Bul.inf. Entomol., 16: 7-34, 2005 ISSN 1221 - 5244 Macrolepidoptera species of the Crăciuneşti gorges and the neighbourhood of the localities Lunca and Băiţa (Metaliferi Mountains, Western Carpathians, Romania)

Silvia Burnaz

Rezumat

Macrolepidoptere din Cheile Crăciuneşti şi împrejurimile localităţilor Lunca şi Băiţa (Munţii Metaliferi, Carpaţii Occi- dentali, România)

Fauna de macrolepidoptere ale Cheilor Crăciuneşti precum şi a habitatelor naturale din împrejurimile localităţilor Lunca şi Băiţa, situate în aval şi în amonte de chei a fost cercetată între anii 1992- 2005. Cele mai multe colectări s-au efectuat între anii 2003-2005 în Cheile Crăciuneşti situate în partea sudică a Munţilor Metaliferi, o zonă calcaroasă cu o mare diversitate floristică şi faunistic. Din ansamblul măgurilor care formează cheile doar Măgura Crăciuneşti a fost inclusă în reţeaua rezervaţiilor naturale ale judeţului Hune- doara, celelelte măguri fiind afectate de exploatarea calcarului. Rezultatul investigaţiilor noastre s-a soldat cu înregistrarea a 273 de specii în habitatele din împrejurimile localităţii Lunca, 232 specii la Băiţa şi 297 specii în rezervaţia naturală Cheile Crăciuneşti. În total, în cele trei staţiuni au fost colectate 307 de specii. Lista sistematică a speciilor identificate este însoţită de date privind frecvenţa speciilor şi sursa trofică a larvelor. Specii rare colectate în cele trei staţiuni cercetate sunt: Neo- zephyrus quercus, Satyrium spini, Euphydryas maturna partiensis, Maculinea alcon, Zerynthia polyxena, Phragmatobia luctifera, alni. Euphydryas aurinia aurinia prezintă o frecvenţă destul de ridicată în Cheile Crăciuneşti, faţă de alte zone calcaroase ale judeţului Hunedoara.

Key words: Macrolepidoptera, Crăciuneşti Gorges, Lunca, Băiţa, Metaliferi Mountains.

 Introduction

Macrolepidoptera fauna of the Crăciuneşti Gorges and the neghbour- hood of the localities Lunca and Băiţa (Hunedoara County, Romania) were studied between 1992-2005. Most attention was given to the Crăciuneşti Gorges, researched between 2003-2005, an important calcareous zone situ- ated in the southern part of the Metaliferi Mountains. The hillocky zone of Crăciuneşti Gorges is crossed by the river of Căianu, tributary to Mureş River. In 1985, it was protected only a small part of the area, represented by Măgura Crăciuneşti (The Hill of Crăciuneşti – 550 m) which is not affected by the exploatation of the calcaire. Many rare and protected species in Romania, plant and , es- pecially and reptiles, were identified in this area. Between the vascu- lary plants we mentionned: Fritillaria montana, Centaurea atropurpurea var. crassifolia f. integrifolia Stipa pennata ssp. eriocaulis. Reptiles are represen- ted by Vipera ammodytes ammodytes. The rare insects, especially lepidopte- ra species, are represented by Zerynthia polyxena polyxena and Euphydryas maturna partiensis. The purpose of this study is to list the recorded species of the sites, rich in limestone and volcanic formations. Data about the local frequency and the larval food of the Macrolepidop- tera species are given. From the geological point of view the sites are characterised by the pres- ence of the limestone formations in Lunca locality and Crăciuneşti Gorges. Neozoic volcanic formations are situated in the neighbourhood of Băiţa locality (Sfredel Hill – 873 m; Săliştea Hill – 614 m) (Ianovici et al. 1976) In the limestone zone, especially at the Crăciuneşti Gorges, some phy- tocenological formations that characterise the principal habitats of the area, were studied: - forests of deciduous trees: As. Lathyro hallersteinii-Carpinetum-quer- cetosum cerris Coldea 1975; As. Quercetum pubescentis-cerris Soó ap. Pop & Hodişan 1958. - mezoxerophytic grasslands: As. Thymetum comosi Pop et Hodişan 1963 subass. Teucrietosum montani (Csüros 1958), Coldea 1991); - mesophytic grasslands (As. Festuco rubrae-Agrostietum capillaris Horv. (51) 52. - wet meadous: As. Epilobio palustri-Juncetum effusi Obend. 1953, 1957; As. Agrostetum stoloniferae (Ujv. 1941) Burduja et al. 1956; As. Fes- tucetum pratensis Soó (1938), 1955, 1966; As. Ranunculetum repentis Knapp. 1946 em. Oberd. 1957 (Balazs 1999, 2002). Preliminary data about the Macrolepidoptera species from the limestone zones of the Metaliferi Mountains, including the Crăciueşti Gorges, surround- ing of Băiţa and Lunca localities, was published by us (Burnaz Silvia 1992).

 Material and methods

The species of S.ord. Heterocera were collected, in all the sites, using a light trap (250 watt). Butterflies (S. ord. Rhopalocera) were captured using an entomological net. Spuler (1909-1911), Niculescu (1963, 1965, 1966), Rákosy (1994, 1996), Chinery (1996), Still (1996), Stănescu (1997), Feltwell (2001), were used in the diagnosis of the species. The systematic of , according to Popescu-Gorj (1987), Rákosy (1996, 2000), Székely (1999) was followed. The frequency of the species was calculated according to Rákosy clas- sification (1991, 2001).

