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Funded with the contribution of the LIFE Financial Instrument of the European Community COMMISSIONED REPORT Commissioned Report No. 091 Conservation management of the Sunart Oak Woodland Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the potential for supporting rural development (ROAME No. F00LD21) For further information on this report please contact: Brian Eardley Scottish Natural Heritage The Governor’s House The Parade FORT WILLIAM PH33 6BA Telephone: 01397 704716 E-mail: [email protected] This report should be quoted as: Peterken, G.F. and Worrell, R. (2005). Conservation management of the Sunart Oak Woodland Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the potential for supporting rural development. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21). This report, or any part of it, should not be reproduced without the permission of Scottish Natural Heritage. This permission will not be withheld unreasonably. The views expressed by the author(s) of this report should not be taken as the views and policies of Scottish Natural Heritage. © Scottish Natural Heritage 2005. COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Conservation management of the Sunart Oak Woodland Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the potential for supporting rural development Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21) Contractor: George Peterken and Richard Worrell Year of publication: 2005 Background The oak dominated native woodlands which fringe Loch Sunart are recognised as being of international importance for nature conservation, hence their cSAC designation. This report considers the past management at Sunart, the potential for woodland expansion and recommends management models which will maintain and enhance their value for nature conservation. The report also considers potential uses and markets for any native timber which is felled as a result of this management and also for exotic conifers which are being felled to provide expansion areas for the native woodland. Main findings ● Predictive MLURI models for woodland types corresponded reasonably well with woodland types on the ground, suggesting a natural distribution. ● Past management history has had a large bearing on the species composition and structure within the Sunart Woodland. ● Five basic management models can be derived which will maintain the woodlands in favourable condition: 1) Minimum Intervention 2) Long-rotation High Forest 3) Standard-rotation High Forest 4) Wood Pasture 5) Coppice ● Rural development opportunities can arise from pro-active management of the woodlands, including timber, farming, tourism and sporting interests. For further information on this project contact: Brian Eardley, Scottish Natural Heritage, The Governor’s House, The Parade, Fort William PH33 6BA. Tel: 01397 704716 For further information on the SNH Research & Technical Support Programme contact: The Advisory Services Co-ordination Group, Scottish Natural Heritage, 2 Anderson Place, Edinburgh EH6 5NP. Tel: 0131–446 2400 or [email protected] Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21) Acknowledgements The partners and authors would like to acknowledge assistance from the following organisations and individuals: Forestry Commission, Forest Enterprise, the Sunart Project and the Sunart Oakwoods Research Group; Jamie MacIntyre, Jim Kirby, Sandy MacDonald, Peter Sinclair, Donald MacPherson, Sheila Nairn, Ian Collier, John Risby, Kate Holl, Pat Snowdon. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21) Contents Summary Acknowledgements Executive summary 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE WOODLANDS AND THEIR CONTEXT 2 2.1 General environment 3 2.2 Woodland composition 4 2.3 Woodland history and development 10 2.4 Structure of the woodlands 14 2.5 Natural processes 15 2.6 Network characteristics 16 2.7 Quantitative analysis of land use in the Sunart study area 17 3 CURRENT NATURE CONSERVATION VALUE 19 3.1 Range of habitats 19 3.2 Structure and composition 19 3.3 Biodiversity 20 4 MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL WOODS 21 4.1 What is Favourable Condition? 21 4.2 Woodland composition 22 4.3 Structure and dynamics: Management models 24 4.4 Associated species 30 4.5 How ‘favourable’ are the existing woodlands? 