels, retreating this threshold was the concurrent (but separate) notifications glaciers, and changes to many physical and biological systems . by the United States and China to joining it. Ultimately, the It is likely that most of the warming in recent decades can threshold condition was reached on October 5, 2016, and be attributed to human activities.” 1 the agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016. 3 Presently, 127 of the 197 countries—or more than 64 percent — This was reinforced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate have ratified the Paris Agreement. Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), which concludes: “Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent The central part of the agreement is the creation of nationally anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest determined contributions (NDCs) in which countries declare in history. Recent climate changes have had widespread impacts their own post-2020 policy measures and initiatives that they on human and natural systems.” 2 will undertake as their contribution to the goal of holding the global average temperature rise to below 2 °C by mid-century. As part of an ongoing global negotiations process to deal The agreement also stipulates that each country establish its with climate change and its impacts, the 21st Conference own national adaptation plan. The NDCs are anticipated to of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Framework be developed in line with the extent of a country’s economy, Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) convened in their share of contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, Paris in December 2015. At the conclusion of COP21, a and in accordance with their legal system. Under this agree - historic agreement was reached by 197 Parties (countries) ment, the U.S. pledged by 2025 to reduce greenhouse gas committing to jointly undertake mitigation and adaptation emissions by 26–28 percent, relative to 2005 levels. actions to combat global climate change. Such actions involve taking practical actions to manage risks from climate impacts, Visit the A&WMA conference website (http://www.awma.org/ protect communities, and strengthen the resilience of the climatechange) for more information, including the call for economy. abstracts and important deadlines.

The Paris Agreement was set to enter into force 30 days We look forward to seeing you in October to participate and following its ratification by at least 55 parties to the UNFCCC, contribute to this important discussion. em

References 1. Joint Science Academies’ Statement: Global Response to Climate Change, 2005. See http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf. 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5): Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, 2014. See http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf. 3. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Paris Agreement, Article 21, Paragraph 1, 2015. See http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Last Stop

This Month in History (and other fun facts)

Did You Know?

April was formerly the second month in the ancient Roman year, when March began the calendar. The real origin of its name has been lost. Some say it is named for the Roman Goddess of Love “Aprilis.” The most common theory is that Aprilis is derived from the Latin verb Aperire, “to open,” as French: Avril in the opening, or blossoming, of trees and flowers. Italian: Aprile Polish: Kwiecie Spanish: Abrilń

April’s gem is diamond, and its flower Turkish: Nisan is sweet pea.

This Month in History

April 9, 1867: The Alaska Purchase was completed. The United States bought Alaska April 12, 1633: Galileo was convicted from the Russian Empire for US$7.2 million, of heresy for announcing that the Earth in a treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate. revolved around the Sun.

April 22, 1970: Earth Day April 19, 1775: The American was the brainchild of Senator Revolution began in Lexington, Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, Massachusetts. and this year initiated the annual event.

April 30, 1789: In New York April 20, 2010: The Deepwater Horizon City, George Washington offshore oil rig, run by British Petroleum (BP), was inaugurated as the first exploded in the Gulf of Mexico. president of the United States.

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 Staff and Contributors

A&WMA Headquarters Steven P. Frysinger, Ph.D. Stephanie M. Glyptis James Madison University Executive Director Term Ends: 2018 Air & Waste Management Association Keith Gaydosh One Gateway Center, 3rd Floor Affinity Consultants 420 Fort Duquesne Blvd. Term Ends: 2018 Pittsburgh, PA 15222-1435 1-412-232-3444; 412-232-3450 (fax) C. Arthur Gray, III [email protected] Amazon.com Inc. www.awma.org Term Ends: 2019 Advertising Mingming Lu Jeff Schurman University of Cincinnati 1-412-904-6003 Term Ends: 2019 [email protected] Dan L. Mueller, P.E. Editorial Environmental Defense Fund Term Ends: 2017 Lisa Bucher Managing Editor Brian Noel, P.E. 1-412-904-6023 Trinity Consultants [email protected] Term Ends: 2017 Editorial Advisory Committee Blair Norris John D. Kinsman, Chair Ashland Inc. Edison Electric Institute Term Ends: 2017 Term Ends: 2019 Teresa Raine John D. Bachmann ERM Vision Air Consulting Term Ends: 2017 Term Ends: 2017 Anthony J. Sadar, CCM Robert Basl Allegheny County Health Department EHS Technology Group Term Ends: 2018 Term Ends: 2019 Golam Sarwar Leiran Biton U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Term Ends: 2019 Term Ends: 2019 Anthony J. Schroeder, CCM, CM Gary Bramble, P.E. Trinity Consultants AES Term Ends: 2019 Term Ends: 2017 Susan S.G. Wierman Prakash Doraiswamy, Ph.D. Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association RTI International Term Ends: 2018 Term Ends: 2017 James J. Winebrake, Ph.D. Ali Farnoud Rochester Institute of Technology Ramboll Environ Term Ends: 2018 Term Ends: 2017

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EM , a publication of the Air & Waste Management Association, is published monthly with editorial and executive offices at One Gateway Center, 3rd Floor, 420 Fort Duquesne Blvd., Pittsburgh, PA 15222-1435, USA. ©2017 Air & Waste Management Asso - ciation (www.awma.org). All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced, redistributed, or translated in any form without prior written permission of the Editor. A&WMA assumes no responsibility for statements and opinions advanced by contributors to this publication. Views expressed in editorials are those of the author and do not necessarily represent an official position of the Association. A&WMA does not endorse any company, product, or service appearing in third-party advertising.

EM Magazine (Online) ISSN 2470-4741 » EM Magazine (Print) ISSN 1088-9981

em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • April 2017 The Magazine for Environmental Managers