Results and discussion

As the result of our investigations 307 Macrolepidoptera species were found in the neighbourhood of the settlements Lunca, Băiţa and in the natural reserve of the Crăciuneşti Gorges. The checklist of the recorded Macrolepi- doptera species is presented (Tab. 2). The most representative familiesof the Macrolepidoptera species re- corded from these area are: Geometridae (63 species), (99 species), Nymphalidae (39 species) and Lycaenidae (26 species) (Tab. 1).

Table 1 Families of the Macrolepidoptera species and the number of species/family

FAMILIES NUMBER OF SPECIES LASIOCAMPIDAE 7 SATURNIIDAE 2 SPHINGIDAE 11 HESPERIIDAE 8 PAPILIONIDAE 4 PIERIDAE 10 LYCAENIDAE 26 NYMPHALIDAE 39 DREPANIDAE 9 GEOMETRIDAE 63 NOTODONTIDAE 10 NOCTUIDAE 99 LYMANTRIIDAE 3 NOLIDAE 1 ARCTIIDAE 16 TOTAL 308

 F F F R R R R RF RF Table 2 Table RF - - ges, Lunca and Băiţa settlements (Metaliferi Salicaceae , monogyna, Betula Alnus pendula, Quercus sp., Corylus avellana, glutinosa, tremula, Salix caprea Quercus cerris, Carpinus betulus, Salix caprea, Alnus glutinosa Salix caprea, Quercus cerris, , Rubus fruticosus Herbaceous plants and shrubs: Rubus idaeus, Rubus fruticosus Deciduous trees and shrubs: Prunus spinosa, cordata, Alnus glutinosa, Quercus sp., Salix caprea, Corylus avellana Pirus communis, Prunus domestica Salix caprea, Prunus spinosa, Rhamnus fran gula, Rubus idaeus, fruticosus LF Deciduous trees and shrubs: Salix caprea, Pru nus spinosa, Corylus avellana ------+ + B - + + + + + + + + CC - - - + + + + + + Mts., Romania) SATURNIIDAE L LASIOCAMPIDAE 1775) , ) ) 1758) ) , ) , 1758) , 1758 , 1758 , 1758 , 1758 , 1758) i nnaeu s L ch iff ermüller i nnaeu s i nnaeu s L i nnaeu s L i nnaeu s L & S i nnaeu s L i nnaeu s L L en is D The checklist of the Macrolepidoptera species recorded from Crăciuneşti Gor Taxa Poecilocampa populi ( crataegi ( Trichiura Malacosoma neustrium ( Lasiocampa quercus ( Macrothylacia rubi ( Gastropacha quercifolia (Linnaeus, 1758) Odonestis pruni ( Saturnia pyri ( Saturnia pavonia (

10 F F F F R VF F RF F R F R F R F F VF - Tilia cordata, Betula sp., Ulmus glabra, Alnus cordata, Betula sp., Ulmus glabra, Tilia glutinosa Salicaceae Salicaceae Vibur Ligustrum vulgare, Syringa vulgaris, num opulus, Fraxinus ornus Convolvulaceae , Scabiosa columbaria, Stellaria sp., Galium verum, mollugo Euphorbia cypparissias Rubiaceae Epilobium hirsutum, Galium verum, Impatiens salicaria noli-tangere, Lythrum Epilobium hirsutum, Galium verum Fabaceae Malvaceae Rosaceae Poaceae LF Rosaceae (Potentilla sp.), Malvaceae - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + SPHINGIDAE HESPERIIDAE L ) , 1758) ) , 1758 , 1771) ) i nnaeu s , 1758 , 1758) , 1758) ( L , 1758) ) , 1779) i nnaeu s alla s , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758 L P , 1780) , 1758) sp er i nnaeu s i nnaeu s , 1813) , 1758 E L L i nnaeu s i nnaeu s sp er L L i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s E i nnaeu s L ü b ner L ( L ( L i nnaeu s H L i nnaeu s L Taxa Mimas tiliae Smerinthus ocellatus Laothoe populi ( Sphinx ligustri ( Agrius convolvuli Hemaris tityus ( Macroglossum stellatarum ( Hyles euphorbiae ( Hyles lineata livornica ( Deilephila elpenor ( Deilephila porcellus ( Erynnis tages ( Carcharodus alceae ( malvae ( Pyrgus carthami ( Pyrgus Carterocephalus palaemon (

11 F F F F RF RF RF RF RF VF VF VF VF VF VF R VF RF VF Poaceae Poaceae Aristolochia pallida Papaveraceae: Corydalis sp. Rosaceae Umbelliferae Fabaceae Rosaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Rhamnaceae Primulaceae LF Poaceae - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC PIERIDAE - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + LYCAENIDAE L PAPILIONIDAE , 1930 , , 1908 is ner er i ty , 1909 - E V o b er k ry ) R B , 1905 , 1895) ch iff ermüller , 1763) , 1758 , 1758) i urat eyne , 1758) , 1758) & S , 1758) , 1758) , 1785) T H , 1777) co p ol i , 1758) en is , 1758) S ( D i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s L L ourcroy ( L ( L L ( L F a b r i c u s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s F ( L ( L Taxa Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761) Hesperia comma ( Ochlodes venatus faunus Zerynthia polyxena 1775) Parnassius mnemosyne distincta Iphiclides podalirius ( Papilio machaon ( Leptidea sinapis Aporia crataegi ( Anthocharis cardamines meridionalis Pieris brassicae Pieris rapae Pieris napi meridionalis ( Pontia edusa ( Colias hyale Colias croceus ( Gonepteryx rhamni meridionalis Hamearis lucina