32 4.6 Benefits and risks of management 33 5 FOREST MANAGEMENT AT THE WHOLE-DISTRICT SCALE 34 5.1 Strategy 34 5.2 Whole-district criteria 35 5.3 Long-term scenarios for woodland development 36 5.4 Identifying minimum intervention woodland 36 5.5 Selecting management options for individual woods 36 6 DESCRIPTION OF OWNERSHIP AND CURRENT MANAGEMENT 38 6.1 Ownership 38 6.2 Management and use of woodland 38 6.3 The potential timber resource 39 6.4 Woodland initiatives 41 6.5 Local community 41 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21) 7 WOODLAND-BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS 43 7.1 Stakeholder perceptions of management issues 43 7.2 Development potential of Sunart woodlands 46 7.3 Hardwood timber production and utilisation 46 7.4 Softwood timber production 51 7.5 Longer term timber production potential 51 7.6 Other (“non-timber”) woodland products 51 7.7 Livestock farming 52 7.8 Recreation and tourism 52 7.9 Shooting 53 7.10 Development sites 53 7.11 Conclusions: Potential development options 53 8 RECOMMENDATIONS: THE WAY FORWARD 55 8.1 Key decisions 55 8.2 The balance between management models 56 8.3 The process 56 8.4 Information requirements 57 REFERENCES 59 Annex 1 Tree pollen diagram from oakwoods near Loch Awe 78 Annex 2 Evidence of woodland change from old maps 79 Annex 3 Woodland records from Anderson (1967) 81 Annex 4 Peter Quelch’s notes 83 Annex 5 Analysis of land use in Sunart study area 88 Annex 6 Long-rotation high forest: illustration 90 Annex 7 Future management options: an exploratory calculation 91 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21) List of photographs Plate 1 A wood pasture landscape with sessile oak 60 Plate 2 Highland cattle maintaining the wood pasture 61 Plate 3 Windthrown oak, alive and healthy, at Reispol, near Salen 62 Plate 4 Mature oak at Ariundle, near Strontian, within a conifer 62 plantation forest Plate 5 Oak saplings rooted by the trackside ditch in Ariundle 63 Plate 6 Even aged oakwood in Ariundle 63 Plate 7 View across the Strontian river to Ariundle NNR 64 Plate 8 Ash-elm-hazel-oak woodland on steep east-facing slopes 64 above Camas Ban at Ardslignish Plate 9 Rhododendron ponticum has spread far and wide around 65 Glenborrodale Plate 10 Old oak coppice near Laga 65 Plate 11 Another oak coppice stool, long uncut 66 Plate 12 Ancient stub-pollard pedunculate oak on the track of Ardery 66 Plate 13 Tall shred oak near track to Ardery 67 Plate 14 Large pendunculate oak at Camas Sallach, Glencripesdale 67 Plate 15 The same oak, showing its position on the edge of a clearing 68 Plate 16 View of Camasinas, east of Laga, from Glencripesdale 68 Plate 17 Ash-elm woodland mixed with heather and bracken in 69 Glencripesdale Plate 18 Open birch woodland in a narrow valley running down 69 through Glencripesdale Plate 19 Birch regeneration in heather at Glencripesdale 70 Plate 20 Relict old oaks on a crag above an inlet in Glencripesdale 70 Plate 21 A group of aspen, probably a clone in the predominantly 71 birch regeneration in Glencripesdale Plate 22 Remains of a hollin just east of the boundary of Glencripesdale 71 Plate 23 The birch-dominated slopes of Laudale SSSI 72 Plate 24 Farmland within the scattered settlement of Ariundle village 72 Plate 25 Open oak woodland in Ariundle NNR 73 Plate 26 Old sessile oak in Ariundle NNR 73 Plate 27 Pure oak woodland in Ariundle NNR 74 Plate 28 Lichens on a large roadside oak near Woodend 74 Plate 29 View from near Woodend to Laudale 75 Plate 30 Ash and hazel growing by a stream near Ardery 75 Plate 31 View from near Woodend to Liddesdale 76 Plate 32 Infill of naturally regenerated broadleaf woodland between 76 the forestry fence and the shore Plate 33 Typical former oak coppice at Ariundle and Salen to 77 Woodend sections Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21) List of maps – The Atlantic oakwoods project – Loch Sunart Map 1 Map of existing woodland cover 95 Map 2 Native woodland potential model – predicted woodland type 97 Map 3 Native woodland potential model – oak as a component of 99 natural woodland Map 4 Native woodland potential model – potential for growing 101 oak timber Map 5 Native woodland potential model – potential for growing 103 ash timber List of tables Table 1 Occurrence of different woodland NVC communities in the 5 different woods (numbering of sites follows Cornish and Proctor). Table 2 Relative importance of the main tree species in the different 5 woodlands (numbering of sites follows Cornish and Proctor). Table 3 Values of frequency of oak in different NVC woodland types 8 based on Rodwell (1991) and used to construct Figures 2–3. Table 4 Suitability of each management model for different existing 37 woodland types. Table 5 Area and standing volume per ha of potential sawlog material 40 in a sample of the main oakwoods. Table 6 Potential sawlog timber production for 100ha of oak woodland 48 during conversion to high forest models Table 7 Potential long term sawlog timber production for 100ha of 50 oak woodland managed under high forest models Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 091 (ROAME No. F00LD21) Executive summary The objective of this report is to provide a framework document for the management of the Loch Sunart Woodlands candidate Special Area for Conservation (cSAC) for nature conservation. The aims are to: a) describe the Sunart woodlands, their development and their present management; b) define ‘favourable condition’ as it applies in these woods, and evaluate the present condition in these terms; c) propose management that will maintain the woods within the favourable range; and d) report on the opportunities for utilising timber products and other service from the woods.
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