12 F F F F F F F R R R R RF RF VF VF VR Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Rosaceae Myrmecophil Rhamnus catharticus Myrmecophil Rosaceae Fabaceae Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Sedum hispanicum, telephium Myrmecophil Fabaceae, Myrmecophil LF Polygonaceae Fagaceae: Quercus sp. Fabaceae, Cistaceae Rhamnaceae - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + L , 1775) , 1910) 1766) , 1864) , 1913 , 1775) , ) , 1758) , 1758) f er ruh s tor , 1761) , 1761) F 1775) er i ty ch iff ermüller , 1758) , 1758) u f na g el , V erne b ur g , 1771 H oda i nnaeu s W P & S i nnaeu s ottem b ur g L ( L R ue ss ly i nnaeu s alla s F i nnaeu s en is P i nnaeu s ( L D L ( L Taxa phlaeas Lycaena virgaureae Lycaena dispar rutila ( Lycaena alciphron ( Lycaena tityrus dorilis ( Lycaena Thecla betulae ( Neozephyrus quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) Callophrys rubi virgatus Satyrium spini ( Satyrium pruni Cupido minimus ( ( Cupido argiades ( Celastrina argiolus Scoliantides orion lariana ( Glaucopsyche alexis (

13 F F F F F RF RF RF VF VF VF F VF - Gentiana pneumonanthe Myrmecophil Thymus serpyllum Labiatae: Myrmecophil Fabaceae, Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Geranium pratense, Helianthemum nummu larium Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Fabaceae Myrmecophil Violaceae Violaceae LF - - - - - + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + L NYMPHALIDAE , 1775) 1779) , , 1775) , 1775) , 1775)

, 1761) ch iff ermüller ottem b ur g , 1758) , 1758) er gs tra ss ottem b ur g , 1758) en is B , 1758) ( R oda ( R & S ottem b ur g P ( D ( R

en is i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s , 1775) , 1775) D L L i nnaeu s L en is L ( D ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller Taxa Maculinea alcon ( Maculinea arion ( ( Plebejus argus ( Plebejus argyrognomon Aricia agestis Polyommatus semiargus Polyommatus icarus Polyommatus daphnis Polyommatus bellargus Polyommatus coridon ( paphia ( Argynnis aglaja ( Argynnis & S & S

14 F F F F F R RF RF RF RF RF VF VF VF VF VF RF Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Rosaceae Filipendula ulmaria, Dorycnium Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Ribes sp., Ulmus herbaceous plants Urticaceae Urticaceae Salicaceae Herbaceous plants, lanceolata, chamaedrys and Veronica Succisa pratensis, Fraxinus excelsior LF - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , 1973 ar g a , 1758) V , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) 1758) i nnaeu s , , 1767)

L

i nnaeu s i nnaeu s , 1758) L L i nnaeu s en is en is en is i nnaeu s en is L i nnaeu s , 1775) , 1775) , 1775) , 1775) i nnaeu s D D L D i nnaeu s D i nnaeu s L L i nnaeu s L L L i nnaeu s L ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller & S & S Taxa adippe ( Argynnis niobe ( Argynnis Issoria lathonia ( Brenthis daphne ( Brenthis hecate ( Clossiana selene ( Clossiana euphrosyne ( Clossiana dia ( atalanta ( Vanessa Cynthia cardui ( Inachis io ( Polygonia c-album ( Aglais urticae ( Araschnia levana ( Nymphalis antiopa ( Euphydryas maturna partiensis & S & S

15 F F F F F RF RF VF VF VF VF VF VF VF VF VF VF - - - Succisa pratensis, Scabiosa columbaria, Knau tia arvensis, Digitalis sp., Plantago lanceolata Herbaceous plants: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago media, sp. Viola pilosella, Centaurea, Herbaceous plants: Scabiosa columbaria, Cir sium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, Plantago media Herbaceous plants: Primula veris, Plantago chamae Veronica lanceolata, Plantago media, drys, Digitalis grandiflora, Centaurea scabiosa, Linaria sp., Stachys sp. officinalis, Veronica Plantago lanceolata, Melampyrum sp. Fabaceae: Lathyrus vernus Salicaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae LF - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , 1788) , 1758) , 1767) , 1758) , 1775) , 1761) , 1767) , 1775) , 1867) , 1758) i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s or k hau s en L L L , 1758) , 1758) B i nnaeu s utler , 1779) L

i nnaeu s , 1758) ottem b ur g , 1758) B i nnaeu s L R L sp er en is ottem b ur g i nnaeu s i nnaeu s , 1775) ( E R ( D L L i nnaeu s i nnaeu s L L ch iff ermüller & S Taxa Euphydryas aurinia ( Melitaea cinxia ( Melitaea phoebe Melitaea didyma Melitaea athalia ( Neptis hylas ( Apatura iris ( aegeria tircis ( Pararge Lasiommata megera ( Lasiommata maera ( Coenonympha arcania ( Coenonympha glycerion ( Coenonympha pamphilus ( Pyronia tithonus ( Aphantopus hyperanthus ( Maniola jurtina (

16 F F R RF RF RF RF RF RF RF VF RF F RF RF RF - - - Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Alnus gluti Deciduous trees: , nosa Alnus gluti Deciduous trees: Betula pendula, nosa tomentosa, Betula Tilia Deciduous trees: Alnus pendula, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, glutinosa Deciduous trees: Quercus petraea, Q. cerris, Fagus sylvatica Rubus idaeus, R. caesius Rubus idaeus, R. caesius Salicaceae Salicaceae Rosaceae LF Poaceae Alnus glutinosa, Betula pen Deciduous trees: dula, - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , 1917) , 1911 , 1775) , 1777) , 1903 , 1766) , 1758) sp er , 1767) f er ruh s tor , 1758) E F f er ruh s tor F , 1767) u f na g el , 1758) , 1763) , 1786) f er ruh s tor H i nnaeu s u f na g el F L i nnaeu s ch iff ermüller L ( H sp er i nnaeu s co p ol i E i nnaeu s S & S ( L L en is D Taxa Erebia aethiops mesorubria ( galathea scolis ( Melanargia Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763) Minois dryas dymeia Brintesia circe pannonica DREPANIDAE Drepana falcataria ( Falcaria lacertinaria ( Sabra harpagula ( binaria Watsonalla Thyatira batis ( Habrosyne pyritoides ( or ( Tethea ocularis Tethea Ochropacha duplaris (Linnaeus, 1761) Cilix glaucatus (

17 F F R RF RF RF RF RF RF RF RF RF RF RF VF - Rosaceae Euonymus verrucosus Fabaceae Alnus glutinosa, Deciduous trees: Salix caprea, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea Fabaceae Herbaceous plants Deciduous trees: Populus tremula, Salix cap Alnus glutinosa, Prunus spinosa. rea, Deciduous trees (Quercus petraea, Q. cerris , Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula Alnus glutinosa, Deciduous trees: Quercus sp., Ulmus sp., Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Deciduous trees: Quercus petraea, Q. cerris, cordata Tilia Deciduous trees: Quercus petraea, Q. cerris, Alnus glutinosa, Salix caprea Quercus sp., Corylus avellana, Populus tremula, Salix caprea Sambucus nigra, Lonicera sp. , Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica LF - + + + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L GEOMETRIDAE , 1758) , 1859) ) , 1758) , 1758) , 1767) , 1758) , 1767) , 1758) , 1758) i nnaeu s , 1791 L , 1775) i nnaeu s , 1788) erne b ur g L i nnaeu s

L rahm W i nnaeu s u f na g el

i nnaeu s i nnaeu s u f na g el B L H en is L ü b ner L H a b r i c u s D en is , 1775) , 1775) H F D ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller & S Taxa Abraxas grossulariata ( Ligdia adustata ( Heliomata glarearia ( Macaria alternata ( Chiasmia clathrata ( Pseudopanthera macularia ( Epione repandaria ( Ennomos autumnaria ( Selenia dentaria ( Selenia lunularia ( Selenia tetralunaria ( Crocallis elinguaria ( Ourapteryx sambucaria ( Angerona prunaria ( & S

18 F F F F F R R RF RF RF VF R F - - Deciduous trees: Betula pendula, Salix caprea, Populus tremula, Quercus sp., Sorbus Fraxinus ornus, Robinia pseudacacia, Rubus caesius Deciduous trees: Betula pendula, Salix caprea, Fraxinus ornus., Robinia pseudacacia Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus spinosa Deciduous trees: Quercus cerris, Betula pen dula, Fagus sylvatica sp., Tilia Deciduous trees: Quercus cerris, Ulmus sp., Carpinus betulus, Betula Fagus sylvatica, , Crataegus mo nogyna Herbaceous plants and deciduous trees Deciduous trees, herbaceous plants Deciduous trees, herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Deciduous trees and herbaceous plants Deciduous trees and shrubs LF - - - + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + L , 1758) , 1775)

, 1758)

, 1799) en is i nnaeu s , 1758) a b r i c u s , 1759) , 1758) ( D L en is (F

ü b ner

( D i nnaeu s H lerc k L en is i nnaeu s en is C en is i nnaeu s D , 1775) , 1775) , 1775) , 1775) , 1775) L D D ( L ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller & S & S & S Taxa Biston betularia B. betularia f. carbonaria ( Agriopis bajaria ( Agriopis aurantiaria ( Erannis defoliaria ( Peribatodes rhomboidaria cinctaria ( Alcis repandatus ( Ascotis selenaria ( atomaria ( Ematurga Ectropis crepuscularia Lomographa bimaculata & S & S

19 F F F F F F F F F R R R R R R R VF VR F - Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Ononis spinosa Deciduous trees Asteraceae Herbaceous plants Deciduous trees Acer sp. Deciduous trees: Betula pendula, Deciduous trees Deciduous trees: Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Betula verrucosa., Fagus sylvatica, Crataegus monogyna Polygonaceae Thymus serpyllum, Origanum vulgare Achillea millefollium, Thymus serpyllum, Origanum vulgare Thymus serpyllum, Medi Herbaceous plants: cracca, Vicia cago sp., Lotus corniculatus, , Polygonum aviculare Stellaria holostea Polygonum aviculare Saprophyte Sarothamnus sp. LF ------+ + + + + + + + + + + B - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , 1787) , 1767) , 1758) , 1759) , 1775) , 1767) a b r i c u s , 1799) , 1758) , 1787) F , 1809) u f na g el lerc k , 1763) , 1783) H , 1931 C i nnaeu s , 1758) , 1758) , 1763) L chulze ü b ner ü b ner , 1763) S , 1763) u f na g el i nnaeu s H H co p ol i aworth ue ss ly L ( H S H chm i dt co p ol i (F S i nnaeu s i nnaeu s co p ol i co p ol i L L (S S S Taxa Perconia strigillaria ( Siona lineata ( Aplasta ononaria Geometra papilionaria ( Antonechloris smaragdaria ( Thalera fimbrialis ( Jodis lactearia ( Cyclophora annulata ( Cyclophora albipunctata ( Cyclophora linearia ( comae Timandra Scopula immorata ( Scopula ornata Scopula rubiginata Idaea ochrata ( Idaea trigeminata ( Idaea aversata ( Rhodostrophia vibicaria (

20 F F F F F F R R R R R R R RF RF RF VF Herbaceous plants Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Brassicaceae Galium sp. Galium sp. Galium sp. Herbaceous plants Rubus sp. Herbaceous plants: Impatiens noli-tangere, salicaria Epilobium angustifolium, Lythrum Impatiens noli-tangere Clematis vitalba Clematis vitalba Clematis vitalba , Rhamnus cathartica LF - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , , , , 1775) , 1775) , 1758) ch iff ermüller , 1767) ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller , 1758) , 1767) , 1767)

, 1763) i nnaeu s , 1759) ch iff ermüller , 1767) L & S , 1758) , 1758) & S & S ch iff ermüller en is üller D u f na g el & S en is co p ol i lerc k i nnaeu s en is en is u f na g el H D & S L (S ( C D H ( D u f na g el en is i nnaeu s i nnaeu s H M O .F. D en is , 1775) ( L ( L D ch iff ermüller & S 1775) 1775) 1775) Taxa purpurata Lythria Scotopteryx moeniata Scotopteryx bipunctaria ( Scotopteryx luridata ( Xanthorhoe designata ( Xanthorhoe ferrugata Catarhoe cuculata ( Epirrhoe alternata ( Camptogramma bilineatum ( Mesoleuca albicillata ( Ecliptopera silaceata Eustroma reticulatum ( Horisme vitalbata ( Horisme tersata ( Melanthia procellata ( dubitata Triphosa

21 F F F F R R R R R RF RF RF F RF R - - Lamiaceae Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Deciduous trees Deciduous trees Quercus petraea, Salix sp., Populus tremula, cordata Tilia Deciduous trees: Quercus cerris, Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica Deciduous trees: Quercus cerris, Fagus syl vatica, Carpinus betulus Deciduous trees: Beulaceae, Salicaceae Beulaceae, Salicaceae Quercus petraea, Q. cerris Quercus petraea, Q. cerris Betula pendula Deciduous trees: Quercus petraea, Fagus syl cordata Tilia vatica, LF - - + + + + + + + + + + + + B - - + + + + + + + + + + + + CC + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L NOTODONTIDAE , , , 1775) , 1775) aldhe i m W . , 1767) v

, 1758) ch iff ermüller , 1766) ch iff ermüller , 1767)

ch iff ermüller , 1819) , 1758) , 1767) & S is cher i nnaeu s , 1777) en is F & S i nnaeu s , 1758) & S ( L u f na g el en is ( D ( L u f na g el en is i nnaeu s en is ( H i nnaeu s ( D H u f na g el L L D ( D , 1775) H a b r i c u s i nnaeu s F ( L ) ch iff ermüller & S Taxa Perizoma alchemillata Eupithecia centaureata Lithostege farinata ( Asthena albulata ( Furcula furcula forficula ( 1820 Phalera bucephala ( Stauropus fagi ( Spatalia argentina Notodonta dromedarius tritophus Tritophia Drymonia ruficornis Drymonia dodonaea 1775) Pheosia gnoma ( Ptilodon capucina (

22 F F F R R R R RF RF RF RF RF VR VF - - - - Deciduous trees: Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Salix caprea, Deciduous trees: Quercus petraea, Betula pen cordata, Prunus sp., Fagus sylvatica, Tilia dula, Alnus glutinosa Carpinus betulus, Populus sp. Alnus gluti Deciduous trees: Salix capraea, nosa, Betula pendula Salicaceae Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Rhamnus frangula Oleaceae Herbaceous plants and grasses Salicaceae Deciduous trees Salicaceae LF Deciduous trees: Rhamnus catharticus, Ligus trum vulgare, Prunus spinosa, Sorbus aucupa ria Fabaceae - - - - - + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - - - NOCTUIDAE + + + + + + + + + + L , , 1775) , 17875) , , 17875) , 1758) , 1758) ch iff ermüller

ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller , 1758) ch iff ermüller & S , 1758) en is i nnaeu s , 1822) i nnaeu s , 1767) & S & S & , 1767) D L & S L , 1787) en is D i nnaeu s en is en is en is L ü b ner D sp er i nnaeu s ( D , 17875) H ( D i nnaeu s E L i nnaeu s L ( L ch iff ermüller & S Taxa Acronicta leporina ( Acronicta alni ( Acronicta aceris ( Acronicta tridens Acronista megacephala ( strigosa Acronista Acronicta strigosa ( Craniophora ligustri ( 1775) tentacularia ( Catocala nupta Catocala fraxini ( Catocala elocata ( viciae ( Lygephila

23 F F R R RF RF VF VF VF VF VR VF RF VF - - Quercus sp. Herbaceous plants: Convolvulus arvensis, Malva sp., Convolvulus arvensis, Linum Calystegia sepium, Plantago sp., Chenopodium sp. Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants and grasses: Rumex sp., sp., Medicago Lathyrus ver Trifolium nus, Hippocrepis comosa, Lotus corniculatus; Poaceae Lichens Aegopodium Herbaceous plants: Urtica sp., sp., Lamium Plantago Stachys syl vatica Urtica dioica, Ranunculus sp., Humulus Rubus caesius, etc. Ligustrum vulgare, Cotinus sp. Pulmonaria, Cynoglossum, Symphytum Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants LF - - + + + + + + + + + + + + B - + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , , 1775) , 1775) , 1850) , 1758) ch iff ermüller , 1758) , 1758) , 1989 ch iff ermüller te p hen s , 1758) & S S 1789) , 1758) , , 1813) ch iff ermüller oole i nnaeu s & S en is P i nnaeu s i nnaeu s ( L sp er , 1759) , 1766) ( D E ( L i nnaeu s en is & S ( L ü b ner i nnaeu s D ( L H L sp er en is lerc k E D C Taxa Catephia alchymista 1775) funesta ( luctuosa ( Tyta Callistege mi ( Euclidia glyphica Laspeyria flexula ( Hypena proboscidalis Hypena rostralis ( Eutelia adulatrix ( Euchalcia modestoides Diachrysia chrysitis Diachrysia chryson ( Macdounnoughia confusa ( Autographa gamma

24 F F F F R R R R RF RF RF RF RF VF VR VR Urtica sp. Urtica sp. Convolvulus sp. Herbaceous plants and shrubs: Convolvulus sp., Malva. Polygonaceae Asteraceae sp. Verbascum Linaria Deciduous trees Deciduous trees Herbaceous plants Deciduous trees Deciduous trees and shrubs: Quercus petraea, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Populus tremula, Salix capraea Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants and shrubs: Ononis spinosa, Geranium arvense, Fraxinus ornus, Corylus acellana Herbaceous plants LF ------+ + + + + + + + + + B - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , , 1826) ch iff ermüller , 1758) 1759) ) , , 1758) , 1808) , 1785) & S , 1766) 1836) re i t s ch k e 1766) , 1787) , , 1758) , , 1758) T sp er en is lerc k i nnaeu s , 1763 E D L , 1766) C , 1766) i nnaeu s u f na g el reyer L H F u f na g el i nnaeu s a b r i c u s i nnaeu s u f na g el co p ol i H L F L S H u f na g el u f na g el H ( H 1775) Taxa Abrostola tripartita ( Abrostola triplasia ( Emmelia trabealis ( Acontia lucida Pseudeustrotia candidula ( Cucullia umbratica ( thapsiphaga ( Shargacucullia Calophasia lunula ( pyramidea ( Amphipyra perflua ( Amphipyra tragopoginis ( nubeculosa ( Diloba caerulaeocephala ( Helicoverpa armigera ( Pyrrhia umbra ( Platypterigea kadenii (

25 F F F F R R R R R R R RF RF RF RF VF VF F - Herbaceous plants Achillea millefolium, Herbaceous plants: Rumex acetosa, etc. Herbaceous plants Quercus petraea, Q. cerris Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants and grasses Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants and deciduous trees Deciduous trees Umbelliferae Deciduuous trees Deciduous trees and shrubs Deciduous trees: Ulmus sp., Quercus petraea, cordata, Populus tremula, Salix sp., Tilia Betula pendula, Prunus sp. Deciduous trees: Quercus petraea, Ulmus gla tomentosa, Salix sp. Tilia bra, LF ------+ + + + + + + + + + B - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC ------+ + + + + + + + + + + L , , , 1775) , 1775) , 1758) , 1758) ch iff emüller ch iff ermüller , 1766) ch iff ermüller , 1763) , 1803) & S , 1782) ch iff ermüller , 1758) , 1758) & S i nnaeu s i nnaeu s , 1890) , 1790) & S L L en is , 1758) 1788) toll , co p ol i & S ü b ner en is S u f na g el 1783) ( D S , sp er en is H D ü b ner H E i nnaeu s i nnaeu s D sp er en is H L L E D i nnaeu s etz i u s L R Taxa Paradrina clavipalpis ( Hoplodrina blanda ( Hoplodrina respersa ( 1775) Atypha pulmonaris ( Dypterygia scabriuscula ( Rusina tristis ( Mormo maura ( Thalpophila matura ( atriplicis ( Trachea meticulosa ( Phlogophora scita ( Callopistria juventina ( Eucarta amethystina ( paleacea ( Enargia acetosellae 1775) Cosmia pyralina ( Cosmia trapezina (

26 F F F F F R R R R RF RF VF VF VF VF VF VR - - Deciduous trees: Ulmus sp., Quercus sp. Salicaceae Populus sp. Deciduous trees: Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus sp., herba ceous plants Quercus pe Deciduous trees: Quercus robur, traea, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, etc Herbaceous plants and Cyperaceae Rosaceae: sp., Prunus Crataegus monogyna Prunus spinosa Poaceae (roots) Poaceae Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants: Silene sp., Melandrium sp. Caryophyllaceae Herbaceous plants and shrubs LF - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + B - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , , 1775) ch iff ermüller , 1758) , 1792) , 1761) , 1766) , 1761) , 1766) & S , 1792) , 1758) ch iff ermüller en is , 1781) i nnaeu s , 1766) D , 1767) i nnaeu s , 1758) u f na g el u f na g el & S u f na g el , 1813) ( L H H ( L or k hau s en H i nnaeu s oeze , 1788) B en is or k hau s en ( L (G D B ü b ner sp er i nnaeu s u f na g el i nnaeu s H E L H ( L Taxa Cosmia affinis ( Xanthia togata ( Xanthia ocellaris ( Conistra erythrocephala ( 1775) Lithophane ornitopus ( Xylena vetusta ( Allophyes oxyacanthae oleagina ( Valearia Apamea monoglypha ( Oligia strigilis Hadula trifolii ( Lacanobia oleracea Lacanobia thalassina ( Hadena albimacula ( Sideridis reticulata Melanchra persicariae

27 F F F F F R RF RF RF RF VF VF VF VF VF VR VF - Herbaceous plants Deciduous trees and herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Poaceae Poaceae Deciduous trees, herbaceous plants Deciduous trees Deciduous trees Poaceae Genista, Sarothamnus, Clematis vitalba, Ru mex, Prunus Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants, shrubs and deciduous trees Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants and deciduous trees Herbaceous plants (roots) LF - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + B - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + L , , , 1775) , 1775) , 1775) , 1775) ch iff ermüller 767) ch iff ermüller l , 1758) , 1758) ch iff ermüller , 1761) , & S ch iff ermüller ch iff ermüller 1758) , 1759) ch iff ermüller , 1766) , , 1758) & S , 1758) , 1766) & S en is & S & S & S D en is i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s i nnaeu s en is L L ( L L ( D en is chre b er D i nnaeu s en is u f na g el en is i nnaeu s i nnaeu s S D L u f na g el D L H D ( L H Taxa Mamestra brassicae Polia nebulosa ( Mythimna conigera 1775) Mythimna albipuncta ( 1775) Mythimna l-album ( Orthosia gothica ( Orthosia incerta ( Perigrapha munda ( Tholera cespitis (( Egira conspicillaris ( Ochropleura plecta ( Noctua pronuba Noctua fimbriata ( Noctua janthina ( Eugraphe sigma ( Xestia c-nigrum (

28 F F F F R R RF RF VF VF VF VF VF RF RF RF RF Herbaceous plants and shrubs Rubus sp., Polygonum vulgare, Epilobium angustifolium, etc. Herbaceous plants Roots of herbaceous plants and grasses Roots of plants Roots of plants Deciduous trees Deciduous trees Salicaceae Shrubs Lichens Lichens Lichens Lichens Lichens LF Deciduous trees - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + B - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CC NOLIDAE ARCTIIDAE - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + PANTHEIDAE L LYMANTRIIDAE , , 1775) ch iff ermüller , 1764) , 1758) , 1758) , 1771) , 1758) , 1766) & S ch iff ermüller , 1758) üller , 1758) , 1808) , 1758) , 1817) , 1758) en is i nnaeu s i nnaeu s or s ter & S D L , 1803) L F i nnaeu s u f na g el ü b ner L .F. M O .F. i nnaeu s en is i nc k en H i nnaeu s H i nnaeu s L i nnaeu s L ü b ner ( Z ( D L L H Taxa Xestia triangulum ( Anaplectoides prasina ( 1775) Peridroma saucia ( Agrotis segetum Agrotis exclamationis ( Agrotis crassa ( Colocasia coryli (Linnaeus, 1758) Arctornis l-nigrum ( Dasychira pudibunda ( Leucoma salicis ( Nola cucullatella ( Setina irrorella ( Atolmis rubricollis ( Lithosia quadra ( Eilema lurideola Miltochrysta miniata (

29 F F RF VF VF VF VF VF VF VR RF - Herbaceous plants Lichens and moos Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants and shrubs Herbaceous plants and shrubs Herbaceous plants and shrubs Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants and shrubs Lamium, Herbaceous plants (Taraxacum, Achillea) and shrubs Lamium, Epilobium, Corylus, Urtica, Lon icera, etc. LF - - - - + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + CC + + + + + + + + + + + L , , 1758) ch iff ermüller , 1758) , 1761) & S , 1966 oda , 1767) i nnaeu s , 1766) , 1759) , 1758) P en is L i nnaeu s L , 1758) ( D , 1758) lerc k i nnaeu s C b razt s ov u f na g el i nnaeu s L O L H i nnaeu s i nnaeu s ( L ( L : Frequency: R - Rare species (5-10 individuals/generation); VR Rare -Very species (1-4 individuals/generation); F- Taxa Syntomis phegea Dysauxes ancilla ( Phragmatobia fuliginosa ( Phragmatobia luctifera 1775) Spilosoma lutea ( Spilosoma lubricipeda ( Diaphora mendica ( Diacrisia sannio ( Arctia caja Arctia villica Euplagia quadripunctaria ( Legend (1-5 species frequent Relative - RF individuals/day); 16 (> species Frequent VF-Very individuals/day); (6-15 species Frequent individuals/day

30 The diversity of species varies among the sites: 273 species were re- corded in the limestone habitats of Lunca locality, 297 at Crăciuneşti Gorges and 232 species at Băiţa locality (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Number of Macrolepidoptera species recorded from the area of Crăciuneşti Gorges, Lunca and Băiţa localities

The frequency of the species was calculated according to their occur- rence on the samples. Five stage of frequency was applied according to Rákosy classification (1987, 1996, 2000) (Fig. 2). The species with a high frequency (> 16 individuals/day) represent 25% from all the captured species (Agrotis exclamationis, Agrotis segetum, Autographa gamma, Ochropleura plecta, Xestia c-nigrum, Lithophane orni- topus, Oligia strigilis, Eilema lurideola, Apamea monoglypha, Acronicta lep- orina, Pseudopanthera macularia, Camptogramma bilineatum, Pieris rapae, Pieris napi meridionalis, Melitaea athalia, Melitaea cinxia, Coenonympha pamphilus, Coenonympha arcania). Very rare species are Eugraphe sigma, Aplasta ononaria, Catephia alchymista, Amphipyra perflua, Shargacucullia thapsiphaga, Phragmatobia luctifera, Xylena vetusta. Rare species represent 18% from all the collected species. 73 species, representing 27% from all the lepidopterological material, are frequent species.

With some exceptions, the majority of the lepidoptera species record-

31 Fig. 2. The frequency of the Macrolepidoptera species captured in the area of Lunca, Băiţa and Crăciuneşti Gorges (Metaliferi Mountains) ed from these areas feed as larvae on dicotyledonata and monocotyledonata plants. Arctiidae species like: Eilema lurideolum, Atolmis rubricollis, Lithosia quadra, etc, are specialized on lichens. Deciduous forests and their edges as well as the mesophytic, mezohy- grophytic and mezoxerophytic grasslands are the principal habitats inhabited by the lepidoptera species. Some rare or localised species in the fauna of Romania are recorded especially from the habitats of the Crăciuneşti Gorges. Zerynthia polyxena polyxena (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – It was collected on the sunny rocks and the clearings of the Crăciuneşti Gorges. The adults fly in May. Larvae breed onAristolochia pallida. Euphydryas maturna partiensis Varga, 1973 – Mesohygrophilous spe- cies found in the habitats of the open deciduous forests. The adults fly in May and visit Fragaria vesca, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Chamaecytisus leiocarpus, Anthyllis vulneraria, Primula veris, Primula elatior, etc. Larvae, polypha- gous, breed on Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula, Salix caprea, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica chamaedrys, Succisa pratensis. Euphydryas aurinia aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775) – It was recorded es- pecially from the wet meadows situated in the area of the Crăciuneşti Gorge but also in the neighbourhood of Lunca locality. The adults fly in May and visit different flowery plants of the meadows: , Ranun- culus repens, Primula elatior, Potentilla recta, etc. Larvae breed on Succisa

32 pratensis, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Knautia arvensis, Digitalis sp., Plantago sp. (Niculescu 1965; Still 1996). Maculinea alcon (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) - It occurs in grass- lands, forest margins and sunny rocks. The adults fly in July-August. The flow- ers selected by adults are Dianthus carthusianorum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Origanum vulgare, etc. Larvae start by feeding on their host plant: Gentiana pneumonanthe and than switch to being looked after by ants of Myrmica. The species needs a strict protection in Romania. The report of the European Council: Red Data Book of European But- terflies – Rhopalocera, 1999 has established 7 categories of status. Mihuţ (2000) and Rákosy (2002) have applied these categories to the lepidoptera species (Rhopalocera) of Romania. According to this classification, Zeryn- thia polyxena is an endangered species. Vulnerable species are: Parnassius mnemosyne distincta, Lycaena dispar rutila, Scoliantides orion lariana, Ma- culinea arion, Maculinea alcon, Euphydryas maturna partiensis. This fact is due to the pollution and the alteration of the environment. Rare species are also considered: Lasiocampa quercus, Trichiura cra- taegi, Catephia alchymista, Xylena vetusta, Eugraphe sigma, Phrag- matobia luctifera, etc. The populations of Zerynthia polyxena, Euphydryas maturna partien- sis, Euphydryas aurinia and Maculinea alcon have a regional importance and therefore they must be protected. It seems that Euphydryas aurinia has the greatest population in the Crăciuneşti Gorges comparing with another cal- careous zones of Metaliferi Mountains and therefore it should be especially protected.

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Silvia Burnaz The Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation Deva, 39, 1 Decembrie Street Romania

Received: 14.12.2005 Accepted: 20.12.2005 Printed: 28.12.2005

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